1 oecd/nsf conference on advancing knowledge and the knowledge economy national academies,...
TRANSCRIPT
1
OECD/NSF Conference on
Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy
National Academies, Washington DC
10-11 January 2005
OECD Work on Knowledge OECD Work on Knowledge and and
the Knowledge Economythe Knowledge Economy
by Berglind Ásgeirsdóttir, OECD Deputy Secretary-General
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Recent OECD Projects on Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy
The Growth Project aiming at identifying the factors determining growth
The economic impacts of ICT investments
The role of job-related training
Knowledge management
Measurement and indicator development
Human and social capital investments and returns
3
First Conclusion: “Good “economic fundamentals”are important for stimulating the knowledge economy
Good “economic fundamentals” such as
• Stable macro-economic labour policies that allows long-term planning;• Well functioning labour, product and capital markets; • Efficient training policies that help ensure that the low-educated are
equipped with the right skills, thus avoiding “knowledge divide”;• Competition policies, which drives down the costs of technologies;• Liberalisation of telecommunication policies;• Openness of trade and foreign direct investments to let in “new ideas”.
are important for stimulating the knowledge economy
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Economic Fundamentals
Innov
ation
New
Technolo
gies
Human
Capita
lEnter
prise
Dynam
ics
Knowledge
Economy
Globalisation R&D InternetHighly-skilled MNEs
Second Conclusion: The development of the knowledge economy is dependent on four main “pillars”: innovation, new technologies, human capital and enterprise dynamics
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First pillar: Innovation:R&D growth driven by industry structurePercentage point increase in business R&D intensity as a share of GDP by industry sector, 1990-2000
Source: OECD ANBERD Database
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Fin
lan
d
Sw
ed
en
Ge
rma
ny
Ire
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m
Ca
na
da
US
Jap
an
EU
UK
ICT Pharmaceuticals Services Transport equipment Other manufacturing Other non-manufacturing
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Second pillar: new technologies:ICT capital to GDP growth (in percentage points)
The US and small EU countries have had a large impact of ICT investment, France, Germany and Italy a small one
(contribution to GDP growth, in percentage points)
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
0.7%
0.8%
0.9%
1.0%
90-95
95-2002*
Source: OECD Productivity Database, May 2004.
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Third Pillar: Human Capital: Population that has attained at least upper secondary education (2002)
0102030405060708090
100
Kor
ea
Nor
way
Japa
n
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Ger
man
y
Hun
gary
Fra
nce
Bel
gium
Net
herla
nds
Aus
tral
ia
Gre
ece
Uni
ted
Ital
y
Spa
in
Pol
and
Mex
ico
Age Group 25-34Age Group 45-54
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Third conclusion: Globalisation is a pervasive factor that affects all four pillars of the knowledge economy
R&D share of foreign affiliates/total Business and R&D
Source: OECD, STI Outlook, 2004 based on Carrodo et al, 2003.
30.5
21.5
24.8
65.2
3.4
31.0
38.240.6
14.9
2.4
20.7
35.2
59.6
13.5
51.9
28.1
11.1
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Canada France Germany Ireland Japan Spain Sweden UnitedKingdom
United States
Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators, 2004/2
R&D share of foreign affiliates in 2001
Change in share 1995-2001
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Fourth Conclusion: New social, organisational innovations, and knowledge management practices
as well as social capital have to be developed to deepen the benefits of the knowledge economy
The “softer” social and organisational changes are in many cases very important for the development of the knowledge economy
The adoption of new work practices and the presence of labour-management institutions tend to facilitate the take-up of new technology
Knowledge management practices seem to have effect on innovation
Social capital in the form of networking and trust can help realise innovative environments
Increasingly countries will have to think about how education promotes effective participation in communities of knowledge; and this will include social and moral competences as well as technical ones.