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Objectives

1. To identify the external anatomy of livestock species.

2. To analyze the functions of the external anatomy of livestock species.

3. To compare the external anatomy of various livestock species.

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Table of Contents

Anatomical Terms of Location

External Components of Livestock

Livestock External Anatomy Diagrams

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Anatomical Terms of Location

• Is used to avoid ambiguities• Are universal terms readily understood • Are used to eliminate confusing, descriptive words

such as “top and bottom”

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Anatomical Terms of Location

• Includes:– dorsal– ventral – caudal– cranial– proximal– distal

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Cranial

• Is toward the head end of the body• Is located in or around the skull, or cranium, of the

animal • Can also be known as the anterior

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Caudal

• Is directed toward or situated near the tail of the body• Can also be known as the posterior• Comes from the Latin word “Cauda” meaning tail

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Ventral

• Refers to the belly, or the underside, of the animal• Is the opposite of dorsal • Derives from the Latin word "Venter" meaning

abdomen

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Dorsal

• Is referred to as the back of the body• Is the superior surface, or at the highest point, of

most four legged animals • Is referred to as “Dorsum,” the Latin word meaning

the back

Farm Fact: Dorsal is sometimes called a trunk. 10

Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.

Proximal

• Refers to a structure nearest a major point of reference• Can also be referred to as basal• Comes from the Latin word  “Proximus” meaning

nearest

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Example: The knee is proximal to the ankle.

Distal

• Is the opposite of Proximal • Refers to the end farthest from a point of reference• Derives from the Latin “Distar” meaning to stand

away from

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Example: The ankle is distal to the knee.

Point of reference is usually the midline of the body.

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Integumentary System

• Is the structure which covers and protects the body• Also includes:

– skin structure– hair – nails

Farm Fact: The skin is one of the first systems affected for sick animals. 14

Hair• On an animal is known as fur or wool • On different mammals, can be thicker and more coarse• Threadlike pigmented structures that grow from

follicles beneath the skin of mammals• Acts as an insulator and assists in regulating the

temperature of the body

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Skin• Is the soft outer covering of an animal• Is the largest organ on the body • Is made up of two layers:

– epidermis– dermis

Farm Fact: Pigs wallow in mud because they do not have sweat glands. 16

Epidermis

• Is the outer layer of cells which forms the skin• Acts as a physical barrier to water loss• Is formed by a division of cells, push other cells to

the surface, die and are shed• Contains melanin, responsible for skin, fur and wool

pigmentation

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Dermis• Is the underlying layer of the skin• Is used to regulate temperature• Supplies the epidermis with nutrient-saturated

blood• Houses the hair follicles, nerve

endings and pressure receptors

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Keratin• Is a protein in the outer layer of the skin • Several types may be found in one animal• Is a chemical component of epidermal tissues, such as:

– hair – hooves– horns – nails

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Horns• Are permanent projections which grow on the head of various hoofed animals• Consist of a bone core, attached to the animals skull• Include the following uses:

– fighting for dominance of territory– mating and courtship– defense

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Auricle

• Is the external part of the ear• Can also be known as the pinna• Is used to collect and focus the sound toward the ear

canal• Is where an ear tag is attached

Ear Tag: A plastic or metal object used to identify the animal, prevent theft and control disease outbreaks in livestock. 21

Nares

• Refers to the two external openings of the nose which lead to the nasal cavity 

• Are the location of air entry to and exit from the animals respiratory system

• Can also be referred to as:– nose– muzzle – nostril – nasal

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Vibrissae

• Are commonly known as whiskers• Are long or stiff hairs on the face or nostrils of an

animal• Are possessed by many mammalian creatures

including livestock• Derived from the Latin word “Vibro” meaning to

vibrate• Usually employed for tactile or touch sensation

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Mammary Papilla

• Can also be referred to as the teat• Is located on both male and female mammals • Is known as an udder in cows, sheep and goats• Are the openings which lead to the mammary glands

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Grammar Box: The plural of hoof can be written eitherhooves or hoofs.

Hooves• Are the tips or the toes of an ungulate  • May be used for digging or in defense• On livestock, except horses, are often called a cloven

hoof because of the two main hoofs on each foot• Are sometimes accompanied by a smaller structured

hoof farther up the leg known as a dewclaw

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Ungulate: Is a mammal with hooves.

Tail• Is a flexible appendage attached to the trunk • Can be used to brush away biting insects and flies• Can show social signaling and indicate an animal’s

emotion • Contains the Coccygeal Vertebrae

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Forehead

Cattle

EyeEar

Poll

Neck

Back or TopLoin

Hook or Hip

RumpPin Bone

Quarter

Hock

Pasterns

Rear Flank

Lower Forerib/ForeflankHoof

ForearmBrisket

Point of ShoulderDewlap

Throat

MuzzleFace

Shoulder

Top of Shoulder

Elbow

KneeCannon

Dewclaw

Rib

Forerib

Tail Head

Stifle

Switch

Udder (cow, heifer)Cod (steer)Scrotum (bull)

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Pig

Snout

Eye

EarNeck

Shoulder

RumpTail

Ham

Stifle

Dewclaw

Rear Flank

Underline

Side

Pastern

Jowl

Back or Loin

KneeForeflank

ElbowForearm

Cannon

Shoulder Blade

HockSheath

Face

Jaw

Chest

Rib

Middle

Ham-Loin Junction

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SheepPoll or Cap

ForeheadEar

Muzzle

Neck

Point of Shoulder

BreastForearm

Knee

Pastern/Ankle

ElbowFlank

Hoof

Hock

Twist

Dock

Hind SaddleBack/Top

Top of Shoulder

RackLoinRump

ShoulderRibs/Side

Forerib

Hip

Leg

EyeFace

Cannon

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Goat

Bridge of Nose

NeckWithersLoinRump

Tail

Thigh

Hock

Dewclaw Pastern

Ear

Knee

Shoulder

Brisket

Muzzle

Stifle

PollForehead

BeardThroat

ChestForearm

ToeHeel

BarrelFlankScrotum

Hoof

Cannon

Pin Bone

Tail Head Rack

Rib

Heart Girth

Horn

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Horse

Muzzle

Withers

Back

LoinPoint of Hip

Croup

Buttock

Hock

CannonAnkle

Pastern Coronet

Gaskin

Stifle

FlankForearm

Knee

Throat latch

Fetlock

Chest

PollForehead

Face

Bridge of Nose

Neck

Point of Shoulder

Hoof

ShoulderBarrel

Crest

Thigh

ElbowGirth

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Assessment

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Assessment

Assessment

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1. What is the name of the highest point on most four legged animals?A. DistalB. CaudalC. CranialD. Dorsal

 2. Where is the most common place to put a tag which

identifies an animal?A. AuricleB. NaresC. SkinD. Vibrissae

 

Assessment

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3. Which part of the skin houses the hair follicles?A. KeratinB. CaudalC. EpidermisD. Dermis

 4. Keratin is NOT found in which of the following

locations?A. HairB. HoovesC. HeadD. Tail

 

Assessment

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5. Which of the following is NOT an anatomical term?A. Ventral B. CaudalC. CranialD. Vibrissae

 6. Which of the following terms is also know as Vibrissae?

A. Skin B. Tail C. NailsD. Whiskers

 

Assessment

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7. Which of the following is called the area toward the head of the body?A. CranialB. ProximalC. DistalD. Dorsal

 8. Which of the following is NOT contained within the

integumentary system?A. Skin B. HairC. EyesD. Nares

 

Assessment

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9. Which of the following terms is the Latin word for tail? A. DistarB. CaudaC. VenterD. Proximus

 10. Which external component can be used for defense?

A. BoneB. HairC. HornsD. Dewclaw

 

SOURCES

• Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved

March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com:

http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/ind

ex.shtml

• Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig

Anatomy. 1-27.

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SOURCES

• Skin Anatomy. (2000, September 1). Retrieved

March 10, 2010, from Healthcommunities.com:

http://www.dermatologychannel.net/skinanatomy/ind

ex.shtml

• Stanback, D. M. (n.d.). Exercise 6: Fetal Pig

Anatomy. 1-27.

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Project Coordinator:

Meghan Blanek Williams

Production Manager:

Maggie Bigham

Production Coordinator:

Daniel Johnson

Graphic Designer:

Daniel Johnson

© MMXIVCEV Multimedia, Ltd.

Executive Producers:

Gordon Davis, Ph.D.,

Jeff Lansdell

Acknowledgements

Collaborator:

Kevin Williams, Ed.D.

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