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1 NS SHARE NS SHARE N N orth orth S S outh outh Sh Sh ared ared A A quatic quatic Re Re sources sources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007 Tony McNally Project Co-ordinator

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Page 1: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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NS SHARENS SHARENNorthorth SSouthouth ShShared ared AAquatic quatic ReResourcessources

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM

SE Advisory Council Carlow 4th July, 2007

Tony McNallyProject Co-ordinator

Page 2: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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What is it?

• Not new – not a bacterium or virus. Protozoan parasite.

(Plasmodium – 300M worldwide : Toxoplasma – 60M US)

Page 3: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Is there just one type?

• Many species – not all infect humans

• Parasite is found in mammals, birds, fish and reptiles

• C. hominis (man) C. parvum (cattle and man)

(C. andersoni, C. rabbit, C. muris)

• Found throughout the world

Page 4: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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What does it do?3rd Most Common Cause of

Infective Diarrhoea (England / Wales)

Cryptosporidiosis symptoms - profuse watery diarrhoea / abdminal pain / fever / nausea

• Oocyst (4- 6 μM) Ingested• Lifecycle in 1 host• Cannot grow outside the

host• Excysts in GI tract• Environment - Oocyst

resistant

7 days

1 – 2 weeks

Several weeks

Page 5: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Why is it a problem?• Waterborne – small size, survive for long

periods & chlorine resistant

• AIDS and Immunocompromised – chronic and life threatening

(Some drugs and treatments effective)

• Milwaukee – 1993: 400,000 ill and 100 deaths

• January 2004 - Cryptosporidiosis became a notifiable disease in Ireland

Page 6: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Irish Outbreaks• Greater Belfast – April (129 cases) /August (117 cases) 2000 &

April 2001 (230 cases).

• Mullingar – April 2002; 26 cases. Lough Owel services 25,000 people including 4 hospitals, 4 nursing homes, 331 food premises and 39 pre-school facilities and schools.

• Carlow Town - March 2005 – 31 Cases (8 hospitalised) Surface Water Supplies – Crypto present (0.009 – 0.28/10l) (Private Well and animal contact also implicated)

• Portlaw, Waterford Oct 2006 – 8 cases (1 hospitalised) Groundwater Borehole/Spring – Crypto present (0.01 – 0.21/10l) UV installed

• Galway City - March 2007 – 236 cases (1.12oocysts/10L)

Page 7: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Page 8: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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How do you know it’s present?• DIFFICULTIES - Small size / relatively low concentration in

environment / separation from other particles

• Water sampling - Analysis

Page 9: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Page 10: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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How can we prevent it?

• Identify Risks (Scottish Model)

• Catchment Management

• Storage

• Treatment - Solid Liquid Separation***

• Disinfection

• Distribution System Integrity

• Monitor (Crypto/Works)

Page 11: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

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Report of Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis

Subcommittee of the Scientific Advisory Committee

NDSC November 2004

Page 12: 1 NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources NS SHARE North South Shared Aquatic Resources CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SE Advisory Council Carlow 4 th July, 2007

Crytosporidium PathwayPathway

Surface water

River

Lake

Estuary

Sea

Groundwater

Aquifer

Well

Borehole

Surface water

River

Lake

Estuary

Sea

Groundwater

Aquifer

Well

Borehole

Infected Humans

Infected

Animals

Infected Humans

Infected

Animals

UWWTP Septic Tank Proprietary

Treatment System

Sludge disposal

Slurry spreading

Animal droppings

Contact with

infected animals

ReceptorSource

Human origin

Animal origin

DirectDischarge

Through the soil

Over the ground

On Site Wastewater

Treatment System Measures

Municipal Discharges Measures

Nitrates Action Plan Measures


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