1 monetary valuation of unpaid work in japan susumu kuwahara research fellow, esri, japan december 2...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Monetary valuation of unpaid work in Japan
Susumu KuwaharaResearch Fellow, ESRI, Japan
December 2nd,2010
2
Background
In Japan, strong gender bias in housework, child care and elderly care/nursing has been regarded as a serious problem.
The need to measure the economic value of these activities and their burden on women in a form that allows comparison with other economic indicators is particularly strong.
3
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action,The Fourth World Conference on Women
Chapter 4 Strategic objectives and actionsParagraph 68 (b) Devise suitable statistical
means to recognize and make visible the full extent of the work of women and all their contributions to the national economy, including their contribution in the unremunerated and domestic sectors, and examine the relationship of women’s unremunerated work to the incidence of and their vulnerability to poverty.
4
History
1995 The Fourth World Conference on Women.
1997 The first report of the monetary valuation of unpaid work in Japan, estimates on 1981, 1986, 1991.
1998 The second report, estimates on 1996.
2009 The third report, estimates on 2001, 2006.
5
From the point of “Measuring progress”
Measurement of Economic Welfare (MEW) by Tobin, Nordhaus(1973) includes unpaid work.
Net National Welfare (NNW,1978), Japanese version of MEW, includes unpaid work, too.
The Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) also maintain unpaid work as their components.
6
1. Time Use Survey
7
Input Method As the valuation method, we use
only the input method. The formula for assessment is;
As a result, our assessment heavily relies on the time use survey.
Value of unpaid work = per capita hours of unpaid work * hourly wage *population
8
STULA The "Survey on Time Use and Leisure
Activities (STULA)" is conducted by the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.
The STULA aims to obtain comprehensive data on daily patterns of time allocation and leisure activities.
The STULA was first administered in 1976, and has been carried out every five years since then.
9
The STULA covers those items Time use on a single day Participation in leisure activities
during the past year Frequency of participation in leisure
activities during the past year The survey also contains a
questionnaire on attributes of individuals and households.
10
Two types of questionnaires since 2001
Questionnaire A adopts a pre-coding system (i.e. multiple choice style) . Used for around 76,000 households.
Questionnaire B uses diary method or after-coding system, which is more comparable to Harmonized European Time Use Surveys, HETUS, used for around 4,000 households.
11
2. Scope and method of monetary valuation of unpaid work
12
Scope of unpaid work
"Unpaid work" defined here covers only unpaid work in which the service provider and the service beneficiary are separable (i.e., the service can be provided by a third party) and the service can be provided in the market.
Namely, the "third party criteria" is applied.
13
Type of unpaid work Housework (cooking, cleaning,
laundry, sewing and knitting, miscellaneous family affairs)
Elderly/nursing care Child care Shopping Volunteer and social activities
14
The method of monetary valuation As for time use, we have only
STULA. However, as for wages to be applied
to each unpaid work, there are various options.
Opportunity-cost-method (OC) Replacement-cost-method
Specialist approach (RC-S) Generalist approach (RC-G)
15
Opportunity costsOppotunity costs
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-
age
yen
Women, 2001Men, 2001Women, 2006Men, 2006
16
Replacement-costs, Specialists
Corresponding occupations 2001 2006
HOUSEWOR K
Cookingaverage of chef and apprentice
chef1,247 1,167
Cleaning Building cleaning 998 976
Laundry Laundry man 1,133 1,026
Sewing and knitting
Sewing machine operator 879 887
Miscellaneous family affairs
Janitor 1,341 1,198
Elderly/nursing careAverage of nurse assistance
and home helper1,139 1,139
Child care Child care workers 1,278 1,235
Shopping Janitor 1,341 1,198
Volunteer workWeighted average of medical,
social security, social welfare and education
1,872 1,823
Hourly wages, unit: yen
17
Replacement-costs, Generalists
Year Hourly wage
1996
880
2001
965
2006
973
Unit: yen
18
3. Valuation results using pre-coding system’s data
19
Assessment using Pre-coding system data set
Monetary value of unpaid work/ Nominal GDP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
Year
perc
ent
of G
DP
OCRC-SRC-G
20
Men’s share is extremely low
Unit: billion yen
OC RC-S RC-G
Women Men Women Men Women Men
1981 48,182 5,082 48,906 3,505 34,945 2,395
1986 63,678 8,150 62,304 5,446 45,192 3,844
1991 84,330 14,528 80,858 10,125 59,684 7,044
1996 98,104 18,011 92,349 13,384 67,396 8,673
2001 106,111 22,704 94,964 15,812 75,34311,60
3
2006 106,120 25,749 89,997 17,486 76,80513,82
4
(component ratio)
1981 90.5 9.5 93.3 6.7 93.6 6.4
1986 88.7 11.3 92.0 8.0 92.2 7.8
1991 85.3 14.7 88.9 11.1 89.4 10.6
1996 84.5 15.5 87.3 12.7 88.6 11.4
2001 82.4 17.6 85.7 14.3 86.7 13.3
2006 80.5 19.5 83.7 16.3 84.7 15.3
21
Married women’s unpaid work is close to paid work (OC method)
Ratio of unpaid work, paid work =100,by ageWomen
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1519
~
2024
~
2529
~
3034
~
3539
~
4044
~
4549
~
5054
~
5559
~
6064
~
6569
~
7074
~
7579
~
8084
~ 85-
marriedunmarriedseparetd/ divorced
22
For men, as long as they earn, unpaid works continue to be minor (OC method)
Ratio of unpaid work, paid work =100, by ageMen
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1519
~
2024
~
2529
~
3034
~
3539
~
4044
~
4549
~
5054
~
5559
~
6064
~
6569
~
7074
~
7579
~
8084
~ 85-
marriedunmarriedseparetd/ divorced
23
4. Valuation results using after-coding system’s (diary methods) data
24
After-coding system shows larger share of unpaid work
Pre-coding
Percent of GDP
After-coding
Percent of GDP
OC method
131.9 26.0 176.1 34.7
RC-S method
107.5 21.2 140.5 27.7
RC-G method
90.6 17.9 118.1 23.3
2006 figure, unit: billion yen
25
International Comparison
Country Yearpercent of
GDPJapan 2006 17.9-34.7Korea 2004 13.7-22.5*USA 2004 18-58New
Zealand1999 39.0
Germany 2001 43.4Finland 2001 36.1* women only
26
5. Comments and conclusion
27
What happened?
Gender researchers criticized our methodology. They insist that the wages used for women’s unpaid work might be too small compared with wages used for men, because the wage gap itself is the result of gender discriminations and using these data rather confirms problems than improves situations.
28
However, we think…
Despite several shortcomings in the valuation methods, the three reports of the monetary valuation of unpaid work were successful in galvanizing discussions among people on how to evaluate women’s role in the society and economy through unpaid work in Japan.
29
We will go ahead.
The Council for Gender Equality recommended that the research should be conducted on the measurement of the unpaid work, such as housework, child care, elderly care, nursing, and volunteer activities, as well as economic and social assessments of the child care and elderly care/nursing.
30
End
Thank you for listening patiently