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TRANSCRIPT
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Biological Sciences
BS101
Dr Ann
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1915 1945 1965
Decline in Industrial Chemistry
Development of Unit Operations
1925 1935 1955
Increasing Emphasis in Underlying Sciences
Evolution of CHE Curriculum
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The Frontier CHE Curriculum
Decade XI (2005 -2015)
Molecular
TransformationsMulti-scale Analysis
Process/Product
Design
Molecular engineering
Biology
Product Design
Systems Analysis
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Increasing emphasis in biology and integration
2005 2015
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BIOLOGICALMOLECULES
(6)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
CELLGROWTH
(8)
Growth kinetics
Growth media
Growth conditions
GENETICS(6)
DNA, RNA synthesis
Protein synthesis Mendelian genetics
Bacterial genetics
Induction/repression
Mutations
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BIOCHEMISTRY
(11)
CATABOLISM
ANABOLISM
PRIMARY PATHWAYS
SECONDARY PATHWAYS
CENTRAL PATHWAYS
METABOLITE INTERCONVERSIONS
REGULATION
BIOENERGETICS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BIO-INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION (6)
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
ARCHEABACTERIA
EXTREMOPHILES
MICROBIAL CELL STRUCTURE ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL STRUCTURE
CELLULAR ORGANELLES
CELLULAR FRACTIONATION
CELL DIVISION
ENZYMES
(6)
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MONTHS DAYS
JULY 12 19 26
AUGUST 2 9
16 -
Ass
16 23
27-
Ass
30
Mid-term Exam
SEPTEMBER 6 13 20
24
Ass
27
OCTOBER 4 11
15-
Ass
18 25
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Cell as a chemical factory Thousands of different biochemical reactions can proceed
under constant temperatures,
In cells several anabolic and catabolic reaction chains are
separated from each other by 'compartments' like
mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and
many more.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz4lFeqJPdU&feature=related -
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Complexity of Life
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Lineage tree of life
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Level Examples Special consideration
Ecosystem Rain forest, desert, fresh water lake,digestive tract of animal for bacteria Includes all living organisms and non living mattersuch as air, water and minerals
Community All species in an ecosystem Only includes living things from bacteria, to fungi,to plant to animal
Population All individuals of a single species Includes only individuals from a specific speciessuch as a plant, an animal, a bacterial colony
Organism One single individual Serves as a representative of the species anddescribes overall form and function of anorganism
Organsystem
A specialized functional system of anorganism
The nervous system or immune system of ananimal
Organ A specialized structural system of anorganism
The brain or the thymus of an animal
Tissue A specialized substructure of anorgan
The nervous tissue and epithelial tissue are bothpart of the brain
Cell A single cell A neuron, a skin cell, a root cell, bacteria, yeast,paramecium
Molecule A single large or small molecule suchas a protein, DNA, sugar or fatty acid
Molecules are the smallest part of biologicalsystems; they can be studied for their chemical,
physical properties, but are of particular interestfor their usefulness in biological systems.
Levels of Organization
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Cellular architecture
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Building blocks
Alphabets Words Sentences
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Occurrence of elements
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Association of building blocks
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Types of interactions possible
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Molecular Dogma of Life
Early evolution
RNA based systems
PolypeptidesRNA based systems
Protein based systems
DNA based systems
RNA
ComplexProtein based
systems
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CELLS
Structure and Function
Cell = smallest unit of life
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Two Major Cell Types
Cell Type Example
Prokaryotic Bacteria
Eukaryotic Protists
FungiPlants
Animals
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Prokaryotic Cell
E k ti C ll
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Eukaryotic Cell(protist, animal)
E kar otic Cell
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Eukaryotic Cell(plant)
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Differences Between Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
Single circularchromosome
Multiple linearchromosomes
Chromosome foundin a cytoplasmicregion called thenucleoid.
Chromosomes foundin a membrane-bound nucleus.
No internalmembranes
Some infoldedplasma membrane
Extensive network ofinternal membranes
Common Components
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Common Components
and Cellular Organization
Plasma Membrane
boundary surrounding the cell
Genetic material: DNA
located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymesand organelles
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
Cytoskeleton
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that
maintains cell shape, allows movement
F t f
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Features of
Prokaryotic CellsAll prokaryotic cells contain
Structure Function
PlasmaMembrane
Regulates flow of
substances into and outof cell
Nucleoid Cytoplasmic regioncontaining geneticmaterial
Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluidRibosomes
Enzymes
f
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Features of
Prokaryotic CellsOther possible prokaryotic structures
Structure Function
Cell Wall Supports cell
Maintains shape
Capsule Protects from drying
Protects againstwhite blood cells
Infolded PlasmaMembranes
Metabolism
Cell division
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Features of
Prokaryotic CellsOther possible prokaryotic structures
Structure FunctionBacterialFlagellum
Movement
PlasmidSmall circular DNA
Replicatesindependently
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
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Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure Function(s)PlasmaMembrane
1. Regulates passage ofmaterials into and out of cell
2. Cell-Cell Recognition
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
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Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure Function(s)Cell Wall
(protists,
fungi, plants)
1. Controls cell shape,protects, supports
Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
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Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
Structure Function(s)
Nucleus 1. Carrier of genetic material
DNA + protein = chromatin
2. Governs cell activities
3. Directs cell reproduction
4. Surrounded by Membrane
= nuclear envelope5. Contains nucleolus
produces ribosomes
which synthesize proteins
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Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Structure Function(s)RoughEndoplasmicReticulum (RER)
1. Associated ribosomes produceproteins
2. Prepares proteins for exportSmoothEndoplasmicReticulum (SER)
1. Lipid Synthesis
2. Drug detoxification
3. Transport of proteins from RER
RER SER
f k
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Functions of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Structure Function(s)
Golgi
Apparatus
Collects, modifies, packages and
distributes proteins and lipids from ER
F ti f
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Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Structure Function(s)Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes
to digest food in protists ordestroy aging organelles
Endomembrane System
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Endomembrane SystemRough
EndoplasmicReticulum
Smooth
EndoplasmicReticulum
Vesicle
GolgiApparatus
Vesicle
Lysosome
Vesicle
Plasma
Membrane
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Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Structure Function
Peroxisome Removes harmful oxidantsfrom cells
Functions of
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Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Structure Function
Mitochondrion Captures energy fromorganic molecules,producing ATP
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Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Structure FunctionChloroplast(protists, plants)
Photosynthesis: Uses lightenergy to produce organicmolecules
Functions
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of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
Structure Function(s)Cytoskeleton 1. Maintains cell shape
2. Anchors organelles and proteins
3. Allows for organelle movementand cellular movement in some
cell types
Functions of
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Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Structure Function
Centriole Gives rise to basal bodies thatproduce cilia or flagella
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Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
Structure Function(s)
Vacuole 1. Central vacuole (plants) storeswaste, maintains turgidity.
2. Contractile vacuole (protists)maintains water balance.
3. Food vacuole (protists) fuses
with lysosome for digestion.
Functions of Eukaryotic
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y
Cell Features
Structure Function(s)
Cilia and
Flagella
1. Move substances across
cell surface in lungs,fallopian tubes
2. Cell movement in sperm,
protists
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Questions
1. What are similarities for
a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
b. animal and plant cells?
2. What are differences between
a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?b. animal and plant cells?
Part of Cell Part of Factory
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Part of Cell Part of FactoryCapsule Security Gate
Cell Wall Outer Fence around the factory
Chloroplast Solar Panel
Cytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspected
Steel Support, Interior Walls
Cilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator
Enzyme Worker; Assemblage Machinery
Golgi Complex Distribution/Packaging DepartmentMailroom
Mitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power Source
Nucleoid Storage of pre-production material
Nucleus Supervisors Office, Boss
Corporate Office, Central OperationsPlasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door
Ribosomes Assembly Line Track
RER Production Line
SER Shipping Dock
Vacuole Storage Area
Cellular Interactions
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Cellular Interactions
Signal Transduction: passing a signal
from the cell surface to the interior
First messenger binds toCell Surface Receptor
Receptor signals nearbyRegulator Protein
Regulator activatesnearby enzyme
Enzyme catalyzes formationof Second Messenger
Second Messenger initiatesCellular Response
Cellular Interactions
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Cellular Interactions
Cell Adhesion: joining of cells
controlled by proteins calledCellular Adhesion Molecules(CAMS)
important in Inflammatory Response
Placenta Formation
Learning and Memory
Lack of cell adhesion isimplicated in cancer
and arthritis.