1June 2, 2001CMPE 236

Wireless WebArchitecture Solutions

Mike Issaa

Vicky Martinez

Cisco SJSU MBA/MSE

2CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

AgendaAgenda

• Wireless Communication Trends

• WAP 1.x Architecture

• iMode Architecture

• WAP Next Gen 2.x Architecture

• Comparison

• Challenges

• Recommendations

3CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

What Wireless? What Spectrum?What Wireless? What Spectrum?

• Frequencies For Exclusive Purchase – 2.4 GHz Industrial/Scientific/Medical(ISM)- not sold but reserved for free use

– 2.5 GHz Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services(MMDS)

– 5.7 GHz (U-NII) - not sold but reserved for free use

– 28 GHz Local Multipoint Distribution Services(LMDS)

• Frequencies Segregated into Bands– 200 MHz at 2.5 GHz (MMDS)

– 100 MHz at 5.7 GHz (U-NII)

– 1.3 GHz at 28 GHz (LMDS)

4CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Wireless Frequency Bands

ExtremelyLow

VeryLow

Low Medium High VeryHigh

UltraHigh

SuperHigh

Infrared VisibleLight

Ultra-violet

X-Rays

AudioAM Broadcast

Short Wave Radio FM BroadcastTelevision Infrared wireless LAN

Cellular (840MHz)NPCS (1.9GHz)

902-928 MHz26 MHz

5 GHz(IEEE 802.11)

HyperLANHyperLAN2

2.4 – 2.4835 GHz83.5 MHz

(IEEE 802.11)

5CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Wireless TechnologiesWireless Technologies

INTERNETINTERNETCellular GPSCellular GPS Wireless LANWireless LANFixed WirelessFixed Wireless•PDAs, Cell Phones

•DATA/Voice integration

•CORE Networks •“Last Mile” Access

•28GHz –LMDS vs. 5.7GHz U-NII•5 miles @ 45 Mbps P2MP•5 miles @ 155 Mbps P2P LMDS

•“Wireless Anywhere”•840Mhz @ 15Kbps to 36Kbps

•ISP providers•Central Office Cellular

•IEEE 802.11/b

•2.4 GHz DSSS vs. FHSS

•200m@10Mbps

Cellular Operator

CO

Core

•FCC certified

Web Servers

ISPs

6June 2, 2001CMPE 236 6

Wireless Access ProtocolWAP 1.x

7CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

What Is WAP?What Is WAP?

• An open, global standard that empowers mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and services instantly.

• A standard created by wireless and Internet companies around the world to make accessing the Internet as easy and convenient as using a cellular phone.

• WAP is published by the WAP Forum, founded in 1997 by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, and Unwired Planet

• WAP defines connection protocols, content formats, and framework for developing value added services for wireless terminals such as mobile phones.

8CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Bearer Independent ProtocolBearer Independent Protocol

• Allows Applications developed once to work across all networks -- today and tomorrow

• Protects the Carrier’s investment in wireless data as networks evolve

• Enables Mobile Device Manufacturers to use common code across product lines

• Bearer examples: GPRS, TDMA, CDMA, etc..

9CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP Browsing ModelWAP Browsing Model

Web ServerWML contentWMLScript

WAP Gateway

WAP CompliantBrowser

HTTPWML Binary DATA WML ASCII DATA

Binary Transcoding at Gateway

10CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP 1.x Architecture WAP 1.x Architecture

Web Server

Content

CGIScripts

etc.

WM

L D

ecks

wit

h W

ML

-Scr

ipt

GatewayClient

WTP

WTLS

WDP

Bearer

WSP/WTP

WSP

WTP

WTLS

WDP

Bearer

WSP

SSL

TCP

IP

Link

HTTP

SSL

TCP

IP

Link

HTTP

HTTP

Wireless Datagram Protocol

Wireless Transport

Layer Security Protocol

Wireless Transaction

Protocol

Wireless Session

Protocol

WAP ProtocolInternet Protocol

11June 2, 2001CMPE 236 11

iMode Protocol

12CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode BrowseriMode Browser

• iMode is the service mark name for the DoCoMo mobile internet service Japan.

• iMode service was developed by the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo and launched in February 1999.

• Currently only deployed in Japan but have deals with other global GSM operators.

• Based on Compact HTML (C-HTML) and proprietary protocol stack.

13CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode SuccessiMode Success

• Japan marketed iMode as an experience not a technology

–Targeted to consumers

–Large, readable screens COLOR

–Phone enables (email, melodies, animations, etc.)

–Lots of content sites: 500+ official, 15K+ unofficial content provider sites.

• Business Model:–Gateways provide email, notification, DoCoMo served content tracks usage

–DoCoMo collects fees, takes part of it, and sells packets. They can barely keep up with demand.

14CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

What is iMode?What is iMode?

• Suite of applications that make up the total iMode Service including:– Browser – currently based on cHTML but changing

to xHTML

– iMode Email client – Proprietary HTTP Mail

– Security Stack – based on SSL 3.0

– iMelody – downloadable ringer tone service using MIDI

– iAnimation – Animated GIF support in grayscale and color

– DoCoMo pictograms – downloadable graphics such as a Pokemon (future of Japanese economy)

15CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode is EvolvingiMode is Evolving

• Video clips being added.

• More sound support/voices.

• Kjava arrived in 1Q’01.

• SSL coming online.

• Emphasis is on what end users will find exciting and interesting.

16CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode Architecture iMode Architecture

Web Server

Content

CGIScripts

etc.

C-H

TM

L

wit

h C

HT

ML

-Scr

ipt

PortalClient

HTTP

SSL

W-TCP

IP

iMode

CHTML

HTTP

SSL

W-TCP

IP

CHTML

HTTP

SSL

TCP

IP

CHTML

HTTP

SSL

TCP

IP

CHTML

HTTP

Wireless Datagram Protocol

Wireless Transport

Layer Security Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Compact Hypertext Markup

Language

iMode Protocol

Internet Protocol

17June 2, 2001CMPE 236 17

Wireless Access Protocol Next Gen

WAP NG 2.x

18CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP Next GenerationWAP Next Generation

• Next Generation WAP standard that will closely follow the wired internet model.

• Developed with input from DoCoMo Japan.

• Many similarities to wireline and iMode browsing model.

TCP/IP,HTTP,TLS,HTML based content, XHTML tags.

19CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP Next GenerationWAP Next Generation

• Convergence with Internet. Specs ready in mid 2001.

• WTLS replaced by TLS

• TLS Profile document being finalized within WAP. Expected approval: June 2001

• Architecture will allow Mobile Terminal to “tunnel” through the proxy using HTTP CONNECT method providing end-to-end transport security layer

• WAP NG will be backwards compatible with WAP 1.x

20CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Proposed Architecture for WAP Next Gen 2.x

Proposed Architecture for WAP Next Gen 2.x

Web Server

Content

CGIScripts

etc.

WM

L D

ecks

wit

h W

ML

-Scr

ipt

GatewayClient

HTTP

TLS/SSL

W-TCP

IP

WSP/WTP

XML

HTTP

TLS/SSL

W-TCP

IP

XML

HTTP

TCP

IP

XML

SSL

TCP

IP

Link

HTTP

HTTP

Wireless profiled TCP

Security Socket Layer

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Extensible Markup

Language

Wireless Internet Protocol

Internet Protocol

SSL

21June 2, 2001CMPE 236 21

Comparison WAP vs. iMode

22CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode vs. WAPNetwork

iMode vs. WAPNetwork

• Neither WAP nor iMode rely on one particular underlying network type.

• WAP in Europe has been deployed on a circuit-switched network.

• iMode in Japan has been deployed on a packet-switched network.

• WAP users will have to endure waiting during connection set-up and being charged for time spent on-line until their network operators upgrade to a packet-switched network.

• iMode users enjoys almost-instant downloads and the response times needed for online gaming with their "always-on" network.

23CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode vs. WAPMarkup Language

iMode vs. WAPMarkup Language

• WAP uses WML which is a new language.

• iMode uses cHTML which is simply an extended subset of the existing HTML Web standard.

• iMode can immediately make use of the skills of current WWW developers, but those interested in producing content for WAP browsers must learn WML from scratch.

• As the WWW community migrates away from HTML and towards XML in the next few years, iMode may find that it's short-term stop-gap approach loses out to WAP's longer-term measured approach.

24CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode vs. WAPDeployed Applications

iMode vs. WAPDeployed Applications

• WAP in Europe uses text and no images small screen.

• iMode in Japan uses text and color images and larger screen.

• WAP is Marketed for business application (banking, stock portfolio, business news, flight booking).

• iMode marketed for consumer applications (restaurant guide, fun images, ringing melodies).

25CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Future of WAP and iMode Future of WAP and iMode

WTP

WTLS

IP

Network Bearer

WSP

WML

WDP UDP

WAP 1.x

WTP

WTLS

IP

Network Bearer

WSP

WML

WDP UDP

WTP

WTLS

IP

Network Bearer

WSP

WML

WDP UDP

WAP 2.0

TLS

W-TCP

IP

Network Bearer

HTTP

XML

WTP

WTLS

IP

Network Bearer

WSP

WML

WDP UDP

iMode on IMT-2000

SSL/TLS

W-TCP

IP

Network Bearer IMT

2000

HTTP

XML

WTP

WTLS

IP

Network Bearer

WSP

WML

WDP UDP

Current iMode

SSL

TL

IP

Network Bearer PDC-P

HTTP

CHTML

Future Protocol Proposed Stack

26June 2, 2001CMPE 236 26

Challenges

27CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP ChallengesWAP Challenges

• WML–WAP is incompatible with HTML.

• Display Screen–WAP is not graphics-based and lacks colors.

• Slow Data Transfer –WAP uses circuit switched network.

• End-to-End Security –WTLS does not provide end-to-end security.

–Limited application layer security.

28CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

WAP Security SupportWAP Security Support

• Wireless connection must provide security features designed in the stack protocol and and supported by Client and Gateway.

• Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) is based on and provides the same function in WAP that SSL or TLS provides on the internet.

• The WTLS and SSL/TLS protocols provide connection endpoint security that have three basic properties:

–Privacy is created through the use of symmetric encryption after a handshake to define a secret key

–Authentication of each peer is possible through asymmetric/public key encryption and digital certificates

–Integrity of messages is ensured through the use of keyed MAC.

29CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Certificate on WAP GatewayCertificate on WAP Gateway

• Server operator generates a new private/public key pair on gateway and generates a certificate request file for this public key.

• Server operator sends certificate request to certificate authority.

• Certificate authority validates content, creates, and sign the digital certificate.

• Certificate Authority sends signed certificate to server operator.

• Server operator installs Certificate.

30CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

iMode ChallengesiMode Challenges

• iMode's content seems to be heavily tied to Japanese culture and may not easily translate to other countries.

• CHTML is incompatible with full HTML.

• iMode does not support security layer because it is not required for consumer applications.

• iMode uses the PDC-P network which is not a world standard while other parts of the world like Asia and Europe have circuit switched networks in place.

31CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

What is being done for WAP and iMode End-To-End Security

What is being done for WAP and iMode End-To-End Security

• Gap in WAP–Application Layer Security

•WTLS based on SSL 3.0.

•WMLScript Crypto Library being developed.

•WAP Identity Module (WIM) specification.

•Custom applications on client devices.

• iMode–Same security concerns as WAP.

–Security model is currently being revised by NTT DoCoMo. A resolution has not been made public.

32June 2, 2001CMPE 236 32

Recommendations

33CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

Wireless ServerWireless Server

• Decide on application to be supported, and business model of service (Business Class application or Consumer class application)

• Both WAP and iMode next generation will be able to provide both classes of services, as well as interoperability with each other.

• Until then, the current WAP seem to be suited for Business class applications, it also have the necessary architecture to provide consumer class applications as well.

• The WAP server will include both Java Servlet or as a standalone HTTP Web-Server, and have the following features:

–On-demand gathering of HTML content from the Web

–Content-based, semi-automatic Mediator

–Mediates HTML to WML (WAP)

–Automatically splits content into small blocks

–Uses a simple but very flexible scripting language

–Simple WAP-Stack for direct access via connectionless WSP (GSM SMS or IP/UDP)

–WMLScript Crypto Library for end-to-end Security.

34CMPE 236 June 2, 2001

ReferencesReferences

1. Eurotechnology Japan K. K. The Unofficial independent imode FAQ. 1996-2001 http://www.eurotechnology.com/imode/faq.html

2. Niskanen, Pekka. Inside WAP Programming Applications with WML and WML Script. 2000. Addison-Wesley Publication.

3. ITworld.com. WAP - Wireless Application Protocol. http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1341/ 

4. Telstra.com. WAP Security. http://www.telstra.com.au/mobilenet/phones/wap2/security.htm

5. The WAP Forum. http://www.wapforum.org/

6. Wireless in a Nutshell. What is i-Mode. http://www.wirelessinanutshell.com/imode/

35