1 introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics chapter 5 the second law of thermodynamics...

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1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

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Page 1: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

1

Introduction to Chemical Engineering

Thermodynamics

Chapter 5The second law of thermodynamics

Smith

Page 2: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

2Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

功與熱的品質 兩種能量傳遞的行為與特

性 功與熱的差異提供熱力學

第二定律的架構

熱力學第二定律的陳述( 文字陳述 )

將得到的熱完全轉變為功,嘿!嘿!嘿!

將熱由低溫傳送到高溫,嗯!

Page 3: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

3Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

一循環程序不可能將系統所吸收到的熱轉變為功

熱機 蒸氣動力廠的運作流

程示意圖 熱機熱功交換示意圖

熱機效率的極限

Page 4: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

4Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

卡諾循環 卡諾以四個可逆程序來討

論建立熱機的操作

卡諾理論 卡諾對一個熱機效率的

陳述 一個熱機操作之最佳效

率極限

Page 5: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

5Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

卡諾理論的驗證

一熱機高溫吸熱低溫放熱,一能量守恒,可以輸出功

以卡諾冷凍機並聯運作,來討論證明與說明熱機效率的關係

當一熱機效率高於卡諾程序

由冷槽取熱的量

Page 6: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

6Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

釋放熱到熱槽的量

結論違反熱力學第二定律的陳述

熱機效率與工作流體的關係陳述

一循環程序,工作流體為吸放熱與輸出功的媒介

Page 7: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

7Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

溫度標 攝氏溫度標 理想氣體溫度標 熱力學溫度標

熱力學溫度標建立的架構

Page 8: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

8Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

熱機效率溫度標之關係式

溫度函數 溫度函數 f 溫度函數

溫度函數 的特性 與冷熱源儲槽溫度無關 不相依於工作流體的性

Page 9: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

9Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

如果用凱式溫標那麼 溫度函數的數學式是如何呢 ?

以理想氣體為工作流體,卡諾循環操作的四個程序如右圖之分析

等溫程序之熱傳導量與系統體積之關係式

Page 10: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

10Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

吸與放之熱傳導量與系統體積的關係式

絕熱程序之系統溫度與系統體積的關係式

演算消去系統體積,以觀察吸與放之熱傳導量與系統溫度之關係式

結論好簡單的溫度函數關係

Page 11: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

11Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

熱機效率用溫度表示

一個新函數 熵的定義 可諾熱機程序下之熱溫比

值關係式 任一循環程序可用無數個

卡諾熱機來構成

整個循環程序之熱溫比值的總合為 0

Page 12: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

12Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

熱溫比值應該可以是一個狀態性質

將之定義為熵 Entropy

由於熱機的操作引導了古典熵變數的定義

Page 13: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

13Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

理想氣體的熵變化的計算 自變數為溫度與體積時

分別以恆容程序與恆溫程序計算

自變數為壓力與溫度時 分別以恆壓程序與恆溫

程序計算

Page 14: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

14Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

將溫度效應的積分部分寫成電腦副程式

用積分推導計算副程式的運算式

用平均熱容量的觀念推導計算副程式的運算式

總熵計算除了溫度效應還有壓力 ( 體積 ) 效應的計算

Page 15: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

15Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

熱力學第二定律的陳述 熱量由高溫體流向低溫體

為一自發程序 程序之總熵變化值必然大

於或等於 0

證明 思考一個不可逆絕熱膨

脹程序 以一個可逆程序經兩個

步驟回到出發點

Page 16: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

16Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

可逆程序之熵變化如第 5 行表示式

循環程序內能不變化作能量平衡式得功與熱傳量之關係

如果為可逆吸熱由第 10 行知道所吸收的熱量會完全轉變為功

如果為可逆放熱由第 10 行知道所有的功會完全轉變為熱

Page 17: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

17Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

熱力學第二定律知數學描述式

熱機的角色與功能

Page 18: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

18Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

開放系統之熵平衡

系統累積量 流體帶進出系統之部分 熱傳導之部分 程序不可逆

Page 19: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

19Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

將熱傳導貢獻的部分之熱溫比值的溫度用外界溫度表示

因測量表面溫度不易

Page 20: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

20Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

穩態流動程序 微分式 積分式

理想功的計算

功的極限值可逆程序

Page 21: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

21Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

以熵平衡是推算熱交換量 對一穩態可逆程序之熱

交換量

以能量平衡式計算功 穩態流動程序的能量守

恆式

理想功的計算式

進出口各有一個流束之功的計算式

Page 22: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

22Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

單位質量為基準之功的計算式

一程序之熱力學效率 對系統輸入功 系統輸出功

Page 23: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

23Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

流失的功以理想功為基準計算程序流失的功

理想功可逆程序所相關的功

Page 24: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

24Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

程序之不可逆所造成熵產生量即為流失的功

熱力學第三定律絕對熵值的定義

絕對熵值的狀態條件基準點

古典熱力學計算熵值的計算式

Page 25: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

25Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

微觀觀點 熵的觀念

巨觀的體積膨脹之熵變化

利用系統體積計算 利用系統壓力計算

Page 26: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

26Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

微觀的思考 排列狀態數 熵的定義

熵變化的計算

Page 27: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

27Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

果然與巨觀分析計算結果相同

Page 28: 1 Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Chapter 5 The second law of thermodynamics Smith

28Chapter 5.

The second law of thermodynamics

劇情如何發展?敬請期待!