1 introduction to biology copyright cmassengale. 2 biology – the study of life life arose more...
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Introduction to Introduction to BiologyBiology
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Biology – The Study of Biology – The Study of LifeLife
Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago
First organisms (living things) were single celled
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Characteristics of Life
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Cells All living things are
composed of cellscells
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Organization Specific cell
structures (organelles) (organelles) carry out particular functions
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In multicellular multicellular organisms, organisms, cells and groups of cells (tissues) are organized by their function CellsCells
tissues TissuesTissues
organs Organs Organs systemssystems SystemsSystems ORGANISMORGANISMCopyright Cmassengale
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Energy Use Use energy in a process called
metabolismmetabolism Sum of all chemical processesSum of all chemical processes
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HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintain stable internal stable internal
conditionsconditions Temperature, pH, etc.Temperature, pH, etc.
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GrowthGrowth Growth occurs as the result of
cell division and cell cell division and cell enlargementenlargement
Cell division Cell division is the formation of two cells from a preexisting preexisting cellcell
New cells enlarge as they mature
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The process by which an adult process by which an adult organism arise organism arise is called developmentdevelopment Repeated cell divisions and cell cell
differentiationdifferentiation
DevelopmentDevelopment
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ReproductionReproduction All species have the ability to ability to
reproducereproduce Not essential to survival of Not essential to survival of
individual individual but is essential for continuation of a species
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ResponsivenessResponsiveness Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli
in the external environment
Detect and respond to changes in light, light, heat, sound and heat, sound and chemical and chemical and mechanical contactmechanical contact
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EvolveEvolve Ability to adapt to their environment
through the process of evolutionevolution Favorable characteristics Favorable characteristics are selected
for and passed on to offspring Called adaptationsadaptations Driven byDriven by
natural selectionnatural selectionoror “survival of the “survival of thefittest”fittest”
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Scientific Method
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Observation – STEP 1Observation – STEP 1 Employing your five senses five senses to
perceive objects or events
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Asking a Question – STEP 2 Based on observations; one or
more questions are generated
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The Hypothesis ---The Hypothesis --- Is a statement made in Is a statement made in
advance that states the advance that states the results that will be obtained results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesisfrom testing the hypothesis
Often written in the form of an “if-then” statement“if-then” statement
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Experimenting – STEP 3 Testing a hypothesis Testing a hypothesis or prediction by
gathering data under controlled controlled conditionsconditions
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Organizing Data – STEP 4 Involves placing observations and
measurement (data) in order Graphs, charts, tables, or mapsGraphs, charts, tables, or maps
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Analyzing Data – STEP 4 cont)
Collected and organized data must be analyzed Process of determining whether determining whether
data are reliable or whether they data are reliable or whether they support or do not support a support or do not support a hypothesishypothesis or prediction
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Conclusion – STEP 5Conclusion – STEP 5 Conclusions are made on
the basis of facts, not observations
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TheoriesTheories A theorytheory may be
formed after many related hypotheses have been tested and supported with experimental evidence
A broad statement broad statement of what is thought of what is thought to be trueto be true
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LawsLaws A Statement of factStatement of fact that
concisely explains an action or group of actionse.g. Law of Gravity
Accepted to be trueAccepted to be true UniversalUniversal
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MEASUREMENTSMEASUREMENTS
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MeasurementsMeasurements We will be using SI units or metric SI units or metric
system when possible --- the WHOLE world uses it except us (USA)
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