1 introduction to aerobatics
TRANSCRIPT
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Aerobatic Flight
Introduction to Aerobatic Flight
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Aerobatics Course Overview
Introduction to Aerobatics 1.0hr
Introduction to Aerobatics Flight 0.8hr Spinning Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Spinning Flight 1.0hr Loops Lesson Briefing 0.8hr
Loops Flight 0.8hr Revision 1.0hr Aileron Roll Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Aileron Roll Flight 0.8hr
Revision 1.0hr Barrel Roll Lesson Briefing 1.0hr Barrel Roll Flight 0.8hr
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Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)
Revision 1.0hr Stall Turn Lesson Briefing 1.0hr
Stall Turn Lesson Flight 0.8hr
Combinations 1.0hr
Revision 1.0hr Revision 1.0hr
Competency Check 1.0hr
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Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)
Reference Material History
Principles of flight
Considerations Basic Aircraft Management
Human Factors
Unusual Attitudes
Air Exercise
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Reference Material
Aerobatics Neil Williams
Flight Unlimited Muller and Carson
Basic Aerobatics Campbell and Tempest
Basic Aerobatics Mike Goulian Fly for Fun Bill Thomas
Aviation Medicine and Other Human Factors
for Pilots Ross Ewing
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Aerobatics Defined
An intentional manoeuvre in which the aircraft is insustained inverted flight, or is rolled from upright to
inverted, or from inverted to upright position; or
Manoeuvres such as rolls, loops, spins, upward
vertical flight culminating in a stall turn, hammerheador whip stall, or a combination of such manoeuvres
with four basic types:
Loop
RollStall Turn
Combinations of...
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The History of Aerobatics
1905 - American Daniel J. Maloney rolled a glider
1913 - Frenchman Adolphe Pegoud 1st powered
aerobatics
World War One - Used in combat (e.g. MaxImmelmans Roll off the top of the loop)
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First Power Aerobatics -1913
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Principles of Flight
Stall Speed: Function of load factor (L/W)
Vs2 = Vs1 x L.F
E.g. V150Vs1 = 60 Kts @ 3.5g Vs2 .= Kts
G loading and IAS illustrated on the V-n diagram
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G Limits: Maximum positive & negative
allowable g limits
Load factor = lift / weight V150 manufacturer limits = +6.0g
& -3.0g Aerobatic Category
Normally differs in different
categories G displayed on G meter
Principles of Flight (cont)
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Principles of Flight (cont)
Rolling G: This is the load factor
that is caused through the
deflection of the aileronsduring a simultaneous roll
and pitch manoeuvre.
Therefore when flying
these manoeuvres cautionmust be exercised to not
exceed aircraft limitations
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Va (Manoeuvre Speed)
It is important to remember that this is an airframe
consideration.
At IAS less than Va the aircraft stalls before it is
over-stressed following full and abrupt
control use
Va will vary for different weights
V150 @ 1750 -110KIAS
1650 -129KIAS
Principles of Flight (cont)
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G Loading & IAS or VN Diagram
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High Speed Accelerated Stalling
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Principles of Flight (cont)
Airspeed: Large changes during aerobatics, therefore;
Changing control effectiveness
Changing control pressures required to maintain
balance / flight path, therefore set a datum trim
(both elevator and rudder) for straight and level flight
before commencing aerobatics
Changing throttle settings required to contain RPM
within limits (fixed pitch propeller)
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VNE (Never exceed)
Max allowable IAS (V150= 185KIAS)
Likely to exceed under certain conditions,
especially in a half roll and pull
Principles of Flight (cont)
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Considerations
Legislation: General Operating and Flight Rules
Subpart H- Special Flight Operations
Part 91.701 Aerobatic Flight, Part 91.703 Aviation Events
AC 61-1.12 Aerobatic Flight Ratings
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Considerations
Legislation (cont): Part 61.551 - 61.557 & AC 61-1.12 Aerobatics Rating
Pass an approved ground course
Pass an approved flight test
>3000 feet AGL with passengers
>1500 feet AGL without passengers
Annex D minimum = 3000 feet AGL Currency
Demonstrate competency every two years
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Considerations
Vertical U/A: A/C can pitch over forwards or backwards
Excess gyroscopic forces on engine/ propeller if
throttle not closed
Danger of tail slide and damage to controls due
to airflow reversal
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Considerations
Airflow Reversal and Damage to Controls
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Considerations
Inverted Unusual Attitude: Danger of pulling through with rapid IASincrease (VNE) large altitude loss, excess g load
and impact with the ground if at low altitudes
CHECK - POWER - ROLL - PULL
CHECK Stop the pitching
POWER Close the throttle
ROLL To the nearest horizonPULL Ease out of the dive
DO NOT PULL THROUGH!
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Considerations
Dont Pull through from an invertedmanoeuvre..
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Aircraft Management
General: Is the aircraft certified?
Normal / Utility / Aerobatic category as required
Gyroscopic Forces: Forces on engine / mounts / propeller
Also increased wear on gyro instruments, some typesof which must be caged before aerobatics
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Airmanship/ Human Factors
H
A
SE
L
L
H
E
LL
Height - Recovery by 2500 solo
Airframe - Correct configuration
Security - Loose articles / straps
Location - Clear of populated
areas clear of cloud
Lookout - Above and below,
wingover
Engine - Ts & Ps Stable
Height - Recovery by 2500 solo
Engine - Ts & Ps Stable
Location - Clear of populatedareas clear of cloud
Lookout - Above and below,
wingover
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Aircraft Management (cont)
Power (RPM) Smooth movements (red line)
Mixture Full Rich
Carburettor Heat Normal use Ts and Ps Monitor green range
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Human Factors (cont)
Effect of positive G: Draws blood away from the
head, and increases the heart rate
Eyes are affected first
Greyout loss of colour definition
Blackout - loss of vision, but still conscious
GLOC - Gravity induced Loss Of Consciousness
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Human Factors
Effect of positive G continued...
Tolerance increased by:
Physical fitness
Clenching stomach and leg muscles
Muscle conditioning (bulk)
Recent exposure to g
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Human Factors
Effect of negative G: Forces the blood to the head and decreases the
heart rate
Redout - eyelids over the eye or burst blood vesselsin the eye
Rapid negative to positive g can lead to GLOC
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Human Factors
Colds / sinus problems
May decrease g tolerance
Ok to be nervous, but not added excess
24 hours bottle to throttle
Will decrease g tolerance
Low blood sugar will decrease g tolerance
I
M
SA
FE
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Human Factors
Air Sickness: Rolling maneuvers are the
most likely to lead to airsickness
MUST HAVE SICKBAGS WITHIN EASY REACH
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Aerobatics Summary
Remember aerobatics is fun and there
should be no manoeuvre that you cant get
yourself out of, but only if you have sufficient
height
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R i i 1 18 N 2004 2004 E l Fli ht T i i Ltd
Air Exercise Demonstration of Pre-flight Inspection Student to take off and depart to the appropriate
area Introduction to
Unusual attitudes
General Handling Exercises for Type Rating: Turning
Stalling Practice Forced Landing without Power
Return to the Aerodrome of Departure
Instructor to Demonstration &
Students to Practice