1Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Introduction

The doctoral thesis Industrial PhD Research Technology transfer Funding for research R+D in Spain: statistics

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

The doctoral thesis

A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree Research doctorates are awarded in recognition of

academic research that is (at least in principle) publishable in a peer-refereed academic journal

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The doctoral thesis

Criteria for award of research doctorates vary somewhat throughout the world, but typically requires the submission of a substantial body of original research undertaken by the candidate

This may take the form of a single thesis or dissertation, or possibly a portfolio of shorter project reports

Research will usually be assessed by a small committee of examiners appointed by the university, and often an oral examination of some kind

In some countries (such as the US) there may also be a formal taught component, typically consisting of graduate-level courses in the subject in question, as well as training in research methodology

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

The doctoral thesis

The minimum time required to complete a research doctorate varies by country, and may be as short as three years, although it is not uncommon for a candidate to take up to ten years to complete

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Industrial PhD

An Industrial PhD project is an industrially focused PhD education

The research project is conducted in cooperation between a private company, an Industrial PhD student and a university

Third parties from both the public and private sector can be attached

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Industrial PhD

Example from Denmark The company

The Industrial PhD student is employed by a private company The company applies for subsidy from the Danish Agency for

Science, Technology and Innovation The student is employed by the company and paid a salary

during the entire Industrial PhD education The student divides his or her working hours equally between the

university and the company over the three-year course of the project

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Industrial PhD

Example from Denmark The university

Universities and students of all nationalities may be accepted. If the education is conducted at a non-Danish university, a Danish university must be attached to the project as a third party

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Industrial PhD

Example from Denmark The business course

A mandatory part of the Industrial PhD education is the special business course offered by the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation

The course concludes with a business report, which must be about the commercial aspects of the Industrial PhD project in a theoretical and company-relevant context

For Industrial PhD projects in the public sector, the business report must be about the institutional benefits of the project

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Research

Research is an analytic, sistematic, organized, and objective process with the purpose of answering one question or hypothesis and therefore increase knowledge and information about an unknown matter A working hypothesis is a proposition that can be scientifically

verified or denied with an experiment or observation. A proposition that has been assessed is a theorem. A group of theorems is a theory

A hypothesis is the base to start the scientific method

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Research Research is characterized as a process that can be:

Systematic: From the formulation of a hypothesis or working objective, data are

collected following an established plan that, once analyzed and interpreted, will modify or add new knowledge, starting a new cyclo of research

The systematic used in research is the scientific method Organized:

All the members of a research team should know what has to be done during all the study, applying the same definitions and criteria to all participants and acting the identical form upon any doubt

To acomplish it, it is imprescindible to write a researc protocol specifiying all the details related to the study

Objective: The conclusions obtained in the study are not based in subjective

impressions, but in facts that have to be observed and measured, and that in their interpretation any prejudice is avoided

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Research

Research fundamental activities are: To measure phenomena To compare obtained results To interpret the results in function of todays knowledge, taking into

consideration the variables that can influence the results It also has the social function of geting new knowledge for human,

social and economic development of the society

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Research

Type of research Basic research

Also known as fundamental or pure research It is usually carried out in laboratories

Applied research Is the use of knowledge to practice, to apply them, most of the

cases, to societies profit An example are the protocols of clinic research

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Research

Different types of research between disciplines have been described The commonly accepted definitions are those used to refer the increase

of interation between disciplines: Multidisciplinarity:

In this research level the aproximation and the finality of the study is done from different angles, using different disciplinary perspectives without arriving to the integration

Interdisciplinarity: This level of research is refered to the creation of a methodological,

theoretical and conceptual identity, so the results are more coherent and integrated

Transdisciplinarity: It goes further than the previous ones and it is refered to the process

where convergency between discipline occurs, together with an mutual integration of the epistemologies disciplinessis (Theory of Human Sciences)

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Research

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Research

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Research

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Technology transfer

Is the process of sharing of skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services

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Technology transfer

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Technology transfer

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Innovation

Innovation is a new way to perform something It can be an incremental change, a radical change, or a

revolutionary change, in the thinking, product, process or organization

There is a difference to highlight: Invention is a said idea Innovation is an idea applied with success

The objective of the innovation is a positive change, to perform better something

The innovation that bring an improvement in the productivity is the fundamental source of richness in the economy

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Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Innovation

The innovation is an important topic in economical studies, business, technology, sociology and engineering

Since innovation is considered as the major directive of the economy, specially when it means an improvement in the productivity, the factors that take to the innovation are also considered critical by polititians

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Innovation

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Open innovation

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Innovation Who? How? When?

Each one of us has different habits, talents, knowledge, values, interests, and ways of expressing ourselves

And, while we all have the capacity to be innovative, we approach innovation and change in different ways

You may like to build on your past experience, or maybe you prefer a vision to guide you

You might enjoy putting together unusual combinations of things

Or perhaps you like to throw caution to the wind and explore the unknown

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Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Innovation Who? How? When?

Recognizing the different ways we like to innovate is a key to working together successfully in a group or in an organization

We all have our own unique approach to meeting a creative challenge, using our own mixture of four Innovation Styles: Visioning: To envision the ideal future Modifying: To refine and optimize what

has come before Exploring: To discover new and novel

possibilities Experimenting: To combine and test many

unique combinations

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Innovation Who? How? When?

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Funding for research

Is the name give to any type of scientific research funding, in the areas of science, technology and social sciences

The name usually includes the funding obtained through a competitive process, where potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising are funded

Funding for research in most developed countries is between 1.5% and 3% of GDP (gross domestic product); Sweden is the only country with more han 4%

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Funding for research

Most of funding for research comes from two main sources: Companies (through R+D departments) Government (primary carried out in universities, research centers

and gobernamental agencies) A small part of the scientific research is carried out (or

financed) by charitative foundations, specially that related to the development of treatments for diseases such as cancer, malaria and AIDS

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Introduction to research 1. Introduction

Funding for research

In OCDE countries, around two third parts of research and development in scientific and technological fields is done by industry, and 20% by universities and 10% by gobernment

The part of funding given by the gobernement in certain areas is higher, and it is dominant in social sciences and humanities

Similarly, with some exceptions (i.e., in biotechnology) the government give the major part of funding for basic research

In commercial research and in development, most companies (except those most oriented to research) focuss in project very close to commercialization

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

The scientific method

Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge

To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning

The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false

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Introduction to research 1. Introduction

The scientific method

Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge

Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them

These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter

Introduction to research 1. Introduction

The scientific method

Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results

Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them

The overall process involves: Making conjectures (hypotheses) Deriving predictions from them as logical consequences Carrying out experiments based on those predictions to determine

whether the original conjecture was correct

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R+D in Spain: statistics

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000001034e20aRCRD

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R+D in Spain: comparison with other countries

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