1 - intro and histo grays.ppt

7/29/2019 1 - Intro and Histo Grays.ppt

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Introduction and Tissues

Human AnatomyBIOL 1010

Liston Campus
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.clipartguide.com/_small/0060-0502-1417-4359.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.clipartguide.com/_pages/0060-0502-1417-4359.html&h=300&w=209&sz=34&hl=en&start=34&tbnid=6PRT819CRvChtM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=81&prev=/images?q=human+skeleton&start=18&ndsp=18&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N


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What is Anatomy?

Anatomy (= morphology): study of bodys structure

Physiology: study of bodys function

Structure reflects Function!!!

Branches of Anatomy

Gross: Large structures

Surface: Landmarks

Histology: Cells and Tissues

Developmental: Structures change through life

Embryology: Structures form and develop before birth


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Hierarchy of StructuralOrganization

Each of these build upon one anotherto make up the next level:

Chemical levelCellular

Tissue

OrganOrgan system

Organism


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Chemical level

Atoms combine to make molecules

4 macromolecules in the body Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids


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Cellular

Made up of cells and cellular organelles(molecules)

Cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryoticOrganelles are structures within cells that

perform dedicated functions (small organs)

http://cmweb.pvschools.net/~bbecke/newell/Cells.html


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Tissue Collection of cells that work together to

perform a specialized function 4 basic types of tissue in the human body:

Epithelium

Connective tissue

Muscle tissueNervous tissue

www.emc.maricopa.edu


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Organ

Made up of tissue

Heart Brain

Liver

Pancreas, etc

Pg 181


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Hierarchy of StructuralOrganizationOrgan system (11) Made up of a group of related organs that

work together Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Circulatory

Pg 341Urinary System


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Organism

An individual human, animal, plant, etc

Made up all of the organ systems Work together to sustain life


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Anatomical DirectionsAnatomical position

Regions Axial vs. Appendicular

Anatomical Directions-Its all Relative! Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)

Medial vs. Lateral

Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)

Superficial vs. Deep

Proximal vs. Distal

Anatomical Planes Frontal = Coronal

Transverse = Horizontal = Cross Section

Sagittal Pg 5


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Anterior (ventral)

Closer to the front surface of

the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Closer to the rear surface

of the body

Frontal Plane

Medial

Lying closer to the midline

Lateral

Lying further away from the

midline

Sagittal Plane

Superior (cranial)

Closer to the head in relation to

the entire body

(More General)

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head or

towards the lower part of

the body

Horizontal Plane

Superficial

Towards the surface

Deep

Away from the surface

Surface of body or

organ

Proximal

Closer to the origin of a body

part

(More Specific)

Distal

Further away from the

origin of a body part

Origin of a structure

Reference Point


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4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium

2)Connective

3)Muscle

4)Nervous


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Tissues: groups of cells closely associated thathave a similar structure and perform a related function

Four types of tissue Epithelial = covering/lining

Connective = support Muscle = movement

Nervous = control

Most organs contain all 4 types

Tissue has non-living extracellularmaterial between its cells


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EPITHELIAL TISSUE: sheets ofcells cover a surface or line a cavity

Functions

Protection

SecretionAbsorption

Ion Transport


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Characteristics of Epithelium

Cellularity

Composed of cells

Specialized contacts

Joined by cell junctions

Polarity

Apical vs. Basal surfaces differ

Supported by connective tissue

AvascularInnervated

Highly regenerative


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Classification of Epithelium-basedon number of layers and cell shape

Layers

Simple

Stratified

Stratified layers characterized by shape of apical layer Psuedostratified

Shapes

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Transitional


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Types of Epithelium

Simple squamous (1 layer) Lungs, blood vessels, ventral body cavity

Simple cuboidal Kidney tubules, glands

Simple columnar

Stomach, intestinesPseudostratified columnar Respiratory passages (ciliated version)

Stratified squamous (>1 layer) Epidermis, mouth, esophagus, vagina Named so according to apical cell shape

Regenerate from below Deep layers cuboidal and columnar

Transitional (not shown) Thins when stretches Hollow urinary organs

All histology pictures property of BIOL 1010 Lab


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Special Epithelium

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that lines vessels

e.g. lymphatic & blood vessel

Mesothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that forms the liningof body cavities

e.g. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum


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Features ofApical Surface ofEpithelium

Microvilli:(ex) in small intestine

Finger-like extensions of the plasma membraneof apical epithelial cell

Increase surface area for absorption

Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes

Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane

Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way


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Features ofLateral Surface ofEpithelium

Cells are connected to neighboring cells via: Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together

Cell Junctions (3 common) Desmosomes

Proteins hold cells together to maintain integrity of tissue

Tight Junctions Plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes

Gap junction Proteins allow small molecules to pass through


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Features of the Basal Surfaceof Epithelium

Basement membrane Sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue

layers

Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below Made up of:

Basal lamina: thin, non-cellular, supportive sheet made ofproteins

Superficial layer

Acts as a selective filter Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving new cells

Reticular fiber layer Deeper layer

Support


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Glands

Epithelial cells that make and secrete aproduct

Products are water-based and usually contain

proteinsClassified as:

Unicellular vs. multicellular

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

Page 138


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Glands: epithelial cells that make andsecrete a water-based substance w/proteins

Exocrine Glands

Secrete substance onto body surface or intobody cavity

Activity is local

Have ducts

Unicellular or Multicellular

(ex) goblet cells, salivary, mammary,pancreas, liver


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Glands: epithelial cells that make andsecrete a water-based substance w/proteins

Endocrine Glands

Secrete product into blood stream

Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle

surrounded by secretory cells Hormones travel to target organ to increase

response (excitatory)

No ducts (ex) pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid


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4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium

2)Connective

3)Muscle

4)Nervous


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4 Types of Connective Tissue

1) Connective Tissue Proper

2) Cartilage

3) Bone Tissue

4) Blood


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Connective Tissue (CT):most abundant and diverse tissue

Four ClassesFunctions include connecting, storing &

carrying nutrients, protection, fight

infectionCT contains large amounts of non-living

extracellular matrixContains a variety of cells and fibers

Some types vascularizedAll CT originates from mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue


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Fibers in Connective Tissue

Fibers For Support

Reticular:

form networks for structure & support

(ex) cover capillaries

Collagen:

strongest, most numerous, provide tensile strength

(ex) dominant fiber in ligaments

Elastic: long + thin, stretch and retain shape

(ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage


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Components of Connective Tissue

Fibroblasts: cells that produce all fibers in CT

produce + secrete protein subunits to make them

produce ground matrix

Interstitial (Tissue) Fluid derived from blood in CT proper

medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells

found in ground matrix

Ground Matrix (substance): part of extra-cellular material that holds and absorbs

interstitial fluid

Made and secreted by fibroblasts

jelly-like with sugar & protein molecules


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1) Connective Tissue Proper

Two kinds: Loose CT & Dense CT Functions

Support and bind to other tissue

Hold body fluids

Defends against infection

Stores nutrients as fat

Each function performed by different kind

of fibers and cells in specific tissue


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Defense from Infection

Areolar tissue below epithelium is bodys firstdefenseCells travel to CT in blood Macrophages-eat foreign particles Plasma cells-secrete antibodies, mark molecules for

destruction Mast cells-contain chemical mediators for

inflammation response White Blood Cells = neutrophils, lymphocytes,

eosinophils-fight infectionGround substance + cell fibers-slow invadingmicroorganisms


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Loose CT Proper

Areolar CT

All types of fibers present

All typical cell types present Surrounds blood vessels and nerves


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Specialized Loose CT Proper

Adipose tissue

Loaded with adipocytes, highly vascularized, highmetabolic activity

Insulates, produces energy, supports Found in hypodermis under skin

Reticular CT

Contains only reticular fibers

Forms caverns to hold free cells, forms internalskeleton of some organs

Found in bone marrow, holds blood cells, lymphnodes, spleen


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Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue

Contains more collagenCan resist extremely strong pulling forces

Regular vs. Irregular

Regular-fibers run same direction, parallel to pull (eg) fascia, tendons, ligaments

Irregular-fibers thicker, run in different directions

(eg) dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones

Denseregular Denseirregular


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Components of CT Proper Summarized

Cells Matrix

Fibroblasts Gel-like groundsubstance

Defense cells-macrophages

-white blood cells

Collagen fibers

Reticular fibers

Elastic fibers

Adipocytes


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2) Cartilage

Chondroblastsproduce cartilageChondrocytes mature cartilage cells Reside in lacunae

More abundant in embryo than adult

Firm, FlexibleResists compression (eg) trachea, meniscus

Avascular (chondrocytes can function w/ low oxygen)

NOT InnervatedPerichondrium dense, irregular connective tissue around cartilage

growth/repair of cartilage

resists expansion during compression of cartilage

Cartilage in the Body


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Cartilage in the Body

Three types: Hyaline

most abundant

fibers in matrix

support via flexibility/resilience

(eg) at limb joints, ribs, nose

Elastic many elastic fibers in matrix too

great flexibility

(eg) external ear, epiglottis

Fibrocartilage resists both compression and

tension

(eg) meniscus, annulus fibrosus


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Components of Cartilage Summarized

Cells Matrix

Chondrocytes Gel-like groundsubstance

Chondroblasts

(in growing cartilage)

Lots of water

Fibroblasts Some have collagen andelastic fibers

3) B Ti


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3) Bone Tissue: (a bone is an organ)

Well-vascularized

Function:

support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs

protect (eg) skull, vertebrae mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate

(inorganic component)

movement (eg) walk, grasp objects

blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow


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Bone TissueOsteoblasts Secrete organic part of bone matrix

Osteocytes Mature bone cells Sit in lacunae

Maintain bone matrixOsteoclasts Degrade and reabsorb bone

Periosteum External layer of CT that surrounds bone

Outer: Dense irregular CT

Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclastsEndosteum Internal layer of CT that lines cavities and covers trabeculae Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../skeletal.htm
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htmhttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/skeletal.htm


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Compact Bone

External layer

Osteon (Haversian system)

Parallel to the long axis of the bone

Groups of concentric tubules (lamella)

Lamella = layer of bone matrix where all fibers run in the samedirection

Adjacent lamella fibers run in opposite directions

Haversian Canal runs through center of osteon

Contains blood vessels and nerves

Connected to each other by perforating (Volkman) canals

Interstitial lamellae fills spaces and forms periphery

www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/.../CartilageandBone03.htm
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002/labsection1/CartilageandBone03.htmhttp://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histology/labmanual2002/labsection1/CartilageandBone03.htm


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Spongy bone (cancellous bone): internal layer Trabeculae: small, needle-like pieces of bone form

honeycomb

each made of several layers of lamellae + osteocytes

no canal for vessels

space filled with bone marrow

not as dense, no direct stress at bones center

Bone Anatomy: Spongy bone


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Shapes of Bones

Flat = skull, sternum, clavicle

Irregular = pelvis, vertebrae

Short = carpals, patella

Long = femur, phalanges,metacarpals, humerus


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Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis Medullary Cavity Nutrient Artery & Vein

2 Epiphyses Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Artery & Vein

Periosteum Does not cover epiphyses

Endosteum Covers trabeculae of spongy bone Lines medullary cavity of long bones

training.seer.cancer.gov/.../illu_long_bone.jpg


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2 Types of Bone Formation

Intramembranous Ossification

Membrane bones: most skull bones and clavicle

Osteoblasts in membrane secrete osteoid that mineralizes

Endochondral Ossification: All other bones Begins with a cartilaginous model

Cartilage calcifies

Medullary cavity is formed by action of osteoclasts

Epiphyses grow and eventually calcify Epiphyseal plates remain cartilage for up to 20 years


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Bone Growth & RemodelingGROWTH Appositional Growth = widening of bone

Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of periosteum Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts

Lengthening of Bone Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts

Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and disintegrate) Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side

REMODELING Due to mechanical stresses on bones, their tissue needs

to be replaced Osteoclasts-take up bone ( = breakdown) release Ca2++ , PO4 to

body fluids from bone Osteoblasts-form new bone by secreting osteoid

Ideally osteoclasts & osteoblasts work at the same rate!

Components of Bone Tissue Summarized


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Components of Bone Tissue Summarized

Cells Matrix

Osteblasts Gel-like ground substancecalcified with inorganicsalts

Fibroblasts Collagen fibers

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts


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4) Blood:Atypical Connective Tissue

Function: Transports waste, gases, nutrients,

hormones through cardiovascular system

Helps regulate body temperature Protects body by fighting infection

Derived from mesenchyme

Hematopoiesis: production of blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow

In adults, axial skeleton, girdles, proximalepiphyses of humerus and femur

Bl d C ll


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Blood Cells

Erythrocytes: (RBC) small, oxygen-transporting

most abundant in blood

no organelles, filled w/hemoglobin

pick up O2 at lungs, transport to rest of body

Leukocytes: (WBC) complete cells , 5 typesfight against infectious microorganisms

stored in bone marrow for emergencies

*Platelets = Thrombocytes:

fragments of cytoplasm

plug small tears in vessel walls, initiates clotting

Components of Blood Summarized


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Components of Blood Summarized

Cells Matrix

Erythrocytes

(red blood cells)

Plasma

(liquid matrix)

Leukocytes

(white blood cells)

NO fibers

*Platelets

(cell fragments)


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4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium

2)Connective3)Muscle

4)Nervous

M l Ti


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Muscle Tissue

Muscle cells/fibers Elongated

Contain many myofilaments:Actin & Myosin

FUNCTION Movement

Maintenance of posture

Joint Stabilization

Heat Generation

Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Sk l t l M l Ti


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Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each skeletal muscle is an organ)

Cells Long and cylindrical, in bundles

Multinucleate

Obvious Striations

Skeletal Muscles-VoluntaryConnective Tissue Components:

Endomysium-surrounds fibers

Perimysium-surrounds bundles

Epimysium-surrounds the muscleAttached to bones, fascia, skin

Origin & Insertion

academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/.../muscular.htm

C di M l
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/muscular.htmhttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/muscular.htm


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Cardiac Muscle

Cells Branching, chains of cells

Single or Binucleated

Striations Connected by Intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary

Myocardium-heart muscle Pumps blood through vessels

Connective Tissue Component Endomysium: surrounding cells www.answers.com

Smooth Muscle Tissue


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Smooth Muscle Tissue

CellsSingle cells, uninucleate

No striations

Smooth Muscle-Involuntary2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)

Found in hollow organs, blood vessels

Connective Tissue ComponentEndomysium: surrounds cells


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4 Types of Tissue

1)Epithelium

2)Connective3)Muscle

4)Nervous


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Nervous Tissue

Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct impulses

Cell body, dendrite, axonCharacterized by: No mitosis (cell replication)

Longevity

High metabolic rate

www.morphonix.com

N Ti t l


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Nervous Tissue: control

Support cells (= Neuroglial): nourishment,insulation, protection Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within ganglia

Schwann cells-surround axons (PNS)

Microglia-phagocytes

Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around axons

Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord, ciliated, helpcirculate CSF

Brain, spinal cord, nerves


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Integumentary System

Functions

Protection

Mechanical, thermal, chemical, UV

Cushions & insulates deeper organs

Prevention of water loss

Thermoregulation

Excretion

Salts, urea, water

Sensory reception

Microanatomy - Layers of the


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Microanatomy Layers of theSkin

Epidermis Epithelium

Dermis

Connective tissueHypodermis / subcutis Loose connective tissue

Anchors skin to bone or muscle

Skin Appendages = outgrowths of epidermis Hair follicles

Sweat and Sebaceous glands

Nails

www.uptodate.com/.../Melanoma_anatomy.jpg


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Cell Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum corneum Dead keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum

Only in thick skin

Dead keratinocytesStratum granulosum

Water proofing

Stratum spinosum

Resists tears and tensionStratum basale

Sensory receptors

Melanocytes

Keratinocytes (in all layers) 15minbeauty.blogspot.com


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Layers of the DermisHighly innervatedHighly vascularized

Collagen & Elastic fibers

2 layers: Papillary layer (20%)

Areolar CT

Collagen & Elastic fibers

Innervation

Hair follicles

Reticular layer (80%) Dense irregular CT

Glands sebum

2.5 million sweat glands!!

Smooth muscle fibers

Innervation

www.uptodate.com/.../Melanoma_anatomy.jpg


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Hypodermis

Also called superficial fascia

Areolar & Adipose Connective Tissue

Functions Store fat

Anchor skin to muscle, etc.

Insulation


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Structure of Tubular Organs

LUMEN

Tunica Mucosa Lamina epithelialis

Lamina propria Lamina muscularis mucosa

Tunica Submucosa

Tunica Muscularis Inner circular

Outer longitudinal

Tunica Adventitia / Serosa Adventitia covers organ directly

Serosa suspends organ in the peritoneal cavity

1 - intro and histo grays.ppt

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