1 integration as a competitiveness instrument for public transport in rural areas helder...
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1 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Helder Cristóvão, José M Viegas
Integration as a Competitiveness Instrument for Public Transport in Rural Areas
Workshop A: Design and Innovation of Competitive Public Transport do foster Patronage6th September 2005
9th Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Transport
2 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Context
Evaluate the economic feasibility and the social interest
associated to the operation of 5 hypothetic short-range road
services to be Integrated with the existing railway supply,
aiming at the mid and long distance travellers
Present the main aspects to take into account in the
implementation of these services
3 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Contents
1. Approach
2. Context Analysis & Detection of Opportunities
3. Key Elements during Design Stage
4. Results & Conclusions
4 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Integration as a Competitiveness Instrument
Easier balance of supply & demand along the network
Possibility to provide services in new environments
More freedom in the design of the network
Promotion of use of more
than one vehicleCost
reduction
Economies of scale and
density
Reduction of Externalities
Customer Satisfaction
Economies of network
More travels
More Travellers
*If marginal passenger is
profitable
More revenue More
profit*
Less subsidy
*Longer
trips
More Competitiveness
Effects of Integration
Need to provide integration attributes
Cost increase
1. Approach
5 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Agents and Accounted Costs and Benefits
• Benefits– User: Consumer Surplus– Bus Operator: Revenue of the Service– Rail Operator: Railway Revenue Rise– Society: Fall of Non-covered Externalities
• Costs– Operation costs of the service– Railway cost rise not considered (existing slack capacity)
1. Approach
6 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Location of the studied services
200Km
Ourém
Atalaia
Golegã
Pego
S. MiguelRio Torto
100Km
Abrantes
Caxarias
Entroncamento
1. Approach
7 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Portuguese Market of Interurban mobility to rural areas
• Demand factors– High percentage of non-frequent users – High value they apparently tend to give to accessible and reliable
transportation
• Supply factors– Sprawl and low density in rural areas– Low extension of the railway network– Low accessibility (by road based PT) to the interurban railway stations
• Difficult environment for the operation of Public Transport
1. Approach
8 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Present Supply & Demand
• There are few direct services
• There are Hubs nearby that concentrate a considerable amount of services
• Private car is almost universally used on the access to the Hubs– Reduced number of local connections to the Hubs– Poor integration level of the PT system
• In general, private car is predominant in interurban mobility– Vehicle insecurity and capacity problems in Park & Ride
2. Context Analysis & Detection of Opportunities
9 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Integration influence on PT attractiveness
• Integration and Modal Choice Factors: – 3 out of 8 Modal Choice Factors are directly connected to integration– Other 2 may be indirectly connected
• Integration and the abandonment of PT: – 48% of PT abandonment is directly related to the lack of integration– Other 12% may be indirectly related
2. Context Analysis & Detection of Opportunities
Railway demand Atalaia Golegã Ourém Pego S. Miguel
No Integration 87% 25% 4% 73% 28%
With integration 92% 92% 64% 89% 76%
Railway present demand and in good conditions of integration
10 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Design Stages
• Basic Properties Design (before demand potential estimation)– Interchange location choice– Travel Time estimation– Definition of Interchange duration– Definition of Comfort conditions on board
• Full Design (according to the estimated demand potential)– Fleet size– Service Schedule– Crew Composition– Crew Schedule– Vehicle size
3. Key Elements during Design Stage
11 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Basic Properties Design
• Interchange location choice– Proximity– Diversity, frequency and pace of available services (coordination)
• Definition of Interchange duration– User’s composition and number– Vehicle’s capacity, door width and gap with the platform– Pathway’s extension, signs, stairs and obstacles– Need to buy tickets during interchange
3. Key Elements during Design Stage
12 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Full Design
• Service Schedule– Objective: Minimization of time lost per passenger or Maximization of
passengers benefiting from good connections– Restrictions: basic properties– Importance of Reliability: low average speeds or extra times for delay
absorption and work breaks
• Crew Schedule– Drivers per day: minimal break and maximum daily driving times– Drivers per week: minimal duration of the weekly period of rest– Allocation of daily shifts: minimal duration of the daily period of rest
3. Key Elements during Design Stage
13 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Need for cooperation between agents
• In most cases:– Operation Costs are not covered by the Benefits of a single agent– Benefits from all agents together cover the Operation Costs
4. Results & Conclusions
Annual Total costs and benefits
Town Atalaia Golegã Ourém Pego S. Miguel
Costs 111358€ 121604€ 119209€ 91071€ 75658€
Benefits 176209€ 141227€ 617196€ 99798€ 61168€
14 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Advantages for Local Operators
• Higher service feasibility with:– Redistribution of benefits– Price discrimination – Use of idle resources– Use of different vehicles according to demand variations
• Local operators:– Best position to achieve a more efficient use of resources
4. Results & Conclusions
15 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
Opportunities, Strengths and Weaknesses
• These services bring:– Significant amount of travellers– Important accessibility improvements– Economically balanced operation
• Technical barriers are not significant:– Simple tariff integration schemes avoid the need to buy tickets during
interchange
• Main difficulties may be the need for enterprise and cultural changes:– Significant improvement on the quality standards– Cooperation between agents
4. Results & Conclusions
16 Integration as a competitiveness instrument for Public Transport in rural areas
[email protected], [email protected]
Integration as a Competitiveness Instrument for Public Transport in Rural Areas
Workshop A: Design and Innovation of Competitive Public Transport do foster Patronage6th September 2005
9th Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Transport