1 human factors course session 3 eric davey crew systems solutions 2007 march 28
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Factors Course
Session 3
Eric DaveyCrew Systems Solutions
2007 March 28
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Session 3 - Design to support human-system interaction
Topics Expectations and challenges Principles and practices Automation Application process
Integrating HF with system design Resources Regulatory expectations Case Study - Therac 25 Medical Accelerator
Introduction
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CLS Mission Expectations
Expectations Excellence in performance Increasing effectiveness and efficiencies Safety and production
Environment Ongoing facility change and evolution Increasing complexity Increasing applications of technology/automation
Background
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Achieving Expectations
Systematic Approach Well defined goals Understanding of hazards and risks Rigourous equipment design Defined practices and processes Controlled operations Ongoing assessment of performance Use of standards and peer guidance Continual learning and improvement
Background
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Importance of Human Performance
Responsibility People design, direct and supervise facility operation
Human Impact Pervasiveness of human involvement in facility operation
Experience Need to provide support for human performance
Background
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Operational Challenges
Gulf
Execution
Goals
Conversion Gulfs
Process StateEvaluation
Activities
Intentions
State
Information
Actions Data
Gulf
Gulf GulfAutomation
Background
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Supporting Human Performance
User Support Principles Environment
Reduce distractions User Accommodations
Reduce memory dependence Simplify tasks Standardize Expect variability Expect errors
Principles & Practices
Recognizing capabilities
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Supporting Human Performance
System Design Principles Conceptual Model Visibility Info completeness & validity Mappings Feedback Affordances & constraints
Shrinking the gulfs
Principles & Practices
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Supporting Human Performance
Operating Practices Pre-job briefing Procedure use and adherence Self-check (STAR) Three-way communication Questioning attitude Independent verification Conservative decision-making
Reducing variability and error
Principles & Practices
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Automation Duties
Application LevelsFacility Processes
Business Processes
Control
Information
Management
Automation
• Closed loop control• Protection• Testing
• Conversion• Presentation• Archival
• Work management• Planning
Automation
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Supervisory Control Challenges
Detrimental Automation Properties Complexity Coupling Autonomy Inadequate feedback
Automation
Automation
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Supervisory Control Principles
Authority Operator must be in command
Process Status Operator must be informed of plant state and trends
Automation Status Operator must be informed about and able to monitor
automation
Automation
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Supervisory Control Principles
Predictability Automation must be predictable
Human Error Automation must be able to monitor operator actions and
intervene when appropriate
Knowledge of Intent To effectively monitor, the operator and automation should
have knowledge of the others intent
Automation
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Automation Principles
Four Groups of Automation Principles General (applicable to all three categories) Category Specific
Control Information Management
Design Principles
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Automation Principles - General
Operator Involvement Design automation and function allocations to promote
meaningful operator involvement
Operator Awareness Use automation to maintain and enhance operator situation
awareness
Ease of Use Provide automation that is easy to use
Design Principles
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Automation Principles - General
Reliance Assume operators will rely on automation if it is available
Backup Provide means to gracefully transition to backup functions
on failure
Training Design automation so that learning to use it is simple
Design Principles
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Automation Principles - Control
Visibility Make the performance and failure of control functions visible
Autonomy Limit independence of control actions
Operating Limits Provide capability for operators to override operating limits
to preserve or re-establish safety
Design Principles
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Automation Principles - Information
Context Present information in situational context
Operator Tasks Provide direct support for operator tasks
Validity of Information Differentiate between valid and invalid indications
Design Principles
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Automation Principles - Management
Operator Tasks Provide support for additional operator tasks beyond direct
supervision and control
Information Exchange Facilitate information exchange and use between systems
Design Principles
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Applying HF - Guiding Principles
Value HF activities must make sense from your business
perspective first and foremost
Emphasis Up-front, pro-active application
Integration HF activities integrated with other project activities
Delivery 80 versus 20 rule
Application Process
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HF Application Model
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
PerformanceMonitoring
ChangeManagementVerification
Validation
Equipment• Workspace• Interface
Analysis• Contexts• Tasks• ErrorsReview• Experience
Need
Functions• People• Equipment
Application Process
Requirements Implement Commission In-service
Staff & Training• Knowledge• Skills
Goals
Assessment
Application(HF Plan)
Procedures• Content• Representation
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Planning
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
Need
Goals
Determination of the need and emphasisfor human factors activities
Assessment
Selection of human factors activities,resources, and deliverables
Application(HF Plan)
Application Process
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Analysis
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
Analysis• Contexts• Tasks• ErrorsReview• Experience
Functions• People• Equipment
Requirements
Describe distribution of functionelements to people and equipment
Describe operating situationsDescribe tasks performed by usersAssess potential for task error & impacts
Identify lessons learned fromprevious experience
Application Process
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Design
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
Equipment• Workspace• Interface
Procedures• Content• Representation
Implement
Staff & Training• Knowledge• Skills
Input to definition of all design elements• Contexts• Task content• Information needs
Guidance based onproven practice
Application Process
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Testing
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
Verification
Validation
CommissionConfirm design andimplementation conforms to human factors requirements• Task information• Conventions and standards
A performance test to confirmintegrated system meets operational intent and humanneeds:• Measures• Standards for acceptance
Application Process
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Use
Planning Analysis Design Testing Use
PerformanceMonitoring
ChangeManagement
In-service
Identification and control of system and environmental changes
Ongoing assessment of human performance with system to detect changes from expected performance
Application Process
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Concepts and Standards
HF Concepts Psychology of Everyday Things - Norman The Human Factor - Vicente On Intelligence - Hawkins
Application Process IEEE 1023 NUREG 0711 CNSC Policy and Regulatory Guides
Resources
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Guidance
Interface Design NUREG 700 IEEE series Handbook of Human Factors - Salvendy
Operational Practices Industrial Operators Handbook - Howlett
Procedures Procedure Writing - Principles and Practices
Resources
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Canadian Regulatory Basis
Objective Protect people and environment from man-made radiation
Principles Licensees to prove operations are safe Multiple layers of protection People or technology are not infallible
Regulatory Expectations
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CNSC HF Regulatory Basis
P-119 Policy on Human Factors Safety - Man-made radiation - Environment, People
C-276 HF Engineering Program Plan - Draft Communication of HF application intent
Goals & Scope Criteria & Methods Deliverables and Schedule
C-278 HF Verification & Validation Plan - Draft Communication of assessment intent
Regulatory Expectations
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CNSC HF Oversight Principles
Emphasis Changes and impacts
Beliefs Any aspect of how you do business is a reflection of your
approach to safety Production challenges are a precursor to safety challenges
Review Scope Process Products
Regulatory Expectations
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CNSC HF Expectations
Program Definition Goals to be achieved Rigour a function of safety risk
Scope of Application Organization design Operational practices Workspaces Roles and uses of technology Procedures Staff qualification and training
Regulatory Expectations
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CNSC HF Expectations
Approach Knowledgeable staff Task understanding as basis for design Use of guidance and previous experience HF integrated with other project activities Visibility of HF activities Ongoing regulatory dialog Design verification Operational validation Performance and issue tracking
Regulatory Expectations
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CNSC HF Expectations Documentation
Plans Analyses Design
Equipment, Procedures & Work Practices Assessment
Methods + Results In Service Preparation
Training Commissioning
Regulatory Expectations
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Therac 25 Medical Accelerator
Discussion of mis-operation with respect to human factors issues
Case Study