1. hardware basics
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Hardware - OS course @ Telerik Software Academy
1 - Hardware
Marian MarinovCEO of 1H [email protected]
Borislav VaradinovSystem Administratorbobi [ at ] itp.bg
What is a CPU?
A miniature calculator
A lot of transistors
A very fast clock
CPU Architectures
Reduced Instruction Set Computing - RISCMIPS, SPARC, Alpha, ARM, AVR, PowerPC, PA-RISC
Complex Instruction Set Computing - CISCx86, x86-64, VAX, m68k, System /360/370/Z
Caches
Little/Big Endian
Threading model
32/64bit
CPU Instruction Sets
LOAD
STORE
ADD
MOVE
PUSH
POP
Single operand instruction sets
Multiple operand instruction sets
CPU Endianness
Big Endian Most significant bit is last 03 E8
SPARC, PowerPC
Little Endian Least significant bit is last E8 03
Intel x84 / x64
Bi-endian ARM (little by default)
149 in binary
CPU Caches
CPU Caches
CPU Threads
Thread is a chain of
instructions in the CPU
Multithreading
Hyperthreading
CPU 32/64bit
A 32-bit register can store 232 different values
0 through 4,294,967,295 unsigned integers
A 64-bit register can store 264
Actual memory addresses that can be accessed by a single CPU thread
Memory
Volatile memory SRAM/DRAM
System memory
Non-volatile memory NVRAM/FLASH/ROM
BIOS
Firmware chips
Solid State Drives
Mainboard
NORTHBRIDGE
SOUTHBRIDGE
CPU Socket
MemorySockets
IDE/PATA connectors
Power connector
Storage
Controller
RAID
Devices
IDE/PATA
SCSI
SATA
SAS
SSD
PATA / IDE
PATA / IDE
SCSI
Limited by length
SCSI
Serial ATA
Serial ATA
Year: 1956
Size: 5MB
Year: 1979
Size: 250MB
Year: 1980
Size: 2.5GB
From: 2.5GB
To: 2TB
1980-2012
From: 2.5GB
To: 2TB
1980-2012
From: 2.5GB
To: 2TB
1980-2012
Hard drive
SSD drive
Input/Output
Keyboard
Mouse
Serial devices
Parallel devices
GPIO
I2C
System on a Chip (SoC)
Network
Cabels
LAN Cards
Layer 1
LAN card, Repeater, HUB, Transceiver
Layer 2
LAN card, Bridge, Switch
Layer 3
Router
Network: UTP Cables
v
Hardware
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