1. Geography Review2. What is the Math of Time?

Geography

• Geography of the land we live in and around impacts our lives in many ways. This year, we are going to learn how the development of early civilizations was greatly affected by the geography of the location of the civilization.

Understanding Geography

• The earth, as we know, is quite large. To make it possible for us to draw a map of the earth and its features, a system of imaginary lines was developed. These imaginary lines make it possible for us to locate anything on the surface of the earth. Included among these lines are; lines of latitude and longitude, the Equator, the 4 hemispheres, and, the Prime Meridian. Some of these imaginary lines, if taken together, form what is known as a grid or grid system.

Latitude

Lines of latitude are drawn in an east-west direction and measure the distance NORTH and SOUTH of the equator.

The equator is an imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles.

Lines of latitude are also called parallels because they are always parallel to the equator.

Longitude Lines of longitude are drawn in a north-south

direction and measure distance EAST and WEST of the Prime Meridian.

The Prime Meridian is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole.

The Prime Meridian is located at 0 degrees longitude

Lines of longitude are also called meridians.

Cheat Sheet Lines of Latitude: Measures distance North and South of the

Equator. Lines run in an east-west direction Also known as Parallels. Includes The Equator

Lines of Longitude:Measure distance East and West of the Prime

Meridian. Lines run in a north-south direction Also known

as Meridians. Includes The Prime Meridian

Measurement in Degrees Lines of latitude range from 0 degrees, for

locations on the equator, to 90 degrees N or 90 degrees S, for locations on the North or South Poles.

Lines of longitude range from 0 degrees on the Prime Meridian to 180 degrees on a meridian in the mid-Pacific Ocean. Meridians west of the Prime Meridian are labeled with a W. Those east of the Prime Meridian are labeled with an E.

Measurement in Degrees Lines of Latitude & Longitude cross, creating a

grid system Used to determine an areas location (address) on earth.

•Do you know many people who fish for a living?

•Do you take frequent walks along the ocean?•Do you usually wear shorts in February?

What is geography?

•Geography is a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interactions of the diverse physical features of the earth’s surface.

How do we know when events occurred in Ancient History?

Do we know exactly when all events occurred?

Math of Time

Circa- The Latin word meaning “about” or “approximately”

Used especially to refer to dates.

Example-The wheel was invented circa 3000 B.C.

Math of Time

Anno Domini. A.D. Latin words that means in the year of the lord.

Used to mark the years after the birth of Christ/Christianity.

C.E.- Common Era is used in place of A.D.

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Math of Time

B. C.- dates before the birth of Christ. or

B.C.E- Before the Common Era.

Decade- A time span of 10 years

50’s60’s70’s80’s90’s

Century- A time span of 100 years800’s = the 9th century1800’s = the 19th century1900’s = the 20th century

Millennia- A time span of 1000 years

What century is 1345 in?

What century is 1345 in? 1345+1 14th century

Timeline

Timeline

B.C. A.D.

<--------------------------------------------l------------------------------------->3000 1500 500 500 1500 2009

Math of AD,BC

• When you cross the timeline from BC you always add.

• If the dates are in both AD or in both BC you will subtract.

• If the dates are in both AD and BC you will add them together.

MapsPolitical Map, A type of map that shows man-made boundaries, locations and Capitals..

Physical Map, A type of map that shows natural features; Mountains, rivers....

Population Maps, shows the number of people living in the world.

Climate maps, shows normal weather for a location over a period of time.

Products maps, natural resource maps, ....

Map Observation

• Examine the two maps on your desk.

• What do you notice?

• How are they the same?

• How are they different?

Peters Map vs. Mercator

• The Peters Map of the World (1974) shows the earth's geographic relationships better than the standard Mercator map (c. 1569), which is what we all likely grew up with. In this map, land masses and nations are shown in true proportion. For example, the sheer physical enormity of Africa is clear. The traditional Mercator map seriously distorts physical geography, vastly over-representing the northern hemisphere and under-representing the southern hemisphere. In the Mercator projection, as another example, Greenland, which has 0.8 million square miles, is shown as being equal to Africa, which has 11.6 million square miles.

Peters Map vs. Mercator • The Mercator map, land masses and nations are shown in

true proportion.