1 frequency response of amplifier input signal of an amplifier can always be expressed as the sum of...
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Frequency Response of Amplifier
• Input signal of an amplifier can always be expressed as the sum of sinusoidal signals.
• The amplifier performance can be characterized by its frequency response.
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• The figure indicates that the gain is almost constant over a wide range of frequency range ω1 to ω2 .
• The band of frequencies over which the gain of the amplifier is within 3dB is called the amplifier bandwidth.
• The amplifier is always designed so that its bandwidth coincides with spectrum of the input signal (Distortion less amplification)
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Amplifier Transfer Function• Amplifier Types
– Direct Coupled or dc amplifier– Capacitively Coupled or ac amplifier
• Difference– Gain of the ac amplifier falls off at low frequencies
• Amplifier gain is constant over a wide range of frequencies, called Mid-band
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• Evaluate the circuit in Frequency Domain by carrying out the circuit analysis in the usual way but with inductance and capacitance represented by their reactances– An inductance L has a reactance or impedance jωL and Capacitance C
has a reactance or impedance 1/jωC
• The circuit analysis to determine the frequency response can be in complex frequency domain by using complex frequency variable ‘s’– An inductance L has a reactance or impedance sL and Capacitance C
has a reactance or impedance 1/sC
Frequency Response of DC Amplifier
Figure 6.12 Frequency response of a direct-coupled (dc) amplifier. Observe that the gain does not fall off at low frequencies, and the midband gain AM extends down to zero frequency.
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A resistively loaded MOS differential pair
It is assumed that the total impedance between node S and ground is ZSS,
consisting of a resistance RSS in parallel with a capacitance CSS.
CSS includes Cbd & Cgd of QS as well as Csb1 & Csb2.
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Differential Half-circuit.
Frequency Response: Differential Gain
Frequency Response is the same as studied earlier for common source amplifier.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
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Figure 6.20 High-frequency equivalent-circuit model of the common-source amplifier. For the common-emitter amplifier, the values of Vsig and Rsig are modified to include the effects of rp and rx; Cgs is replaced by Cp, Vgs by Vp, and Cgd by Cm.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
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Figure 6.23 Analysis of the CS high-frequency equivalent circuit.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
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Figure 6.24 The CS circuit at s 5 sZ. The output voltage Vo 5 0, enabling us to determine sZ from a node equation at D.
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Common-mode half-circuit.
D
D
SS
Dcm R
R
R
RA
2
SSSSD
D
SS
D
D
D
SS
Dcm RsC
R
R
R
R
R
R
Z
RA
1
22
SSSS
SSSSSSSS RsC
RCRZ
1||
Acm has a zero on the negative real-axis of the s-plan with frequency ωz
SSSSz
SSSSz CR
fCR
2
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Figure 7.37 Variation of (a) common-mode gain, (b) differential gain, and (c) common-mode rejection ratio with frequency.
SSSSSS
D
SS
Dcm RsC
R
R
Z
RA 1
22
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Figure 7.37 Variation of (a) common-mode gain, (b) differential gain, and (c) common-mode rejection ratio with frequency.
SSSSSS
D
SS
Dcm RsC
R
R
Z
RA 1
22
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Figure 7.38 The second stage in a differential amplifier is relied on to suppress high-frequency noise injected by the power supply of the first stage, and therefore
must maintain a high CMRR at higher frequencies.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith
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Figure 6.22 Application of the open-circuit time-constants method to the CS equivalent circuit of Fig. 6.20.
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier.
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier.
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier.
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2
3
3
4
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1
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m
m
idm
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idmm
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2
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m
m
m
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Lo
o
Lout
Lout CsR
R
sCRR
sCrrR
1
1||
1|||| 00402
Lo
m
m
idom CsR
gCs
vRgV
1
1
1
12
3
0
3
3
1
21
1
1
m
m
m
m
Loomd
gCs
gC
s
CsRRgA
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier. (b) The overall transconductance Gm as a function of frequency.
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idm
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2
3
3
4
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1
22
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m
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gCs
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21
2
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier. (b) The overall transconductance Gm as a function of frequency.
Lo
o
Lout
Lout CsR
R
sCRR
sCrrR
1
1||
1|||| 00402
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2
3
0id
m
m
m
idm vg
gCs
vgI
Lo
m
m
idom CsR
gCs
vRgV
1
1
1
12
3
0
3
3
1
21
1
1
m
m
m
m
Loomd
gCs
gC
s
CsRRgA
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier. (b) The overall transconductance Gm as a function of frequency.
3
3
1
21
1
1
m
m
m
m
Loomd
gCs
gC
s
CsRRgA
L1 C of valuelarge todue poleDominanat 2
1
Lop CRf
omRgGainMidband
m
mp C
gf
23
2
m
mz C
gf
2
2 3
The zero frequency (fz) is twice that of the pole (fp2)
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Figure 7.39 (a) Frequency-response analysis of the active-loaded MOS differential amplifier. (b) The overall transconductance Gm as a function of frequency.
Lop CRf
2
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omRgGainMidband
m
mp C
gf
23
2
m
mz C
gf
2
2 3