1 final report

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SUBMITTED BY: SONAKSHI KOHLIROLL NO 882649GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR

THESIS REPORT


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my thesis panel for their guidance throughout my thesis. Their vast knowledge and experience on the subject gave me

valuable guidance at each and every step of my work.I am grateful to all my teachers for their valuable guidance, my family and my batch mates for their support.

I would like to thank all the staff members of our department for their help during my study. I sincerely thank all who have helped me

directly or indirectly in the completion of my thesis project.

My sincere thanks to my family and friends for all their extended help in the completion of my project.

Sonakshi Kohli,

B.Arch Xth SEM

Roll No: 882649

Department of Architecture,

Guru Nanak Dev University,

Amritsar


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UNDERTAKING

This is to certify that the architectural thesis entitled State Judicial Academy, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh is my original work. I shall be

solely responsible for the default whatsoever detected during or after the course of thesis.

Sonakshi Kohli,

B.Arch Xth sem

Roll No: 882649


Guru Nanak Dev University,

Amritsar

This is to certify that Sonakshi Kohli, student of Bachelor of Architecture (batch 2008-2013) has submitted Architectural thesis entitled

State Judicial Academy, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh . The submission is her original work as per the undertaking and may be accepted as

partial fulfillment of Bachelors of Architecture(five years) degree course.

Ar. Pinto Emerson

Ar. Renu Mehta

Ar. PS Mahoora

Thesis Guide panel,


GNDU,Amritsar

Ar. Sandeep Dua

Head of Department,

Department of Architecture,GNDU,Amritsar

Ar. Harvinder Kaur

Thesis Co-ordinator,

Department of Architecture,GNDU,Amritsar

RECOMMENDATION

Signatures of final jury :

1. . 2. .. 3. 4. ..

Dated :


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1.1. Judiciary: Duty of a Judiciary is to protect Constitutional Rights of citizens

Constitution: The supreme Law of India. Pillars of Democracy:

1. Legislature- makes or amends Laws.

2. Executive- implements or executes Laws.

3. Judiciary - interprets and enforce Laws.

Independent judiciary: The Constitution of India follows an independent Judiciary. The judges of Supreme

Court and High Court are appointed by the central executives, after an exam for state Judicial services, followed

by a Judicial training.

1.2. The Judicial Academy is a government funded training institute, established as a society under the

Societies Registration Act, 1860. Though the National Judicial academy was formally set up in 1994.

1.3. The purpose of academy: The academy shall be formed to contribute for the professional, independent,

unbiased and efficient performance of judicial professionals.

1.4. The governing body : The High Court of the state which provides all the norms and standards for Judicial

Academy

1.5. Activities of a Judicial academy*:

1. Training programme for newly recruited judicial officers.( 12 months)

Institutional training of six and a half months .

Practical training in court of sessions for three months.

Revenue training at institute for one and a half month .

Police training at appropriate centre for three weeks.

Visiting academy of other states for two weeks .

2. Refresher or orientation courses for senior judicial officers .(monthly or weekly)

3. Refresher or orientation courses for ministered staff of judicial courts.4. Some other training programmes for officers and officials outside judiciary.

1.INTRODUCTION

Page No. 1.

1a. Lady Justice

depicts justice as

equipped with three

symbols: a sword

symbolizing the court's

coercive power; a human

scale weighingcompeting claims in

each hand; and a

blindfold indicating

impartiality

The conce

pt of statue of justice

* Source :www.nja,gov.in


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2.1 National Judicial Academy(NJA) : The National Judicial Academy has been set by

Government of India to provide in-service training to judicial officers. The Academy was registered on 17 August 1993 under the Societies

Registration Act,1860. The Academy provides training to judicial officers of states, as well as ministerial staff of Supreme Court of India and

the High Court. The objectives of the Academy include Judicial Reform and policy development as well as research support services for

greater efficiency, fairness, access and productivity.2.2 Historical overview : Indian Judicial system has a long history right from the pre British days.

2.3 Indian Judicial system in brief : Supreme Court is the apex court in the country. The Constitution gives an extensive original

jurisdiction to supreme court to enforce fundamental rights. The High Court is the head of the state judicial administration. There are 21 High

Courts in our country.

2.4 Current Scenario : a large number of cases are being delayed,

40% are less than year old 90% are with subordinate courtsA National planning and management system for

The administration of justice is needed. Our

National Judicial academy is preparing a proper

Case management system to avoid delays,

For that we should have:

I. Legislative reforms

II. Strengthening of the Bar

III. Strengthening of the Legal education

IV. Legislative reforms to strengthen the power of judges

2.5 State Judicial Academies(SJAs) : They have been set for each of the 28 states of India, for a qualitative and productive Judicial

education. And are governed by the High Court, respectively for each state.

Page No. 2.* Judicial reforms in I ndia:by Hazra,Arnab Kumar & Debroy, Bibek ;

www.nja,gov.in

2.BRIEF HISTORY

2a. Judiciary And I ts Components


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3.1 Project : A state judicial academy for Himachal Pradesh , an 8.5 acre site, proposed by

Himachal Pradesh government, at Ghandal , 22kms away from Shimla, towards Bilaspur, lying on the NH22.

Project being handled by: Ar. NK Negi, Chief Architect, Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department, Nigam Vihar, Shimla.

3.2 About Shimla: Shimla (30 0 6`N ;77 0 13`E) , 2205 metres above sea level

The Queen of Hill stations was established by the British during Colonial period in the first half

of 19 th century as their summer capital. A colonial architectural expression is represented in

The facades of buildings, sloping roofs, dormers, windows, doors, entrances and chimneys of

numerous types replicated from European buildings.

3.3 Planning of Shimla: British planned Shimla strictly in consonance with contours and levels of topography , in such a fashion so that

maximum sun is brought even inside the building. The British took care of the natural scenery and did not prefer to raise any construction

against the view, vision and vista. Rectangular buildings on various levels and accessibility by roads and pedestrian paths were the

essential features of the layouts of those days.

3.4 Architectural styles being followed:

3. PROJECT BRIEF

Page No. 3.* As per h eritage report, Town plannin g office, Shiml a H.P.

3a.

Shyamla

village

Project : Vice regal Lodge

Architectural style : English-renaissance

Location : Observatory Hill, Shimla, India

Construction: 1884-1888

Architect : Henry Irwin

Project: Gorton Castel

Architectural style : Neo-Gothic

Construction : 1901-1904

Architect : S.S. Jacob K.C.I.E.

3c. Layout of ridgeand mall road area

3b. Layout of railwayboard and SBI area


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4.1 Why Shimla for state Judicial Academy of Himachal Pradesh?

Social validity:

1.State Capital

2.The site was proposed by Himachal government, for Shimla being in a centralised location.3.A Judicial Court complex exists at Theog, Shimla.

4.A Himachal Pradesh state judicial academy already running at Curzon House , at a small scale, which lacks many amenities and

recreational facilities, thus due to the need of a full fledged Judicial Academy ,an 8.5 acre site is proposed.

Physical validity:

Connectivity: Shimla has a direct connectivity to the capital New Delhi and a Union Territory, Chandigarh.

by air- Shimla has its own airport,23 kms from Shimla at Jubbarhatti. by rail- Kalka is nearest major railhead connected with Shimla on the most spectacular

narrow gauge railway line in the world.

by road- well maintained national highway no. 22 connects Shimla to Chandigarh.

Page No.5.

4. VALIDITY


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5. LOCATION

5.1 Map of I ndia

5.2 Map of North I ndia 5.3 M ap of H imachalPradesh

5.4 Connectivity toShimla

5.5 Approach to site

5a. Site click

5b. Site Google i mage


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6. INTRODUCTION TO SITE

Site location: Site has been proposed at Shimla Bilaspur Highway, on NH22 , 22 km away from Shimla.

Site Area: 8.5 acres

Site Coordinates: 31935N 77235E

Shimla Coordinates: 31612N 771020E

Altitude: 2100 m above sea level

Climate: Cold and cloudy, similar to the climatic conditions of Shimla,

but slightly higher due to the

comparatively lower

latitude.

Rainfall: 1000-1500mm

Temperature ranges

from - 6C to 31C

Orientation: Site is South

facing and full exposed to sun

Geology: The site falls

under seismic zone 5.

The main type of soil found

is Brown, Mountain soil.


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7. AIM

To provide a campus that imparts legal studies, representing the spirit of The Indian Constitution .

8. OBJECTIVESEvolving a form that blends with the nature, using indigenous materials, locally available with low embodied energy.

Building on various levels, along the contours to not raise any construction against the view, preserving the natural scenery abutting

the site.

Placement of blocks with minimum intermediate distances avoiding shadows to allow maximum sunshine.

Designing a self sustained complex with clear spaces for interaction in form of open spaces , sun spaces within and outside the built

volumes.9. SCOPEThe scope of the project shall extend up to: Detailed site planning and site layout

Development of the following units:

1. Academic block

2. Hostels3. Guest houses

4. Library

5. OAT

6. Auditorium

Detailed design of the above units shall be in the form of floor plans, elevations and sections.

Detail Green Building principles in the Academy.


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10. METHODOLOGY

Site study

Study of designstandards

Case studies

Understanding basic need ofdesign, scope and limitation

Literature and Library

studies

Comparativeanalysis

Framing therequirements

Framing the designconcept

Design development

Final design


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11. LITERATURE REVIEW

11.1 Green building principles: A green building balances all aspects of energy use in a

building: lighting, space-conditioning and ventilation, by providing an optimised mix of passive solar design strategies, energy-efficient

equipment's and renewable sources of energy. Use of maintenance friendly materials with low embodied energy.

ENERGY:-Ability of amatter or radiation to do

workEFFICIENCY:- It is the ratioof benefit to the total

expenses..

ENERGY EFFICIENCY, Therefore, define asratio between benefit gained and the energy

used..

A. Need of today : Buildings, an important unit of The growing India, that contributes to the serious Global environmental problems

because of an excessive consumption of energy and the depletion of natural resources .

Which explains the need of an environmentally responsive architecture, that are self sustainable. Ecological and have performance.

B. Evaluation criteria*:

1. Site planning

2. Building envelope design

3. Building system design4. HVAC

5. Lighting and electrical use

6. Integration of renewable resources to generate energy on site

7. Water and waste management

8. Selection of ecologically sustainable materials

9. Indoor environmental qualityPage No. 10.* As per GRIH A gui delines, table 3.1, Green Ar chitectur e, by Osman Attm ann.


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WATER Reduce run-off Water harvestingEconomical use

Water recyclingStrengthen watershedsGround water recharge.

LAND FORMSRespect for TopographyAppropriate land useCareful grading on site, by

balancing cutting and fillingand re-using the material onsite.

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTPARAMETERS

VEGETATIONConservation of old and Indigenous

vegetation

The new layer to integrate with older Vegetative coolingPlantation for wind Buffering and

channeling.Add plantation according to the

functional, aesthetical and environmentaluse.

MINIMISE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEIndigenous building systems.Reduce resource depletion and consumptionAvoid extraction of materials ,which cause damage.Avoid destruction of diversity of species.Protection of life support Eco-systemsPreservation of flora fauna

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSUse of traditional and locally available

materialsMinimize use of transported materials.use of materials from renewable sources.

Use of non toxic materials or low emissionmaterials. TECHNOLOGY &

ARCHITECTURALASPECTS

Designing and planning inharmonious relationship withthe surroundings.

Integration of solar passiveand active technologies.

The orientation of the building for passive solar gains

Conservation and reuse of buildings

Robust building formsadaptable for different uses.

Local, natural andenvironmentally sustainablematerials.

Climatic considerations.Low cost economic design

solutions.Long life, resistant to hazards

C. Parameters of sustainable development


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6. In cutting and filling of the site, a huge cost is involved.

7. Also the construction materials have to be transported from far off distances which itself is difficult in slopes.

C. Working out the geographical constrains:

Slopes with steeper gradients can be made buildable by cut and fill method and providing retaining wall, to avoid tumbling down of

the building, ideal for seismic zones.

After contour shifting, new area developed should not restrict natural drainage and the layout of roads should be possible

Layouts parallel to the contour profile at different levels shall be done

D. Layout of roads:Calculation of the road path by trigonometry where is the slope in degrees and y is the

contour interval.

1. Roads should be laid parallel to the contour lines

2. Drainage system can also determine the road layout

3. Main sewer line should be bent along with it.

4. Street orientation be East-West for maximum sunlight gain in winters.

5. A narrow road with development on one side is preferred

E. Working out the climatic constrains:

Temperature also varies with altitude, with a cooling rate of about 8 c with every

100m rise.

A single row of high density trees in form of a wind break can reduce infiltration

in the building by about 60% , when planted about four tree heights from the

building. This corresponds to about 15% reduction in energy costs.

Page No. 13.


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Orientation of blocks depend on sun path

To get more winter sun the longer axis should be along E-W direction.

Heat gain by summer sun is reduced by tilting longer axis towards East.

Building at the top of the hills to be avoided due to high wind draft.

The pitch of the roof is decided by the average rainfall & heavy showers characteristics of aregion.

Snowfall if any directs the roof to be shaped so as to throw snow away from the walls.

An angle of latitude plus 15 deg to horizontal is optimum roof angle for coldest months.

F. Openings

Openings are guided by the wind directions and degree of direct sunlight .

Ratio of height to minimum width of the opening in a building must be less than 2.5.

Overhanging projections like parapet, chajjas, balcony etc. should be avoided.

Projection factor (h / v)- the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading projection divided

by the sum of the height of the fenestration and the distance from the top of the fenestration to the

bottom of the farthest point of the external shading projection.

Minimum clearance of 1.0 -1.5m, should be given between the hill face and the building wall to

avoid dampness and for proper light and ventilation


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* As per Design f or N orthern Cl imates by M atus ; www.sustainable-buildings.org ; Energy Ef fi cient buil dings in I ndia by Teri

The shelterbelt , a wide barrier of living trees and shrubs planted and maintained for the purpose of protecting the whole farms is

pyramidal in appearance and generally is of 5 to 7 rows, with tallest trees in the middle row.

A wind break is a narrow (1 to 2 rows) wind barrier of living trees or shrubs planted and maintained for protection inside the farm.

G. Shelter belt and wind break

H. Cultivation of Plants on the left out spaces

Different programmes and projects should be implemented in village level in simple and effective ways so that, people may realize the

importance of forests or plants of nearby areas. The forests, agriculture fields and the space adjoining the houses are some places,

where important plants can be gown. The cultivation of medicinal or fruit plants will be an encouraging step for the conservation of threatened species.

Ef fect of Dense belt on the prevail in g wind. Graph showing th e wind speed with r espect to density of theshelter belt

Water runoff :

due to very steep slopes, most of the volume of the rainfall is lost as run off. Despite of heavy rainfall, the hill area faces the water shortage.

The measures suggested are rain water storage and harvesting as under:

H. Rain water harvesting


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The grove of trees is planted along the circulation spine for environmental and aesthetic reasons and to

have the experience of walking through a grove.

The ground covers are planted on the mounds, to stabilize the slopes and to prevent the soil erosion.

Integration of smaller puddles into a larger water body: Create a larger and deeper water body in low lying

area that would have water throughout the year. Plant trees around the edges of water body.

This would attract birds and animals, improve microclimate of the area, create visual impact.

I. Surface water and ground recharge

Schemes of recharging of the ground water like letting the surplus water run into bore-wells, collecting the

pavement water and the terrace water into the tanks for reusing should be encouraged.

Designing gutters and down-pipes depending upon site rain-fall characteristics

After and during the collection of water, the Filtering of the water is done to remove solids and organicmaterials. Finally the filtered water may be stored in appropriate storage units like sumps, tanks etc.

Water harvesting techniques by the construction of check dams and percolation tanks.

Rain water falling on all the structures can be collected and injected into ground reservoirs through the

structures like Abandoned dug well, abandoned pump, Recharge pit, Recharge trench, recharge shaft etc.

The following steps can be taken for designing roof top rain water harvesting:

Slope the roof appropriately preferably towards the direction of storage and recharge.

Rain Water Storage :

Every house and the housing cluster should have the provision of roof rain water harvesting and a

major provision for storing the collected rain water.

Storage & Collection of RainWater


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Page No. 17.

1. Dhajji dewari

Wall system : framed construction

Construction materials : Timber and Stone

Construction methodology:

Step- 1 A Dhajji house is a patchwork of timber and stone.

Step- 2 Wall made of timber frame with fill of light thin

panels.

Step- 3 Infill of small or big stones, boulders, ballast.

Seismic resistant/vulnerable features: cross bracings of

timber

Durability/ maintenance: Certain buildings have survived

the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand

today.

11.3 Contemporary Construction techniques:

Sloping roof Building with strong foundationChecks damsRetaining wallsAfforestation

J. Important points to minimize the effect of natural calamities :

k. Materials and techniques :Earthquake & Landslide Resistant

Energy EfficientHigh Strength

Locally Available

Sloping roof

Retainin g wall

2. Kaath kuni style.Wall system: Load bearing

Construction materials: Timber and Stone

Construction methodology: An indigenous style

of construction, in which the walls are made with alternate

courses of dry stonemasonry and timber without any

cementing mortar

Absence of vertical members is a unique feature

Seismic resistant / vulnerable features: Alternate courses of

timber

Durability / maintenance : Certain buildings have survived

the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand

today.
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Page No. 18.

3. Thathara style.Construction materials: Timber and Stone

Foundation: Max. 30cm in the ground. Large and heavy stone slabs are well packed together in the foundation. The process is repeated

until the fill reaches a few cm above surrounding ground level.

Construction style: Grid is made with pillars known as thatharas . The gap between is filled with stones, dhajji wall or wooden planks. In

case of wooden planks the whole arrangement is known as farque style.

Durability/ maintenance: Certain buildings have survived the effects of weather and earthquakes for ages and still stand today.

Construction methodology of Thathara (pillar):

Step- 1 Wooden planks (Thatharas) of size 45cm x 40cm x 4cm placed on edge on the two sides with the gap of about

40 cm defining wall thickness.

Step- 2 Same arrangement is repeated until it attains room height where thatharas are placed across in alternate course.

Step- 3 The hollow space is then filled with hand packed stones.

4. Adobe construction :

Adobe is a Spanish word often used in English (and French) to refer to a mud brick . It is a technique which consists in making mud bricks

using moulds but without compaction and letting them dry in the sun.

built forms are constructed with two local materials: Himalayan slate ,

a dark grey-layered stone that absorbs heat and is impermeable to

moisture, and Deodar timber, a species of mountain cedar, able to

withstand exposure to moisture and adjust to climatic and seismic

changes


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If there is too much clay, cracks will appear in the bricks during drying. If there is too much sand there will be inadequate adhesion. If the

organic matter is more than the desirable quantity, it makes it porous and of poor durability. Adobe possesses optimal thermal mass storage

and heat trans missive properties for winter heating and summer cooling.

Design Considerations:The Adobe construction/ structure should be sited on the higher ground, away from the areas of standing water. A sloped ground gradient

should be provided to remove water from the base of the walls and foundations. The roofs should be provided with the wide overhangs.

Adobe has high compressive strength but is weak in tension. The vertical reinforcement should be provided in the walls in all the zones with

seismicity greater than two. The soils used in the following proportions are best suited for the Adobe construction.

Sand: 55 to 75%

Silt: 10 to 28%Clay: 15 to 18%

Organic matter Less than 3%

Page No. 19.


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5. Cob construction:

Cob is the oldest earth building system, which requires no frame work, no ramming, no mechanized

equipment and minimal training. Cob, the material is a combination of sand and clay with straw and

water used to build walls without formwork. After thorough mixing, the stiff mud is piled on to a wall.

Rather than being used to infill a framework, the earth is shaped directly. Cobs insulation make it ideal

for passive solar heating. A cob structure is built by hand, using the malleable material. As the

ingredients of the cob construction are locally available almost everywhere, reducing reliance on long-

distance transportation. Cob is completely non toxic and recyclable.

Foundations: The most surviving cob structures are build on stone, concrete or other water proof

material plinths a meter high.

Roofs: In rainy climates, it is important to make sure the roof sheds water away from the cob walls.

Gutters prevent roof splash from reaching the base of the wall.

Plasters: Interior and exterior plasters should be made of lime, earth or other breathable materials so that

the moisture in the wall escapes freely.

6. Rammed earth:

The monolithic properties of rammed earth in contrast to those of the brick and mortar

joints of adobe make the walls less susceptible to water damage in wet climates. With the addition of cement stabilizers,

rammed earth walls can be constructed virtually in any of the earths climate zones.

The construction process involves two parallel planks held firmly apart with metal rods and bolts. Mud is thrown into the

space between the planks and then rammed down with either a wooden or a metal ram rod. Once a layer is completed and

has hardened, the planks are released, taken high up and the next layer is installed.

Page No. 20.


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Page No. 21.

7. Wattle and Daub Methods: This is used particularly for meeting building requirements in areas

prone to cyclones or earthquakes. Wattle is used to form the structure of the house and mud is used to

daub the walls. During the rains, the daub may be washed away but it is easily replaced. The wattle can

withstand any earth tremors.

Adobe, rammed earth, wattle and daub methods are the most widespread earth construction techniquesused today. They permit the construction of a wide variety of components and construction systems -

for example, foundations, floors, pitched and flat roofs, arches, tiles, chimneys, canals, roads, dams and

bridges etc.

Wattle and daubframe work

8. Modern buildings

R.C.C. / stone masonry foundation. R.C.C. framed structure.

Walls made of fired bricks.

R.C.C. / CGI roofing.

Steel / aluminum doors and windows.

Wood used for high end finishes.

Mud is rarely used for roof top insulation.

R.C.C. foundation


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Page No. 22.

11.4 Comparisons between traditional and contemporary buildings show that indigenous

buildings are:

Made of locally sourced building materials More resistant to earthquakes due to their design and flexibility

Environmentally sustainable due to their low embodied as well as operative energy demands.

More comfortable, as is the cultural suitability of their designs.

Recent trends of shift towards contemporary materials such as brick, cement and steel have resulted in increased levels of risk due to the

lack of knowledge among local construction workers on the appropriate use of these alien materials.

The new materials bring with them a negative environmental impact due to their high carbon footprint.

Higher heating and cooling requirements have resulted due to the thermal conductivity of the materials as well as design changes like

thinner walls and larger openings.

11.5 Types of Passive Systems

Direct Gain

Double glazing

Trombe Wall or Mass Wall

Sunspace or Greenhouse

Thermo syphoning


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Operation of Trombe Wall:

Sunlight hits the darkened mass wall and absorbed heat moves slowly across the wall

The inside surface temperature peaks 6-8 hours after the midday outside surface peak

Operational vents allow optional controlled air circulation into the space during the day

Overhang reduces wall sun exposure during the warmer months Vent added to outside at the top can drive warm air out in the summer and bring cooler air from a

north vent.

Trombe Wall Venting in Summer

Sun hitting the bottom drives the hot air up to the open vent

3. SUNSPACE CONCEPT :

Advantages:

Lower temperature swings in adjacent living

space

Flexible can be operated in many modes

Provides additional living or growing space

Works well in late winter and spring when

standard overhangs block direct gain through

windowsPage No. 24.

4 CONVECTIVE LOOP HEATERS


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Page No. 25.

4. CONVECTIVE LOOP HEATERS

Advantages:

Reduces glare and protects privacy

Inexpensive and easy to incorporate into existing homes

Can be isolated from the living space at night

No thermal mass needed if area < 10% of floor areaPrecautions:

Good design and construction needed to ensure proper airflow

and thermal isolation at night

Warm air is difficult to store in thermal mass than direct

sunlight.

* I llu strations are fr om the Passive Solar Design H andbook, Vol. I and II , U.S. DOE, 1980.


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Page No. 26.

LIT

ERATURE

CAS

E

STUDY

Project Basics:


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Project Basics:

Location : Shey, Ladakh, India

Latitude/Longitude : 34 N, 77 40 E, Alt. 3,700m

Climate : Cold Climate 18c;10c; rain 2 In.(50mm)

Seismic zone : 4

Building Type : SchoolGround Floor Area 1200 M 2

Total Combined Floor Area 1240 M 2

Total Site Area 130000 M 2

Completion : First Phase In 2001, Phase 2 In 2004 , phase 3 in2009.

Client : Drukpa Trust

Design Team : Arup Associates / Jonathan Rose ,London, UK

How to reach: The school is located in Shey (the ancient capital of Ladakh) about 30 minutes' drive up the Indus Valley from the main

town of Leh.

Surroundings: Ladhak is surrounded by the splendid view from the Karakoram mountain ranges on all the sides.

About ladhak: Sometimes known as Little Tibet, Ladakh is an ancient kingdom in north-west India, bordering Pakistan and the Tibet

Autonomous Region. The area is remote: the main road linking Ladakh with the rest of India is cut off by snow for 6 months or more

each year. This is a high-altitude desert environment where water is precious. Agriculture and human settlements depend on water from

snow melt, which flows towards the Indus River.

Brief history: The druk white lotus school / the druk padma karpo school is a small buddhist school under the patronage of the dalai

lama, and founded by his holiness the 12th gyalwang drukpa in 1992 in ladakh. Ladakh, india , is often described as little tibet and is

one of the few remaining Mountain societies where a traditional tibetan buddhist way of life is practiced

Page No. 27.


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Selection criteria:

1. Similar climate: Cold climate

2. Same typology: Institutional building

3. Same thrust area: to study the green

building principles, to study the construction

techniques.

Page No. 28.

Concept : The concept was to make a primary and secondary school that sits high in the Himalayas, enrolling about 500 local children.

The school provides a modern education with ladakhi language, culture, and tradition. The planning and design of the campus and its

buildings combine local knowledge and materials with simple -smart technology.

Self-Sustaining Environmental Controls:

Using locally-available materials, which have the least impact on

the environment;

Exploiting natural ventilation and passive solar heating;

Minimizing energy use and emissions;

Minimizing water use;

Refining and adapting traditional techniques to provide modern

solutions.


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Page No. 29.

N N

Main circulation axisSecondary circulation

Orientation : of main concern-

Main entrance to site is from

South to ensure glare free view at

the entrance

School 30 East of N -S axis to

attain maximum glare free light.

Residences receiving maximum

South an West to maximise heat

gain.

MASTER PLAN


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Page No. 30.

The project has been

conceived as a

contemporary model for

appropriate and

sustainable development

in harmony with local

culture. The master plan

takes advantage of the

site , with a complex of

buildings based around

courtyards that are

planned primarily on one

level, developed gradually

in phases to manage with

the funds.Phase 1- 2001

Phase 2- 2004

Phase 3- 2009

Phase 4- under progressN

SITE PLAN AND ZONING:


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Siteentrance

N

1.

5.

4. 3. 2.

1. School campus2. Residential area3. Toilets4. Dinning area5. Energy plant

Page No. 31.

SITE PLAN AND ZONING:

Site follows an overall linear planning character, extending towards one end whereas the

school is planned along a central core, with the Public zone the school campus placed at the front for an ease to the day scholars, the Semi

Public zone i.e. the hostels towards the back to ensure less disturbance, The Dinning and toilets are placed at the centre ensuring

connectivity from both residences and the school campus.

Complete scope of future expansion due to large site and efficient planning.

* Source : www. dwls.org

SITE PLAN SHOWING MAIN CIRCULATION


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SITE PLAN SHOWING MAIN CIRCULATION

Page No. 32.

1. Site entrance and bus stop2. Nursery and infant school3. Library4. Entrance courtyard5. Central assembly courtyard6. Science laboratories7. Senior school8. Main hall defined by sputa's9. Basketball court10. Dining hall and kitchen11. Residential courtyard phase112. Energy centre13. VIPs14. Residential courtyards 3

15. Vocational training16. Residential courtyard


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Page No. 33.

KEY PLAN

PLAN OF NURSERY & INFANTSCHOOL COURTYARD

The nursery infant school consist of

two parallel buildings that frame an

open courtyard. Each of these building

is enclosed in three sides by a stone

wall which protects it from northerly

winds during the long cold winters &

provides thermal mass.

SECTION AA AND DETAILED SECTION O F


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Timber solarshading device

Timber framed doubleglazing, open able forventilation

Traditional roof constructioncomposed of: mud laid to poplar

joists on fir timber frameHigh thermal mass wall composedif: 450mm granite, 100mm air gap,150mm mud brick

Opening window from within

stone wall for cross ventilationand views

SECTION AA AND DETAILED SECTION O FNURSERY & I NFANT SCHOOL C OURTYARD

Page No. 34.

Section AA

In contrast, the south-east faades are extensively glazed to

provide direct passive solar energy for heating and natural light.

The buildings, appositely separated to avoid overshadowing, take

maximum advantage of the unique solar potential

by using glazed south facing facades to gatherthe suns energy

Detailed Section

PLAN OF DINNING BLOCK


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PLAN OF DINNING BLOCK

KEY PLANPage No. 35.

N

The dining hall is

centrally located

there is no separate

service entrance for

the kitchen

No vehicular access

to the kitchen

The main corridor

leads to the toilets atthe end, all the

toilets are place at

the west.

SECTION OF DINING HALL


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KitchenDiningCourtyard

Page No. 36.

O

Trombe wall composed of: Mud wallwith window and air vents outer glazedscreen, open able for maintenance andventilation

High thermal mass wallscomposed of 450 mm granite,100mm air gap, 150mm renderedmud brick

The bedroom and the washroom make use of Trombe walls for passive solar heating that ensures that the rooms are constantly kept at

comfort conditions for the young occupants. Good daylight and ventilation is also provided to all rooms.

DETAILEDSECTION O FR ESIDENTIALBLOCK

PLAN AND SECTION OF RESIDENTIALBLOCK


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PLAN AND SECTION OF RESIDENTIALBLOCK

Page No. 37.

N

The residential buildings are organized around a courtyard with a parallel buildings facing south, each with a

day time space for The boarding pupils.

Inferences in Architectural character


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Inferences in Architectural character

The school has been designed such that all natural and renewable sources of energy are utilized to

the maximum possible extent without causing any disturbance to the environment. At the same time

adequate measures have been taken to insulate the building so as to reduce loss of heat.

The 700 mm external walls are made of 150 mm thick mud bricks on the inside and 450 mm

thick granite blocks on the outside with a 100 mm air gap in between. These walls insulate the

building from the cold and windy conditions outside.

The southern side of all the buildings are provided with windows which allow natural light inside.

These are opened during the summers for ventilation and are shaded with removable wooden shades.

M ud-brick walls are clad withgran ite on the outside

Glazed southern side ofclassrooms provi de ligh t,ventil ation and warmth

The roofs need good insulation to minimize heat transfer in both winter and summer. The roof is made

from a combination of mud and local wood. Rock wool and felt are used to insulate. On top of this theyhave added corrugated aluminium sheets and sand to cover the felt to prevent it from melting under the

constant sunshine.

Skylights are provided in the roof to supplement light coming in from the windows.

Migration- The courtyards between the classroom buildings are subdivided into smaller spaces

appropriate for teaching during mild sunny days . The buildings and trees provide shade and wind

protection to these spaces.

Li ght coming in f rom the skylights

The courtyard is subdivided into a series ofoutdoor classrooms. Planter boxes awaitdeciduous tree planting

Page No. 38.

Tr ombe walls thatabsorb th e sun 'senergy dur in g thedaytime to warm th edormitori es at night

MATERIALS & APPLIANCES


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Almost all the materials used in the complex have been sourced locally .

Wood from willow and poplar trees are used for the structure, roofs, floors and windows.

Granite blocks and mud-bricks are used for the external walls. All internal walls are also made

of mud-bricks.

Concrete used is limited to the foundations of the wooden columns , as mortar and for the floor below the Bukhara .

Locally available material s likestone and wood are used i n th eschool

M ud brick inn er walls with granite blockfaci ng are stable and made of localmaterials.

Page No. 39.

Artificial lighting is not required in the classrooms most of the time due to the

abundant natural light available.

Electricity usage during the day-time is limited mainly to computers and other such

peripherals.

Energy saving lighting fixtures like CFL lights are used. Superinsulation. The roofs are constructed of local poplar rafters, willow

sheathing topped with mud and rock wool and felt insulation. The weather skin is sand

and aluminium sheets.

Air locks. The entries to the classroom buildings are all air locks to act as a buffer

between the winter cold and the warm interiors.

CFL L amps are usedwherever ar tifi ciallighti ng may be required

Roof constructi on uses localpoplar rafters and willowsheathing.

The splayed roof acts as an indirect daylight source in the classroom. Note lack of el ectr ic l ighti ng fixtures

VENTILATION


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Page No. 40.

High level openings work in conjunction with the south facing windows to provide

ventilation required in the building. In the residential areas, the Trombe walls are provided internal dampers and

also with such openings in the internal walls and . Together, they ensure an effective ventilation system where wind

drafts do not cause inconvenience to the children sleeping inside.

Dampers p laced above and bel ow wi ndows ar e par t of

the ventilation mechanism in the residential areas

Upper seni or schoolcourtyard & Central

Assembly Courtyar d

T ROMBE WALLS

At the druk white lotus school, heat is stored in an air cavity and is conducted slowly inward through the masonry of the trombe walls.

Adjustable openings on the top and bottom of the thermal storage wall transfer air from the heated air cavity to the room inside. Trombe

walls, which are coated externally with dark, heat-absorbing material and are faced with A double layer of glass. Heat is stored in the wall

and conducted inwards to the dormitories at night-time.

In Ladakh, India, the Ladakh Project is designing Trombe walls that complement

Ladakh's traditional architecture and has promoted building them in Ladakhi homes.

This has shown Ladhakis a clean, reliable alternative to fire as a source of heat.

The traditional fuel, dung, burns poorly and offers poor relief from the bitter

winter temperatures . The smoldering dung produces significant amounts of smoke t

hat fouls the air and causes many health problems. Trombe walls offer relief from both

the cold and the smoke. Ladakh receives about 320 days of sun annually, and the traditional building materials stone and mud

brick provide the thermal mass needed for heat collection in a Trombe wall.

Renewable Energy


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Renewable Energy Solar Energy is used for a number of purposes like day-lighting, direct heat gain through the

windows and to induce ventilation through the Trombe walls.

Solar water heaters are used to heat the water required for washing purposes.

Solar electricity is generated and used for a number of purposes.

Besides providing electricity for general lighting at night, computers also run on solar electricity. The latter is also used to run the water pump that pumps water from a depth of about 30 metres.

Water is a limited resource in a region with very little rainfall. The main source of water is snowmelt from the

surrounding Himalayas. The water distribution system reuses water for irrigation and directs any rainfall to

planted areas. Groundwater from the 105-foot (32-meter) deep water table is pumped by solar power to a

16,000-gallon (60,000 litre) tank at the surface. Drinking and irrigation water is then gravity fed to gardensand water faucets. When not driving the water pump, the solar panels feed batteries used to power the schools

computers. The schools toilets use a ventilated improved pit system , considered an important and

affordable breakthrough for improving sanitation in developing countries. The system uses no water but has a

solar-driven flue to eliminate smells and insects.Solar Photovoltaic Panelswhich generate all theelectricity required in theschool

The pumphouse at thewellhead ispowered bya sun-tracking PVarray

Solar water heaters areplaced near wash areas andprovide the required hot

water

Waste Management Traditional dry latrines have been improved and problems of fly and

odour eliminated in the Ventilation Improved Pit (VIP) toilets (most

importantly in a desert environment )

A double chamber system with a Tin sheet facing the south acts as a

flue carrying the odours out. A mesh at the top of the flue prevents

flies and insects from coming in.

The VIP toilets act as composting toilets and produces humus that

Water management

1 final report

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