1 family planning 6
TRANSCRIPT
T e a c h e r
A d d i s A b a b a
+ 2 5 1 9 1 1 0 8 6 0 6 6
[ T y p e t h e f a x n u m b e r ]
7 / 2 0 / 2 0 1 5
Berhanu Tadesse Taye
Consequently, I was obliged to write this
autobiography on account of the
following case. From the experiences of
my family and one of our locality
families, both constructive and
destructive lessons have been observed.
The written materials were intended to
share the constructive experiences from
them and to be careful not to repeat the
shortcomings of the familiesâ problem.
To avoid the quality problem of the
formation of strong family, this article
has assessed two families. The standards
criteria to make selective stundareds is
Berhanu Tadesse Taye
Autobiography
4
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Autobiography
1.3 Family plannin
CHAPTER TWO
2.1. An Intelligent Enemy is better than a Stupid Friend. The Issue in my home is in vain (ᨠá°áá¨
ááá°áá) á áá áŤááá áľ ááá á°á°áĽ áá á˘áá á á°á¨á᪠á áá ᨠááá áĽá áĽá áŤáá ááá°áá áááᥠᥠ.................... 13
2.2. Comment and answer about the issue ....................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. Fathersâ Day and ᨠááá á áŁá° ................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. ááá¨áĄáľ ááľ á¨á°á¨áłá˝ á¨á°á°á áááľ ...................................................................................................... 27
8.3 á°á¨áłá˝ á¨áá˝ áĽáá´ á/Ꭰáá á ááá ááŤá˝ áááá áŤá¨áááĽáŠá áľ ááľá¨á 1 áá˝ ááś áŽá á°áŤáá ááá§á áĄáĄ ......... 30
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 32
5.3. The preliminary survey indicates that: ........................................................................................ 34
5.4. Unheard voice ............................................................................................................................. 34
5.5. ááááŠá áŤá áá áá˘áŤ ááŽáĽááᢠ.................................................................................................. 35
5.6. áľá áľáá ááľ á áĽá á á¨á°ááአáľáááá˝ ................................................................................................... 36
5.7. áľáááá á ᨠá°á á አáľá ááá˝ ......................................................................................................... 40
5.8. áľáá°ááŞá áá°á ᨠá°á á አáľá ááá˝ ................................................................................................ 45
5
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction
Consequently, I was obliged to write this autobiography on account of
the following case. From the experiences of my family and one of our
locality families, both constructive and destructive lessons have been
observed. The written materials were intended to share the constructive
experiences from them and to be careful not to repeat the shortcomings
of the familiesâ problem.
To avoid the quality problem of the formation of strong family, this
article has assessed two families. The standards criteria to make
selective stundareds is such as avoid creating born on the wrong sides of
the blanket, (á¨á áá ááľáľ/áŁá áá ááááľ) live without nagging, applied
child care method etc.
1.2.Autobiography 1.3. Family planning
Mr Tadesse and Mrs Maza have lived at Chefe locality around French
legation in Addis Ababa city Administration. They lived in marriage
from 1967 to 2009. Mr. Tadesse was an employed worker at Addis
Ababa University in the position of janitor to canteen worker and retired
at this time. He was paid from 30 birr to 500 birr per-month. At this time
he earns around 350 birr pension per month, whereas Mrs. Maza hadnât
had any monthly income as she was a house wife. Due to work pressure
our beloved mother lost her life in 2009. They have had extended
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family, i.e. ten sons and three daughters. Among these, three of them are
females and others are males. My father has also has had three children
born on the wrong sides of the blanket, out of which two of them have
died. This issue opposes social norms, disturbing the normal child
rearing customs in a given society by ignoring the accepted cultural
value of child raising.
He merely provided his children with basic necessities- food, clothing,
educational and other necessary materials. He couldnât afford to provide
anything for them. People harvest what they deliberately sow; as he
intentionally had the children, he must provide them with sympathy and
fatherly love. But the reverses happened in our family. He discriminates
among the family members although all of us belong to the same father.
Hence, my fatherâs option was to look for child labour. As far as street
children are concerned, not only homeless ones but also those who have
home but live on the street and who come back to their parent after
working in the street. This leads to obstacle and barrier life condition in
their future endeavor.
Our father only worked at Addis Ababa University without striving to
improve himself educationally. Since he is illiterate, he hasnât had any
attention to his offspring concerning education. In her part our mother,
restricted to safeguarding her offspring. She couldnât get any modern
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education. Hence, they hardly know about proper child rearing method
and family planning due to the negative impact of the backward and
harmful culture. Thus, instead of sending their children to school, they
always encouraged them to go to the street or send to fetch fire wood to
cook food and sell some thing to supplement their income.
How can we alleviate this problem for the future? I have reached a
decision to restrict myself from having babies more than ONE. It is easy
to understand such type of life, how it affects the coming generation. I
have reached a decision to teach my neighbor about certain behavioral
changes as far as family planning is concerned; reducing the number of
children should be given a top priority. If we limit the number of
children in the family, we can afford to provide what they need. If we
perform in action, the above issues can offer basic need and control
harmful culture such as genital mutilation, or circumcision without
getting education as health professionals but my father prformed
traditional practices.
1.4. Consequently, I was obliged to write this autobiography on
account of the following caseâŚâŚ
From 1985 my parents couldnât afford to give basic need their extended
family. Due to this reason, I withdrew from home to street to supplement
myself educational expense to compensate what I lost before. I joined
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needy association at Addis Ababa University, by virtue of which was
able to complete my high school studies in 1991. Unfortunately, I was
not lucky to earn grades qualifying me for a higher education. Due to an
inherent rules and principles of the university the assistance had to stop
up on completion of my high school study. Indeed being an orphan, I
was brought up through an active assistance of Addis Ababa University;
but I knew the reality that I have parents. Hence, I didnât need to resume
such life more than one year and changed my daily activity worked as
shoe shine boy, daily labourer in the construction, as an athlete boxer
and football player. At the end sprinter (short distance runner) for four
years while I was attending my high school education, but the
association helped me to get job during summer seasons. Throughout,
my study from grade 6, 7 to grade 8th
in summer break, full time
employee for three month in Agriculture tools production and
distribution factory as inventory, in the ministry of transport garage as
inventory and Telecommunication Corporation as radio section clerical
work and office worker and Ghion Hotel as steward respectively. From
grade 9th to 12th grade throughout my academic years, I was a
professional sports man starting from A.A.U, Ethiopian electric light
authority, and house rent authority as sprinter respectively. In all those
competitions I accomplished it with successes and awards. Finally, I was
elected as Ethiopian championship with successes and awarded 3 Medal
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and 5 honor certificates as an outstanding sprinter (short distance
runner).
During the transitional period the club quit athletics field as a club. At
that time several clubs asked me to resume athletics but my decision was
to continue my education which I lost before. I worked in ministry of
economic development and cooperation as waiter for four years; at that
time I got a chance to resume my education as I earned a monthely
payment of 50 Ethiopian birr as waiter. Meanwhile, I got a chance to
attend my long-cherished desire to join higher education. I resumed
attending extension division at Kotebe College of teacher education in
the department of home economics after improving my previous ESLCE
results.
Unfortunately, the monthly tuition exceeded my monthly income and I
was about to withdrawn form the college. More striking was that I was
on the verge of failure to maintain my very survival, given my
insignificant monthly earning. Due to this fact I was obliged to quit my
study but with endurance I was completed it.
However, during the dergue regime, I have taken one year complete
military training as an Air-born in1979 EC at that time the military junta
enforced youth to join national service they kidnapped me to join
national service. But I escaped from there and joined an Air-born. At
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that time I was a teenager aging around 13/14 years old. But they chased
me and others especially poor families. My father was also insisted me
to going them since he was a militia (Abiot Tebaki) in our district
(kebele). I decided to join Air-born and quitted grade 7 class. But
owning to my long, cherished desire to continue my education and hate
about the dictator regime, I escaped from there and came to resume my
education.
After completing diploma programme in 1989EC from Koteba College
of Teacherâs Education (KCTE), I was employed in Tigray region with
the collaboration of MoE in 1989EC. I served for 3 years in Tigray, for 3
years in SNNRS, for 1 year in Oromia region as a teacher respectively.
In Amhara region Ministry of Agriculture I worked as disaster
prevention and preparedness expert for 3 years.
In all regions I got intelligent students. At this time most of them are
university lecturers and PhD students both here and abroad. I am proud
of their achievements because they are my products.
Most of the places where I worked were harsh environments i.e. hot, dry
and dusty. I was caught malaria and suffered for several years. Due to
those harsh conditions I quitted my job by my own interest. After
coming from rural area I needed to start my own business but I couldnât
as I was robbed entirely.
Fortunately, I got an opportunity to resume my education in the Addis
Ababa University in the extension division, by being employed
temporarily at privately and government organizations in Addis Ababa
as an expert and canteen head.
After return back from rural area to Addis Ababa in 2001EC, Addis
Ababa city administration prepared regional election to fill a vacant
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election seat in the city council/parliament. During that time I was
contested as an A. A. city administration in the category of private
contestant. Due to several reasons my attempt was in vain but numerous
people offered me their vote.
My work and education was full of ups and downs, for example, during
that time or (5 years ago) my boss in GIW factory committed totally evil
things by creating a pretext, prejudice, fallacy and out of truth witness
terminated me from my job. That was the real history of mine through
which I passed three years suffering time. Really I experienced terrible
life time. First I lost my beloved mama, lived without salary, my family
migrate from here, including being attacked in car accident.
As far as my boss is concerned, he was afraid of my status which was
related to management as my field of study. He denied the reality and
forced me to terminate my job. Despite my effort, i.e. preparing my
work plan, being embraced with research results including providing
questionnaire collecting and interpreting it properly and enthusiastically
including financial plan and production plan later and commence one
department on due date in the organization of GIW factory. Indeed I
didnât get what I contribute to this organization. Of course I joined this
organization after its establishment three years later. However, they
didnât start the machineries they purchased. The warranty date of the
machineries due date was also expired when I was employed. After I
was employed I enabled the machineries start its function. I was eager
beaver but evil persons looted my patent right. My appeal was ignored
by judiciary but the plan still work in the factory. The judge itself denied
my own justice; since I didnât commit bad things; I do have good
conscience (mind). Despite all this problems, I accomplished my BA
degree with by begging money from volunteers, kinshipâs, classmates
and others; that is, beyond my own home (family). Through these
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terrible moments I got a degree from A.A.U in the department of
Educational planning and management.
After completing my education in bachelor of art in July 2003EC, I
started working in one of government offices in Addis Ababa City
Administration. After serving as a teacher for three months in Germany
church school here in Addis Ababa, I was employed at government
organization at woreda 3 as an industrial extension work process head.
My activity has been supporting micro and small enterprises or
entrepreneurs and currently I am also working as institutional quality
auditor in both private and government TVET Colleges and institutes.
In addition to my own field of study I took several psychology courses
including child care and development, introduction to psychology,
developmental psychology, measurement and evaluation, educational
psychology and career guidance and counseling. Still my long cherished
desire to specialize my education completed MA programme in
extension programme at Addis Ababa University. At this time life is
going well. Currently my asset is: There is no enough space to be used
as a salon; I have only a bed, I donât have a space to furnish with chair
and table even for reading purpose.
I have successfully completed my MA study though the tuition fee was
very high. Thanks to God! For allow me to pay such huge amounts of
money for my MA programme and completing according to the
schedule. At this time I have started e-learning programme in the net.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1. An Intelligent Enemy is better than a Stupid Friend. The
Issue in my home is in vain (ᨠá°áᨠááá°áá) á áá áŤááá áľ ááá á°á°áĽ áá á˘áá á á°á¨á᪠á áá ᨠááá áĽá áĽá áŤáá ááá°áá áááᥠáĄ
This horrified story happened before five years; here in Addis Ababa. My wife and
my daughter were brutally forced to leave my parentsâ house. Even the home from
which my wife and daughter forced to leave by itself was constructed by myself as
my family couldnât afford to build it by the time. Before they came to Addis
Ababa, they used to live in Tigray. They came to Addis Ababa to live with me.
After they lived with me for a week, disagreement with my wife and my family
arose. As disagreement between my family and my wife continued, we couldnât
lead a peaceful life. One day while I was returning home from work, my wife
called me and told me that she was not at home. She informed me that she was in a
hotel with my daughter for she was unable to cope up with the pressure from my
family. At that time, I was shocked, but I tried to cool down myself.
However, I was unable to calm myself then I wept and wept! As the situation was
terrible, no one can tolerate such types of gigantic problem without reacting
negatively. I Wept! Wept and Wept in my way to the hotel where my wife and
daughter rented. I called one of my friends to help me solve my problem as I
sought advice from him. He advised me that since I didnât have any money to save
my family, I should let them go for the time being and bring them back when I get
enough money. âLove leaves out of the window when money problem comes into
the house through the doorâ (áľá á áľ á á á á˛á ᣠáá á á ááľáŽáľ áááŁá).
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He further advised me that when I would get enough money and settle myself, I
could bring my wife and daughter to live with me. I arrived in the hotel along with
my friend and asked my wife to explain what happened. She explained us in detail
that she couldnât tolerate my family, especially my younger sister for she was the
one who always nagged and quarreled with her. I continued asking my wife what
she thought the immediate solution should be and she told me that she didnât want
to live in Ethiopia and wanted to go Sudan. But I was not willing to allow her to
leave the country as I want her to live with me so that we can bring up our child
safely. But she refused my idea and decided to leave the country after taking my
daughter to her family. Though I was begging her to change her mind, she was not
willing to change her mind and decided to migrate to Sudan. However, after living
in Sudan for a year and eight months, she returned to Ethiopia and started living
with her family.
My father asked me to build a house for the family as he didnât afford to build the
house by that particular time. Since I knew the problem very well, I accepted his
request without hesitation. Then I started sending money to my father so that he
could start building the house. Despite, teacher salary less at the end, he could
build three classes, that is, two bedrooms and a kitchen. In addition to those
classes, I built a grass store which helped them to improve their livelihood.
However, my family hasnât built any single room out of what I had already helped
them build the classes mentioned above. What I recognize as my familyâs
contribution now is that they have fenced the house. As the saying goes, those who
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are absent are always wrong (áááŤá፠ᨠá á ᨠáá áŤá᳠ᨠáá á¨). Despite all the
contributions I have made, only my brother and sister who lead their own life
without considering my own contribution in the building of the house.
At the beginning when I helped my family build the house, it was simply to help
them live a better life! I hadnât had any intention of inheriting their property. At the
beginning my intention was to change my familyâs life though I, myself was in a
poor life condition. But the intention of my brother and sister was to change and
inherit the familyâs asset without my knowledge of the issue. At the beginning my
brother quarreled with my mother by the intention that I would inherit the house if
I helped them build the house. But my mother didnât accept his idea by explain
him that I was not living with them by that particular time. She told him that if he
didnât want to live in the house, he could leave it. She further explained him that I
was built the house for the family, not with the intention of inheriting it.
By the time, I had no intention of what was going on in the house since I was in
rural area. Then he left the house. After I came from rural area I recognized what
had happened in the house. Then I asked him why he left the house. I always
advised him it is better live with your family help them and your selves instead of
spending money outside.
After my brother nagged with my mother, I recognized that he left the house after I
came from rural area; I asked my family where my brother lived and why he left
the house. Then my family explained me that he decided to live alone. During that
time, I didnât expect that he leave the house as my intention was that house as my
intention was that it was I and him who should have helped the family, since both
of us were the only employed workers and get earned among the family. At the
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beginning I was informed by my elder sister about the issue. I always advised him
it is better to live with your family and help them also yourself, as I told him he
returned back to family home.
After coming from the rural area, I saw a lot of things. The manifestation of their
hidden agenda was that they sold their cow and rented the house without
consulting me. Since I am their elder brother as social norms and standards seated,
I should have been informed and treated as a family member, but what they did
was simply giving me a deaf ear.
The second reason which aggravated disagreement between me and my family
goes back to more than four years because I quit eating in my home. When I
wanted to help my father as usual, he didnât want to receive any money from me.
He just insisted me the money should be given to his daughter (my younger sister)
instead. But I didnât accept his idea since he is the owner of the house, it was he
who should have accepted the money and decide on every aspect of the family for
it is his duty to organize and coordinate the family members. During the dispute, I
told him that I can offer him more than what he already gave for outsider without
my agreement. I wanted to smooth the problem and told to him I knew how many
birr he rented his house, I promised him to pay 1000 birr instead of rented 450. He
told me he didnât want any money from me if I wanted to provide him even more
than 1,000 birr. The disagreement has been continued up to the present time since
we havenât had any open communication to solve the problem my dad didnât
facilitate the situation to be resolved.
That was why I didnât want to offer my sister any money as she expected, she
didnât want to learn and change her life in sustainable condition than serving the
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family as a housemaid. The quarrel always started during holidays. Since I am a
government employee, I couldnât afford to buy excessive foodstuffs which would
be used during holidays what I could afford to buy was chicken than other
excessive food item. But I didnât have enough, money to buy ox, sheep and goat.
Personally I donât feel guilty as I was not the cause for the breakdown of unity of
our family members. It is my younger brother and sister who are responsible for
our disagreement in the family. But on holiday my brother buys every food item
that is consumed at his home as well for the family. Our father nagged with other
family members who havenât had extravagant. That is why wealth is a threat in our
family as only one person (my brother) dominates the family instead of help with
each other. Other family members are voiceless; of course he does not help the
family at regular bases, but only buy excessive food items during holidays. One
can easily judge whether our father is helped by our rich brother after observing
the appearance of our dad.
My sister on her part also doesnât want to change herself by her own effort. Instead
she wants to live by renting our familyâs house which belongs to all of us. But I
personally feel that the house should not be rented as the house in which we
ourselves live is not enough for all of us. One of popular saying useful for her
donât stir my stew while yours burning. ᨠáŤáˇ á˛áŤááŁáľ ᨠá°á áłááľááá˝á˘
Because of the conflict between her child and our younger brother, our sister
intimidated him to tell to his bombastic (immediate older brother), as me and other
elder sibling sited as useless. Due to the fight between her child and our younger
brother, sister provoked one of our brother to cause him stab his brother with a
knife. Since she created informal group and divide and rule system in our home
dangerous things happened. At the evening when the informed brother came from
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outside he got the victim met inside the main gate and stabbed our younger brother.
Since he was assigned wrongly by our sister undoubtedly, his older brother was
provoked and emotionally stabbed our younger brother with a knife.
By that time, I and our neighbor Senite (Nesanet) took our injured brother to the
hospital. While we were taking him to the hospital, I also reported to the police as
the case was very serious. The police told us that after the medical diagnosis of my
brother, we had to bring the rest. But in the mean time my focus was to help my
injured brother to recover from his bad health condition rather than charging him
by that case. But the event has already been recorded in the police station. At that
time my mother was alive. My mother worried and condemned my sister for her
intention of killing our innocent younger brother. Our mother emphatically
criticized our sister as she was responsible for causing conflict between the two
brothers.
In our society, the common norm to resolve the conflict is normal and curable in
every home i.e. delegating the appropriate one (the elders one) to resolve the
problem. But in our home the conflict between younger brother and sisterâs son is
not by the interference of parents or older brothers and sister but wrongly
delegating (entrust a task or responsibility to a more junior person) to a bombastic
one which mean with related his age. But what our sister did was against the
known social norm as she caused a conflict among the family members instead of
asking our parents and us the siblings so that the conflict should have been
resolved peacefully. Her covert conspiracies observed for me and every one.
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If there is a will, there is a way (ááťáľ áŤá ááá áľ á á). I believe that God never let
me down. Sooner or later I will bring my family with me and live a better life with
them.
I would like to appreciate those brothers and sisters like Gobeza coffee Abisinya
and others who give their business responsibility to their families since families
business is the most sustainable one and better than other. Forget business they
work for their family, love and affection that can not be purchased by money.
God bless all of us!
2.2. Comment and answer about the issue
Abera Dave Bero Be strong youâll do everything if the situation allows. May God allow to you live
better life.
Mimageel Dereje Seyoum may God be with u my brother
Mesfin Haile Oh! My GOD what kind of heart touch story is it? My brother be patience GOD
has its own plan when he did this. So you have to be strong because everything is passed , you
have to pray about your family health , one day you will join them , don't be discouraged.
Berhanu Taye Tadesse Really I thank those friends who provided me courage after reading my
heart breaking story. But In 2014, I heard news from northern part of Ethiopia that my daughter
is grade eight and one of the ranked students who were awarded this year in the first semester.
According to the fresh news which I got currently, she also received an award twice in grade 9
for she stood first and third from her class and sections respectively. I am very delighted and I
have already prepared an award to my beloved daughter which I plan to send to her in the near
future. At this time my intention is to bring her so that she lives with me to get better education.
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Yonas Getachew don't quit....each and every individual has its own misery and we need to help
each other!!
Mesfin Haile Brie heart touched story you wrote. Donât worry one day you will be together with
your beloved family. Pray for that. God be with you!
Abera Dave Bero When things go wrong, when sadness fills your heart, when tears flow from
your eyes; always remember I am here for you.
Berhanu Taye Tadesse Thank you for your immediate response about the issue which I raised.
But sorry for my delay to respond immediately your messages. Currently, I am seriously in need
of help particularly pray for elder sister seriously suffered from brain illness. Due to her religion
affiliation nagging was manifested within our family members I knew this before I went to rural
area for I found job (teaching) in northern Ethiopia. She left the home where she grew up
forcedly. I remember I usually tried to convince my family about her religion affiliation through
negotiation. Almost all comment on the issue is positive and constructive again thank you my
brothers! But one is not optimistically commented because anonymous writer wrote his/her
unresponsive, prejudice, and pretext comment to my page. Hence, this page is not for the
purpose of disseminating politics, propaganda of election campaign, religion, ethnic and other
hatred. Shall I ask you some question? What do you mean build another home in a fairly way? I
am simply a teacher than an investor. I think you are assuming that since, I have a Tigrean family
I have a lot of money. This is misconception, wrong assumption and narrow-mindedness. Why
you disseminate ethnic politics in my page? Why you connect me vis-a-vis Apartheid? Would
you mind to distinguish between anonymous and vivid writer (without using his/her own photo)?
ISIS also covertly attack innocent people. Do you assume all Tigreans are rich, and cruel? It is
misconception and/or wrong assumption. I assume all races are equal because you can find out
both intelligent and stupid person in all races.
My wife was victim of refuge since the Darg regime. I met with her during my first arrival in
Tigraye. When arrived there, she was coming from Sudan by the help of UNHCR in 1989 E.C
/1997/GC. Her history is really heartbreaking. She was neither my student nor rich person when I
met her. But I knew more rich girls in the school where I am teaching and also in the locality.
This meant that richness or poorness had no place in our relationship.
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During 1977/1985/ northern parts of Ethiopia affected by war and natural disaster called drought.
Her entire family members left Tigray and trekked to the Sudan. During the journey, all
responsibility of taking care of the family shouldered on her father. Though the family was in
scarcity of resources, he provided them with food and water than himself (by keeping his own
stomach). However, he was not fortunate to see the arrival of his family in the Sudan because he
lost his life on the way in the desert area of Sudan. This is the reality of the family of my family.
Thus, don't be prejudice. The reason behind writing this article is to show only bad thing which
shouldnât happen in other family.
Eduardo Byrono Thanks Berhanu, I am reading it
Aysheshim Tilahun Berhanu, it is the power of God to solve all our problems. But it is also us
that face bumps in our way and interpret as crater instead. This is a common problem in the
world, the problem itself comes through finance, but believe me if the finance is fixed it changes
to another form. AND THE SOLUTION, to be wisely interactive to the problem, giving it time,
works on it with yourself and close friends. And please do not let it to control you. We need you
to be focused, and keep on being helpful for your country as we know of you so far.
Meanwhile if there is any scheme that you can come up with for us (your friends) to help you in
addition to prayers, we are there with all the possible stuffs that we can make with our power.
All this happened to you and your family because all the tracks that you pass by are planned to
be embellishments of the story you will be telling people in the future. Otherwise, no one can
learn a bit from stories of smooth start, smooth way and smooth finish.
And do you know what King (Marthin Luther King) said?
âWe must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hopeâ
Berhanu Taye Tadesse Thank you! My brother Aysha your message is really constructive, I
know you are kind, generous, uncomplicated in your work and the above article you wrote to me
and also uncompromising in your values. Thank you again! About my elder sister health
condition I think at this time she is a little bit recover from yesterday. I heard her sound through
tale phone. But she doesn't know exactly the hospital where she is taking treating. Hence, I
couldn't find where exactly she is. I pray to God to provide her relief from her illness! Dear,
Aysha Wish you all the best in your future endeavor. Respectfully yours!
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Berhanu Taye Tadesse From the experiences of my family and one of our locality families, both
constructive and destructive lessons have been observed. The written materials were intended to
share the constructive experiences from them and to be careful not to repeat the shortcomings of
the familiesâ problem.
To avoid the quality problem of the formation of family, this article has assessed two families.
The standards criteria to make selective such as avoid creating born on the wrong sides of the
blanket, live without nagging etc.
Berhanu Taye Tadesse Learning is change of attitudes and behavior. People learn to behave in
certain ways trying to avoid pain. My elder sisterâs mental illness is caused due to her isolation
from family members. They deliberately intimidate her not to be seen even in the locality. All
these hardships emanated from her conversion in to other religion which she believes in. This led
her to serious mental illness which she still failed to be recover from. Who is responsible for this
problem?
Learning is feature of alt human activity and provides insights in to our humanity. It defines
levels of growth-in individuals, in family and in society. It involves an examination of how
change takes place individual learning occurs at many levels and in many ways, and is a lifelong
experience. As society changes and as technology ever more impact upon our life in performed
ways, so we have constantly to learn and develop learning is an active dynamic concept and links
the individual to the social world. Hence, after learning something we should put ourselves in
place of other pain. The relationship between ethics and education also focuses on: Good things
and evilest are incident of life, and there are right and wrong ways of attaining good and
avoiding evil, there is a natural incentive to morals. I am proud of my integrity and blow the
whistle when things don't go right after told to the exact person whom creates the problems.
Gidoomal in (Mullons book, 2010) Maintains that we have taken it for granted that the ethical
values and norms of society are there but they need to be spelled out.
Thank you! To those eagles eyed.
Berhanu Taye Tadess I know your brother Alene. He was an excellent student and later greet
teacher but at this time in schizophrenia. I know you are gossiping, intimidating, and assaulted
23
your brother. Your work at this time is extending your bad experience to other home. Ms
Egigayeheu I wish for you go to school and learn humanity to change your wild manner. In our
locality we witnessed that he and like him others were intellect they live in bad condition. God
may give for them mercy. Wish for their family courage!
24
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. Fathersâ Day and ᨠááá á áŁá°
I wish for all fathers to live longer life! Nothing happened to me since,
God allows me to live such a beautiful life. Respect for my mother also
keeps her soul in heavenly body! Still I love respect and donât have a word express her virtue works I assume her work was more than that of my family.
I am a father of a daughter. I donât wish happy father day because I am
looser of my daughter. However, my life is a bit good at the moment. I
am talking with my daughter each week by phone to express my fatherly sympathy including love and affection.
Because of the problem I faced in the family, two Americans promised
to help me. But in my response letter I wrote them to help my daughter a
head of giving me any support. What I suggest to you is first of all help
my daughter because I canât protect her from aggression of my family
She is helpless to live in better life and get better education.
My families also hate me due to my concern of moral principle stick on
education capacitating myself by spending my entire money than
collecting money. What I understand from my family is that they need
money than educated personalities. They compare me with rich brother
and also idle sister who get baby from in the wrong sides of the blanket
and disturbing the entire families. The only positive thing which I saw
from the departure of my daughter protect me a sours of quarrel to my
home. Thanks to God! But they deny this reality. But what I did was I
gave them the key how to make money and became rich but only one of
my brother used it properly to make money and became rich. However,
he and my idle sister ignored me and ill brothers they administered the
whole family by using rules of tomb and rule out. To mention my effect
in the academic world of work experience, I can present results of my
25
previous students. For example Hagos Meressa JUKI country manger,
Baheire PhD Language prospected graduate at Addis Ababa University,
Mogess at this time social work MA student at Addis Ababa University
and Abera PhD at faculty of business and economics Addis Ababa
University (FBEAAU) lecturer many more. I am proud of their
academic achievement. Still I wish for them prosperity rather than
hesitation.
At the moment I am sharing very small house with my father, but there
is no space for preparing my own meal. I donât serve myself though; I
am professional on food preparation. The reason is that my parent home
has no enough space for cooking food for me.
Nowadays teachers are not being given any respect in the social due to
the low income they get. As evidence I witness that several ill and mad
teachers left in their bed helplessly. My intention is not to disseminate
hate for my family, but to publicize their hatred against me. Currently I
have decided to leave the house, but how could this be as I donât have
enough money?
Since I was obliged to leave their home, I had to rent another house, so I
got another house in close proximity and paid half of the monthâs
payment and left leaving my parents house. I didnât take back the money
I paid. I was disappointed by my fatherâs decided this as I am also one of
his son. The hidden agenda behind my accusation was from my brutal
brother and idle sister. They used my aged father as an agent to make me
leave the house from them. But personally I donât feel guilty as I didnât
do anything wrong to anybody. This is our shameful culture which I
have never seen in othersâ house and I donât wish it to happen to any
other family.
Therefore, life is too dull for me, but thanks to God because I am in
good health condition though I am not sure of the future!
Those of you who are expressing your best wish to your fathersâ day
thank you! All parents before having offspring are almost always
26
responsible for their families at list you must provide basic need. Thatâs
why I donât want to have other baby. Make a plan for yourself and for
your offspring bright future!
I donât need high or excessive dignity and respect from anybody, but
this doesnât mean I can tolerate those cruel and idle pressure and
condemner. Hence, I will claim an appeal for the loss of my beloved
mother without getting proper treatment and medication.
I am looking forward to hear your favourable response I remain.
27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1. ááá¨áĄáľ ááľ á¨á°á¨áłá˝ á¨á°á°á áááľ
ááŤá፠21 áá 2007á.á
ááá´áŤá ᨠááááŞáŤ á°á¨á á/á¤áľ
ᨠ፠ááľáĽ á/áĽ/á˝ááľ
á á˛áľ á á áŁ
á¨áłá˝áĄ - á áś áłá°á° áłáŹ ááá á áľáŤáťáĄ - ᨠ፠á/á¨á°á áá á 01/02 ᨠá¤.á.
1528á°á¨áłá˝áĄ - ááá á áĽááá áłá°á° áłáŹ á áľáŤáťáĄ - ᨠ፠á/á¨á°á áá á 01/02
ᨠá¤.á. 1528
á¨áłá˝ ááá˘áľ 2 áá 2007 á.á á˝áá ááá¨áĄáľ ááľ á¨á°á¨áłá˝ ᨠá°á°á
áááľ
á. á°á¨áłá˝ ááłáŠá ᨠáá¨áłá°áá á áŤá´ á ááŁ
á. áá ááľ á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á 234 áĽá 223 á°ááᜠᨠáá¨á á áᥠáĄ
1. ᨠá¨áłá˝ ááľ áŁááŠ
á¨áłá˝ ááá˘áľ 2 áá 2007 á.á á˝á áŁáá¨á á ááľ áá áĽá á°á¨áłá˝ á á¨áłá˝ áááľá
á á áŁá´ á¤áľ áĽáá°áááá á á á áá á¨áááą 6 áĽá 7 á°ááľ á áĽá°á á áááŁáľ ᨠá¤á°á°áĽ á°áá
á áľá°ááᣠá¤á°á°áŚáźá áĽá ááá á áááľá á ááľá°áĽ ááĽáŤá¸áá á áááŤáľ á á°á ááľ á ááá°ááᣠá á¨á¤áśá˝
á áĽá°á áĽááłáá ááá á áľáá ááá áááľ á á˝á°á áááź áá áἠáĽáá˛áłáá ááááŤáľ áá áá áĽáá
á/á¤áľ á°á¨áłá˝ á¨á¤áľ áĽááľáᣠáĽááľááľááá¸á á ááááᤠᥠáĄ
2. ᨠá°á¨áłá˝ áááľ á á ááŠáĄ -
2.1 á¨áłá˝ á ááłá¸á áá áĽááłááľ á°á¨áłá˝ áĽáľá¨ áááą 6 áĽá 7 á°ááľ á áĽáś áĽá¨ á áŁ
áá á áĽá áá á°áĽá ᨠáá¨á á ááľ á¨áĽáá ᾠᨠáŤáá á°á¨áłá˝á áá áĽá á°ááááśá á°áᎠá¨á¤áľ
áĽáá˛áᣠáááľá¨á ᨠá°á ፠á°áŁ á áᥠᥠááá á áĽáá°ááááŤáľ ᨠáááá á á°á¨áłá˝ á á á˛áľ
á á ᣠáŠá á¨ááľá˛ ᨠááľá°ááľ á°á᪠áľáááá áááĽááľ áááĽá¨áŞ áľáááá˝ á ááłáá´ á¨áá˝áą 2
á°ááľ áĽáľá¨ 3 á°ááľ áŁáá áá ááľáĽ áĽá¤áľ áĽá áŁááᥠᥠá¨á፠á¨á¨áᰠᨠááľá¨á áĽáá
28
áááĽá¨áŞ áĽáŤá áá á áᥠᥠáá áá ᨠáá°áá á á°áŤá á áŁá´áá áááľá áĽá áśáźá ááááľá¸á á
áľá áľááá á áá á áŠá ᨠáá¨á á ááľ ááľá áĽáá˛á°á¨ááá ᨠá°á¨á á¨áá á/á¤áľ
áĽá ááááᥠáĄ
2.2 á¨áłá˝ áĽáá°áááľ á¨áá á°á¨áłá˝ á á¤áľ ááľáĽ á á᪠ᨠáááľá áááźá á á°áá áĽááłáááŠ
áľáá°á¨á á¨á¤áľ áááŁáá áĽáá á áááá°ááᥠᥠá¨áá áá á á°áŤáŤá ᨠá°á¨á á¨á á/á¤áľ
áĽáá˛áŤáá áá ᨠáááá á ááŽá á¸á á°á á á á ᨠá°áŁááľ ááá˝ áĽááłá˝á á¨áá°á˝ á áá ááá
áá ááľáá á¨18 áááľ á áá áľááá á á áááľ ááłá áá¨áŤá¨á áľáááŤáľááá á áá
á áľááá áľ á á¤áľ ááľáĽ á áŁáłá˝áá áĽá¨ á¨áłá áĽááá áĽáá á°áľááá°á áĽá¨ ááá áŁááá áľ
áááł áá ááľ áá á¨áĄ á°á ᢠá áá°ááᥠᥠááá á áĽáá˛á¨áł ᨠááášá á ááŞáá˝ ááľá
áĽáá°áá¨á°áá á áᥠᥠá áś ááá áłá°á° ááľá 40ᣠáĽáłááŤá (ááá) áłá°á° ááľá 38áŁ
á á á áłá°á° ááľá 36 á¨áŁáá¤áłá¸á á°áá á˝ ááľá 35 áĽá á¨á ááľááá¸á áá ááŞáŤáľ á á áĽ
ááľá 9ᣠááááł áłá°á° ááľá 33ᣠá´ááľáŽáľ áłá°á° ááľá 30 áĽá ᨠáĽá áľ áá ᨠáá á
á áĽááá ááá፠ááľá 15
2.3 á¨áłá˝ áĽáá° áá´ áŤáľá¨áąááá áĽá á ááá°á áĽá á áŚáľá°á á°á¨á ᨠá ááłá¸á ááľááŽá˝ ááłáŠ
á á°á áŁá áľ á¤áľ á á᪠áľáááá á á°áŤáá ááłá áá ááľááá áľ áá°áĄ á áá˝ááᥠáĄ
3. á¨áłá˝ á á á¤áąáłá¸á áá ᨠá°á áášáľ á ᨠ፠ááá á¨á°á áá á 01/02
ᨠá¤.á.1528 ᨠáá á áááŞáŤ á¤áľ á¨áłá˝ áĽá ᨠá°á¨áłá˝ ááá áĽááľ áá˝ á/áŽ
áá á ááá áşá áş á áŁáá ááľáľá áľ á˛áá á á፠áŤááŠáľ áááŞáŤ á¤áľ á˛áá
ᨠá°á¨áłá˝ ááá áĽááľ á/Ꭰáá á ááá áşá áş á ᨠ፠ááá á¨á°á áá á 01/02
ᨠá¤.á.1528 á áá á áááŞáŤ á¤áľ ááľáĽ á˛áአáŁá°á¨áŁá¸á á áá ááááŤáľ
2002á.á á¨áá á áá á ááľ á°ááá°áá ᥠᥠá°á¨áłá˝ á á á˛áľ á á ᣠá¨á°á
ᨠááááŞáŤ á°á¨á á/á¤áľ ᨠ፠ááľáĽ á/áĽ/á˝ááľ á á.á.ᨠáŤ2958/07
á 19/8/2007á.á ááŤá˝á á´á á á¨áááŤáá ᥠᥠá°á¨áłá˝ á ᨠ፠ááá á¨á°á
áá á 01/02 ᨠá¤.á.1528 áá á áááŞáŤ á¤áľ ááá˝ áľáᝠᨠáὠᨠáĽááłá˝á
á áááá á°á¨áłá˝á á¨áá˝ áĽáᴠᨠáá°áá°á áľááť áľááá á á ᥠᥠá á á áá
á¨áłá˝ á ááłá¸á á¤áą ᨠáá á¤áłá¸á áĽáť á ááľáá°á áŤáá¨áĄáľ áá¨áŤá¨áŞáŤ á ááŁáĽá áľ
ᨠááá á á ᥠᥠá°á¨áłá˝ á á¤áą áĽá¨ ááአáŤáááľ á ááŤá˝á ᴠᨠááá ááĽáľ áŤáá
á áááá á/á¤áą áááᤠáĽáá˛ááľáľáá ᥠᥠáľááá á á¨áłá˝ á¨á¤á´ áá áááŁ
á áááľ áŤáá¨áĄáľ ááľ á°ááŁáá ᾠᨠááá á á á°áĽá ááą áá°á áĽáá˛á°á¨ááá
á á ááĽáŽáľ áĽá áááá ᥠáĄ
4. á¨áłá˝ á ááľ á á¤áąáłá¸á á°.á.2 áá á á áášáľ á°á¨áłá˝á¨áááą 6ᥠ00 áĽá 7ᥠ00
á°ááľ á áĽáś áĽá¨ á ᣠáĽá áá¸ááá á áááľ ááśáĽáá áľáľáŚáá áĽá á¨á á¨á¤áľ áá
29
áááŤá áááĽáľá áĽááłááá á áľááá á áááľ áŤáá¨áĄáľ áá¨áŤá¨áŞáŤ á¨áĽáá ᾠᨠáŤá
á á ᥠᥠá¨áłá˝ ááťá áľáľáĽ á á áŁá´á áá á á¤á°á°áĄ á áŁááľ áá á ááá¸ááŠá
á á¨á¤áśáťá˝áá áĽá¤áľ á ááᥠá ááᾠᨠá¨áá¨ááŠáľ á á á ᨠáá ᥠᥠá°á¨áłá˝ áá
ᨠááááľáľ á°áŤá°á áľáá ááł ááł á°áá á .á áŠáá¨ááľá˛ áľáááá á¤áľ
ᨠáááá áľ áá ᨠááᥠᥠá áá á áŠá ááťá áľáľáĽ á°á¨áłá˝ áá˝áá ᨠááŤáľáĽá
áááł á˘áá áá ááłá áááἠᨠáá˝áá áá/áĽáá ááľ áłááá á áááá ááľ
áá ᨠá á á ᨠáá áŁá¸á áľááá á áá ááłá á á/áĽáá á˝ááľ áááἠá áá áŁá
á°áĽá ᨠá¨áłá˝ áá¨áŤá¨áŞáŤ á áĽáĽ ááľá áĽáá˛á°á¨ááá á á ááĽáŽáľ áĽá áááá ᥠáĄ
5. á°á¨áłá˝ á áá áĽá¨ áááŠá áľ áŤáá á ᨠ፠ááá á¨á°á áá á 01/02
ᨠá¤.á.1528 á áá á á¤áľ ááľáĽ á°á¨áłá˝ á áŤá´ á᪠á á áá á¨áłá˝á á áá˝ áĽáá´
áááľ á 1994á.á á á°áŤááľ á¤á´ ááľáĽ á á ᥠᥠá áá á¤áľ ááľáĽ ᨠá°á¨áłá˝
áŁáá¤áľ áĽá ááá áᤠáĽáá á á á ᥠᥠááá áá ᨠá°á¨áłá˝ áŁáá¤áľ á¤á°á°áĄ
áĽááľáľáᣠá áľáá ááłá ᥠᥠá ááá á á¨áłá˝ á°ááᏠá¨á¤áľ áĽááľáᣠáááľá¨á
áłáľáŚ ᨠáá¨á ááľ á á ᥠᥠá¨áłá˝ ᨠáá á¤á´ á á á áááľá áŁááá¸ááŠáľáľáááśá˝
á¨á¤áľ áááŁáá á ááᾠᨠáá¨á áĽá ááľ á ááŁáĽá ᾠᨠááá á ááá á/á¤áą ááąá
ááľá áĽáá˛á°á¨ááá ᥠáĄ
6. á°á¨áłá˝ á á áá á°ááľ á á á˛áľ á á ᣠáŠáá¨ááľá˛ ᨠááľá°ááľ á˛á᪠á°á᪠á á ᥠáĄ
á áá ááááŤáľ áááĽááľ áááĽá¨áŞ áľáááá˝ á ááľ á ááľ áá á¨2 áĽáľá¨ 3ᥠ00
á°ááľ áĽá¤áľ ááᣠáĽá˝ááá ᥠᥠá¨áá áŁáá áá 6 áĽá 7 á°ááľ á áá˝áź
ᨠá áŁááľ áá ᨠáá ᥠᥠáá ἠᨠáá áŁáľ áááľá ᨠááĽáá á°á¨áłá˝ ᨠáá¨á áĽá ááľ
áĽáá áľá ᾠᨠááá á˛áá áá á°áĽá á¨á¤áľ á°ááᏠáĽááľáᣠᨠá°á°á¨á á ááĽá
áááá á/á¤áą áááᤠááľáśáá ᨠá¨áłá˝á ááľ á/á¤áą áá°á áĽáá˛áŤá°áááá ᥠáĄ
7. á¨áłá˝ á ááľ á á¤áąáłá¸á á°á¨áłá˝ ááá¨áŁá¨á á áĽá ááŚá¨á áá áŁá á á á ᨠáá
áá¨áŤá¨áŞáŤ á ááľá°áá ᥠᥠááá áĽáá á°á¨áłá¸ áľáŤáŹ á áľá°ááŞá áľ á ááá á áá
ᨠáá ááľ á ᢠáĽá á áŁáá¤á´á ááá áĽá ááľáá ááľ áá፠áĽáá áĽá¤áľ ááľáĽ
á°ááź áľááááá ἠá¨áá°á á᪠áŤááĽá á ááá á áĽá áá ᨠááá¨á ᨠá¨áŁ á áááĽ
áŁáááá ᨠá á áá áŤáá á°á¨áłá˝ á¨áłá˝á á áĽáá áá á˛áłáá ᨠá ááá ááŞáá˝á
á ááŁáá ᥠᥠá áááá á ááŚá¨áá á áááľ á¨áłá˝ áŤáá¨áĄáľ áá¨áŤá¨áŞáŤ á ááŁáĽá áľ
ᨠááá á á ᥠᥠá áááá á¨áłá˝ á°á á˘á áľ ááá¸á ááááŤáśá˝á á ááááá á°á¨áłá˝
á¨á¤áľ ááᣠáááłá¸á ᨠá á áľáá ááá á ááá áĽáŤááŤá¸á áá°á á°á°áá á°á¨áłá˝
30
á ááą ááááŤáľ áŤááŁááá¸áá ááŞáá˝ á¨áłá˝ á ááἠáĽáá˛á°áŠ áĽáá˛áłáááá
á á ááĽáŽáľ áĽá áááá ᥠáĄ
8. á°á¨áłá˝ ᨠáá ááá áłáá áľ
8.1 á¨áłážá˝ áŤáá¨áĄáľ ááľ á¨áá áŁáá¨áĽáłá¸á ááááŤáśá˝ ááľá á°á°áá ááá áĽáá˛áá á áľááľá
áĽá ááááᥠáĄ
8.2 ááá áááľ áŤááŁáᾠᨠáá ááŞá áŞáŁáŤ á¨áłá˝ á ááἠáĽáá˛á¨ááá áĽáá˛ááľááá á áľááľá
áĽá ááááᥠáĄ
8.3 á°á¨áłá˝ á¨áá˝ áĽáá´ á/Ꭰáá á ááá ááŤá˝ áááá áŤá¨áááĽáŠá áľ ááľá¨á 1 áá˝ ááś áŽá á°áŤáá
ááá§á áĄáĄ
á¨áá ᨠáá¨á á áááľ áĽáá áľ áááá á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á 92 áá á¨áľ á á¨áááŁááᥠáĄ
á¨áá ᨠáá¨á á á á¤áąáł á áĽáá ᾠᨠáá¨á á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á/92 áá á¨áľ
á á¨áááŁáá ᥠáĄ
á°á¨áłá˝
ááá á áĽááá
áłá°á° áłá¨
áá 21/8/07 á.á
ᨠá/á 97684
ááá°áŤá ᨠááááŞáŤ á°á¨á á/á¤áľ
ᨠ፠ááľáĽ á/áĽáá á˝ááľ
á á˛áľ á á áŁ
31
á¨áłá˝áĄ - á áś áłá°á° áłáŹ ááá
á áľáŤáťáĄ - ᨠ፠á/á¨á°á áá á 01/02 ᨠá¤.á. 1528
á°á¨áłá˝áĄ - ááá á áĽááá áłá°á° áłáŹ
á áľáŤáťáĄ - ᨠ፠á/á¨á°á áá á 01/02 ᨠá¤.á. 1528
á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á/234 áá°á¨áľ ᨠáá¨á ᨠááľá¨á áááá ááááŤ
ᨠá°á áľ ááľá¨á
á°á¨áłá˝ ᨠáá˝ áĽáá´ á/Ꭰáá á ááá ááŤá˝ ááá á áŤá¨áá áĽáŠá áľ ááľá¨á 1 á á˝ ááś áŽá á°áŤáá
ááá§á ᥠáĄ
á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á 223 áá á¨áľ ᨠáá¨á ᨠááľá¨á áááá ááááŤ
ᨠá°á ááľá¨á
á°á¨áłá˝ áĽááľáááľ á ááŤá¨á¤ ᨠááŤáľá¨áąáá ᨠá°á ááľááŽá˝ ᥠ-
1. á áś á á¸áĽá ááá´ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
2. á áś á¨á á° ááá á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
3. á áś áŽááľ ááłá¸á á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
4. á/ᎠáŞáłá á/áĽáá´ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
5. á á á ááá ááá´ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
6. á áś áłááŤáľ ááĽá¨áľ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
7. á áś á áąá á á°áŤ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
8. áŁáᲠáá°áŠ á áľáŤáť á á˛áľ á á áŁ
á¨áá ᨠáá¨á á ááľáá á áĽáá ᾠᨠáá¨á á á/áĽ/áĽ/áĽ/á/á/92 áá á¨áľ á á¨áááŁáá ᥠáĄ
á°á¨áłá˝
ááá á áĽááá áłá°á° áłá¨
32
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1. Introduction
From the experiences of my family and one of our locality families, both
constructive and destructive lessons have been observed. The written
materials were intended to share the constructive experiences from them
and to be careful not to repeat the shortcomings of the familiesâ problem.
To avoid the quality problem of the formation of strong family, this
article has assessed two families. The standards criteria to make
selective stundareds is such as avoid creating born on the wrong sides of
the blanket, (á¨á áá ááľáľ/áŁá áá ááááľ) live without nagging, applied
child care method etc.
The various governmentsâ policy statements when examined in the light
of the above conceptual frame-work, the first two proclamations of 1906
and 1929 signified the emergence of a new concept.
áľááá á¨áᏠááᎠááá°ááľ áááľ ááá á´áľ ááá˝ áá á¨áľáľáľáľ á ááłá¸á á áá áá° áľáá ááľ á¤áľ áĽáá˛á ᥠááá. In particular the official government policy
statement of 1929 reflected a new concept of
functionality.
â âŚ.áá á á ᨠááŁáĽá ᨠá˝á ááľ áľáá á¨áľ áŤáľá°ááá á áá áááááąá áááŽá ᨠááŤáťá á ááἠáááááľ áĽááłáá¸á á áŁá áŤá˝á áŤáá ᨠáĽá áĽáŤ ááĽá ᨠááá°áá á ááłáᾠᨠáĽá áĽáŤ áĽáá˛áá á áľáá. â
â After educating your child in reading and
writing skills, to help him earn his living make
him learn some of the handicrafts that you feel
good â (Maheteme Selessie: in Tilahun Workineh,
1990:10) ]
33
5.2. Issues of Education in Oral Literature in Ethiopia
Professor Fekade Azeze, Ph.D. (1999) et al. Department of Ethiopian
Languages and Literature, ILS, at AAU. In the book contributing
published the major objective of this unfinished project is to draw
attention to the oral literature that depicts various issues pertaining to
different aspects of education in Ethiopia. It aims at highlighting popular
perception, responses, feeling, and attitudes about education, the
teacher, the student, exams, the teaching-learning process, the various
subjects taught, literacy etc. the underlying assumption that guides the
collection and investigation of the oral literacy etc. The underlying
assumption that guides, the collection and investigation of the oral
literatures that portray these topics is the belief and understanding that
oral literature is an important responses to public administration, rural of
law, leaders, the court, the police, drought and famine, wars, AIDS,
various policies and proclamation etc. were expressed for many
generations and are still articulated in the various goners of oral
literature, namely in proverbs, jokes, poems, names etc. the present
author has shown how peasants reacted during the period of drought
and famine and God in Ethiopia Oral poetry (1998). This project is in a
way applying more or less the same methods and techniques to bring out
popular responses to education and problems related to it.
The paper (in Amharic) has examined 108 couplets, 122 idiomatic
expressions and proverbs, 39 jokes and 82 names. The total number of
oral literature explored is 351. Of these 99 deal with issues related to
education in general, 111 treat questions pertaining to the teacher and
the teaching profession, 53 deal with students, 25 with exams, 54 with
various subjects (Amharic, English, Maths etc), 9 with the teaching-
learning process, and 10 with literacy.
34
5.3. The preliminary survey indicates that:
The respect, honor and dignity that used to be to the teacher and
the teaching profession have waned through the last 25 years or
so.
The quality of education has declined.
The quality of education has declined too.
The belief that education is the way to good life has dwindled.
5.4. Unheard voice
In short, there is very little in the collection that depicts hope and
encourages those toiling in the profession, and the younger generation
who may be joining them in the near future. This is what the preliminary
survey shows. What future scrutiny of the present and future collection
would reveal remains to be seen? ááŽáá°á ááá° á áá (ᨠáááľáá áś/á) á (1999) None Formal Education in
Ethiopia á ááŁáá ááááá¸á áĽáá°áťáááľ
ᨠáá áĽááľ ááá ጠá á ááá ᨠá°á á áŠá á ááá ᨠáá á አᨠáľáá ááľ áááľ
áľá ááá˝á áá ááľ áááśá˝ áá á¨áĽ á áá˘áľááľáá ááľáŚ áľá á°ááŞáŚ áľá ááá á
ááá°. ááá á¨á°áĄ áŤááá á á°á°áŤá¨ áľ á á°áááąáľ ᨠáááá áľááśá˝ á á°ááá
á á˘áá°ááŞáá á áá áá (questionnaire) áŤá á áĽáŤáá˝ á˘áአá¨áááá
áĽááľáá ááá á á á á áá°áĽ ᨠáááá áľ á á°áł áá°á¨á á á áᢠá á á áá á áľáá ááľ
áĽááľ (áááá) ááĽá¨á ááĽá¨á á¤á°áá áá ááľáĽ á áľáá ááľ-á ááľ ááłáŽá˝ áá
áááááŞáŤá áááá°á á˛á᪠áá፠ᨠá°á°á¨á ááŠáአᨠá áľá° áŤá¨ áľ (attitude)
áĽááśá˝ á˘ááŠáἠᨠááá á¨á°áĄá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ áŤá á á áá°á ááᢠá ᨠá˘áľáŽá˝áŤ
ᨠáľáá ááľ ááąááľ ááľáĽá á áá ááĽáľá á ááá áĽáľáŤáá ᨠáłá°á ááŁáĽá ᨠááá˘
á¸ááá á¨á°ááŞááš á ᨠááá áŤá áá¸ááἠáĽáľáŤáá á á¸ááá áĽáá°áłá¨ á ááá áĽááľ
áá á¨áľ ᨠáááľ áľá ááá˝ áĽá á˘ááá áĽá áá ááá¸á ᨠáááŠáľ áĽááśášá áĽáť á áá˘
áľáŤááťá¸áá ááá ááá á¨áĽ áŤáłááłáᢠáľááá ááĽáá á°á°ááá áá á áá¸áá
ᨠáľáá ááľáá ᨠááľá°ááá á፠á˛áŤááŽáľáą ᨠáá ááľá áľá ááá˝áŁ á¨á¨ ááá áĽááľ
ááłááá˝á áĽáť á ááĽááľáĽ ááá°á á°á á°áá¨áŽáᤠᤠááá á á áŞáŤ áĽáá˛á¨áą áᨠᾠáŤááľ
35
ááľáá ááľá ááŁáááŤá á áá áłá á áááŤá¨áľ áŤáá¸á áľá ááá˝á á ááááá¸á
á ááá áá á°á á á°ááá˘
5.5. ááááŠá áŤá áá áá˘áŤ ááŽáĽááá˘
á ááá á¨á°áĄ ááľáĽáŁ á áአáአá ááŁáἠáľááľáá áᾠᨠáá á አáአáአá áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝
á áᢠá á¨áá° á°á¨á ᨠá°áááá áááá ᨠᨠáŤáłá¸áá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ áŤá°á ááŤáá˘
á áá áŤá˝á ᨠáá ááľ á°áá áá°á áŤááá áŠáą áá¸áᢠᨠáááąá áá áá˝ ááłáĽáĽ áľááľá
áááľ á¨áá áá° áá á¨ááá á¨á°áĄ ᨠááá˛áŤáĽ ᨠá˘áŽááá ᨠáśáťá áá°áśá˝ áá
ááááἠá áŤáááᢠᨠá á ᨠáľáá ááľ á°ááŤááŞáá˝ áľááá áŤá¸á ᨠáľáá ááľ áááł
á¨áá°á áĽá áľ ááá ááᲠá¨áááŁáłá¸á á ááľ á áአáľááľ á¨ááŤá áá¸á áá ááľ
ááłáŽá˝ ááá ᨠááἠá áľá°áŤá¨ áľá áľááśá˝ áá ááŁá¸ááá˘
á ááľ ááἠáľáá አᨠáľáá ááľ áááłá ááŽáĽáá áŤááá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľá ᨠááááá
ᨠááťáťá ááἠá áá áá á á˘áá°ááŞá ááĽááľ á áĽá áá áŽá˝ ᨠá°ááá° á áᢠáááá
áĽá°áááľ (á¨áá á¨ááĽáá áĽáá°á áášáľ) áá á°ááŤááŞáá˝ áĽáá˛á ááá áąá áááá
á¨á°ááŤá¨ áááá á°áááá áŤáŞáŤááłáᥠᥠá á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ áá áá ááá áľ áááá
ᨠá°ááá° á áááľááᥠᥠáá áἠá á ᨠááŤá°áá á°áá á ááᥠáááłá ááŽá ááááľ
ááľáĽ ááá¨áá¨á°áąáľá áľáá ááľ áááľ áľá ááá˝ á áľááľ á˛áŤá á á ááá ááłá¸á á ááĄ
á ááĽáᣠá áááľáŁ á á á á áľáá á á á áá á ááᤠáĽááĽá áá á á ááłá°á á ááá˝
ᨠáá°á áአááłáŚá˝ áĽá áá á¨áľáá°áŤ (á¸á á á°áá¨á°áá¸á) á á áá¸áᥠáĄ
á âááŁáá â ááá á âá°áŁá â á¨á°áá°á ᣠá¨ááá ááá áľááá°ááá
ááá áá á áá˘áá°ááŞá á¨áá°áĄáľ ááá ᨠáá°á áአááłáŚá˝ áľáááá áĽá áĽáá á°á
áá°ááŁáá á áľá°áŤá¨ ᾠᨠáá¨áĄ áááá á áááą ááá áśá˝ á¨áá°á á°áĄáľ á áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝
ᨠá°áťá áĽáľá á áá¸á áááľá¨ááťá áááľááᥠᥠáľáá ááľ á¨ááá á¨á°áŁá áááááá˝
á ááąá ááááŁáľá áááá áŤáá áááá áááľ ááá áááá áľááá á áľáá ááľ
áááľ áľá ááá˝ á ááŤáá ᾠᨠáľáá ááľá áááł áá¨áłá°áá ááááá ᨠááŤáľá á áá áá
ááá á á ááĽáááľ áá á ááᥠáĄ
áľááľáá ááľ á áĽá áᣠáľáááá áᣠáľáá°ááŞáŁ áĽááľááá°á ᨠá°á á áŠáľ áľá ááá˝
á áá´ááŤáááᣠááá°áá á¨áá°á áááŤáá¸á áááŽá˝ ᨠáááá á á áááŠá ᨠáľáá ááľ
áá°áľ á áłáá˘á á á°á ááá á áľá°áŤá¨ ᾠᨠáá ááááá¸á áááľááťááᥠᥠá¨áá á á áŁáŤ
ᨠáá°á ááŠáľ áááŽá˝áŁ ááłááá˝áŚ á áľáááśá˝ áĽáááá˝ á áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝ ᨠááľá°ááá
ᨠááááá°áąá áááťáťá áĽá¨áľá˛á°á¨á á áĽá¨á ááłáŠ ᨠáá áŁá¸á ááĽá°áľ ᨠááŤá áą
á á°áá á áĽá á áĽáá á áá°á áá áŽá˝ á°áá âáááŁáᥠááŁá ᨠáá˝á ááá ááá˝
ááá ááááá˝ áá¸áᥠᥠá áá á áá á á áŤá˘ á á°á°áŤá¨ ᾠᨠáá°ááĄá ᨠáá°á á°á
áĽáá á¸á ᨠááŁá ááááá˝ á áá°ááᥠᥠá áĽáá°á á áá áą áá áá áááł á¨ááá˝
36
ᨠááá áá´áá˝ á¨áá áá ᨠááá áŤá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ áá¨á áŤáá á° (ááááŁáľá ᨠá°áťá)
áá¨á ᨠáá áá á áŁá á ááľáĽ á áá á¨áá áá ááááłá (áááľá áá áłá) ááááľ
áłááá áááŤá?
áááá ᨠá°á á°áŚá¸áá áľáá ááľ áááľ áľá ááὠᨠáá°á áľá á áá áá áá á¨áłá á˘áá
(frame work) á á áĽááŽá¸á ááá á áᥠᥠáááá áĽá°áááľ áá ááá
á˛áŤá°áá á ááłáᾠᨠáááłáá á á áŽá˝ á˘áአááááá¨áľ á áľáá ááľ áŁáááŤáá˝
á°ááŤááŞáá˝á á áŁááĽááŁáá˝ ááá ááľáĽ áŤááľ ááľáŽáśá˝ á ááłááśášá áááááľ
áĽááá áĽáá°áá áĽáá á áá áá áľá á°á¨á ᨠááŤáááł áá°áá°á፠áááľá áľ
á áááŁáᥠᥠá áá ááá°áá°á፠áá° áĽááą á ááĽáł áĽá áŁááᥠáĄ
5.6. áľá áľáá ááľ á áĽá á á¨á°ááአáľáááá˝ áľá 01ᣠáŤááá á¨áľá¤áľ áŤááľáá ááľ ááááľ (ᨠáá) ᥠáĄ
áľá 02ᣠáŤáá°áአá áŤááᣠáŤáááááą á áááľáᥠáĄ
áľá 03ᣠáłááአáá°áááᣠáłáá ᥠáá¨á (ᨠááᣠá ááťáá)
áľá 04ᣠá°áŁáááľ á¨áá°ááá á°áŁáľáááľ áááᥠáĄ
áľá 05ᣠá¨áá áá á ááá áá á°áᥠáĄ
áľá 06ᣠá¨áááá á¨á᳠ᨠá°áᨠá áŽáááťááᥠáĄ
áľá 07ᣠáŤáá°áᨠá áááá áŤáá°ááᨠá áŤá°á áᥠáĄ
á¨áá á áá á¨1-7 ᨠá°á ááąáľáľá ááá˝ (áľá) áľááľáá ááľ á á áááłáá áľ
á¨á°á á áŠáľááá ᨠá°áá°áą áá¸áᥠᥠáᨠᾠáŤá áááá¸áá á¨á áá á¸áᣠáŤáá áŤá¸á
(á¨ááá¸á) áá ááľ ááťááᥠᥠá á°á¨ááŞá áᨠᾠáŁááľ ááá á áááľá á ááŠááŠ
ᨠááłááŤá á á áá áŽá˝ áľáĽáľáŚá˝ ááľáĽ á°á áááá ááᥠᥠáĽá áá á áĽá ááąá
ᨠááłá°áᾠᨠáááá¸á ᨠáľáá ááľ âááá˛â á°á°áá á ááłáŠ áá˝ááᥠáĄ
áĽáŤááłááłá¸áá áááĽáŤáŤáľ ááá¨á ááá áŚáł áľáááá á áĽá á ááá áá ááááĽá
ᨠáá¨á°ááá áá áᥠᥠáĽá áá á á á áá áŽá˝ áľáá áᾠᨠá°áááá˝á á áľá°áłá°áĽ
áĽáá°ááŤá°áᣠá á°áŤáŤá¸áá áááá áĽáá°ááŤá°áá áľáá áᾠᨠááááľá ᨠááááľ
áá á¨áľ áĽáá°áá ááá áŤáᥠᥠá á°áá ᨠáá¨á¨áťá á á áá á áľáá ááľ á°áá˝ áááá
á á°áŤá áĽáá˛ááŤá¸á á¨á°áĽááá¸á ááľáĽ ááŤá á (á ááŹáŤá ááŤá á) ááľá ááľ
áĽá¨ áá á¨á áŤááŁáᤠááááłáᣠáááŤáá áľá áľááᤠáá¨áŁá áá áá°áĽááá¸á
áŤá áá ááᣠᨠáá áŠáľá áĽáŤá ᨠá á áŤáŤá¸áá áĽáááľ áŤáłáĽáŤá ᨠáá áĽá¤ á áᥠáĄ
áŁá ááá ᨠá áľá°áłá°áĽ ᨠá á áŤá ᨠá áááá ᨠáŁá ááááἠáĽáá˛ááŤá¸á á¨ááŤá°áááľ
á á áŽá˝ á ááąáľáá ááľ áááá ᨠá°á ááąáľ ááłááá˝ áŤááááłáᥠᥠá 7áá ááłá
áĽáá°á°á áá°á ááᎠá á°áἠá¨á°ááᨠá°ááŁáŠá á áááá¨ááá áá˝ááᥠᥠáŤá°á áááŁ
áŤááá áĽáá á áá°áá áá°á á áľáá ááá á¸áá¨áľ á¸áá¨áľ á áľáá á áá°ááᥠáĄ
37
áľáá ááľ á áá á¨á°ááŠá ᨠáá áá ááááľ á áĽáŤáŁ á á áľá°áłá°áĽá á áŁá áá áá
ᨠááŤáľá¨áľáá ááááľ á¨áá°á áááá áĽá áą áá áááᥠᥠáĽá áá á áĽáá
áŤáá ááľáłá¸á á°ááłáłá áľá ááá˝ áľááľáá ááľ áá á¨áłá á áá᳠ᨠá°á°á áአá áááłá
âááá˛áá˝ â áá¸á áááľ ááťááᥠᥠá¨áĽá áá á áá ᨠááĄáľ á°áá á¨á áá á°ááŤá
ᨠáá ááłáĽá áľááľ á˛áŤáľá°áᥠáá ááᥠáĄ
áľá 08ᣠá á áŤááŁá˝ á°áááŚáŁ
áĽáááŚá á áľáá ááľ ááŁ
áľá 09ᣠáľáá ááľ á¨áááľ á áááł
á¤áľáľá¨áááľ á á˝áł (áŤááŁá)
áľá 1áᣠáľáá ááľá ááá ᨠáĽááľ
á ááŤá áá á á á áľ
áľá 11ᣠáľáá ááľá áĽáá°áŽáľ
áá˝áá ááá áľ
áľá 12ᣠáľáá áᾠᨠááŤá á
á°áĽá°áᨠáŠá á á
áľá 13ᣠáľáá áᾠᨠá፠á á
áááľ áŤáŤáł á á
á á áá áľáľá°áľ áľá ááá˝ á°áááľáá ááľ á ááłá á áá ááá áľ á°áľááᥠᥠáĽá áá
áá° áĽá ááá ᨠááá á áááá¸á á áŤá¨áŤáááᥠᥠá¤áľáľá¤ á ááŤá¤ áá˝áᤠááŤ
á áŤáł ᨠáአáááľ á ááááá¸á ááłáááᥠᥠáĽáááš á áááá ááľáĽ á áááááľ
áĽáá°áἠáááŁáľá áááᾠᨠáááŠáľ áŁáááľ 25 áááłáľ áłááá á ááááᥠáĄ
á á áá áááłáľ áááŤá ᨠá°á°á á á ááĽáŽáľá áĽáŤá˝áááá ᨠáá° áááľááᥠᥠááĽá
08 áĽá 09 áľáá ááľá á¨áá á°ááľá á¨á áááł á¨ááá á á ááá ááľáááľ á¨ááá
á á˝áł á¨á¤áľáľ áááŤá á á áŠáłáᥠᥠááĽá 10 á°áá ááľáá ááľ á áŁáśá˝ áĽááľá
áá á፠á áŁáśá˝á°áá á á áľ áááááᥠᥠá ááľá°ááŞáŹ áá°ááá á áááá áľ á á áł
áĽááłáá˝á âáŁáááá áŽáľ ááá áľ á áĽá ááŁáśá˝ ááᾠᨠááááá áľ ááá
á¨ááááá á áĽáŽ á áááŤááľá ᨠááŤá áľá ááááľáááᥠᥠáĽáá˛áá áľáá ááľ áá˝á
áŤááá áľ áľáŤá á áááłá â ᥠᥠááĽá 11 á áá áá á á ᨠááá áᥠᥠá ááĽá 12
ᨠááááŞáŤ áľáá áá á¨áľ á°áá ááá ᨠáá (ᨠáá) áĽáŤá°á°áá á°áľááᥠáĄ
á ááá°áá áľáá á°áá á°áĽá°á áá áá°áááá ááá áá°áľáá ááľ áŚáł áááľ
áĽáá°áá ᨠáá á á á áá áľáá°áá ᨠá¨á¸áá á°ááľá§áᥠᥠ(áĽáᾠᨠáááŁá
ᨠáŠá á¨ááľá˛ á°ááŞáá˝ ááá áŁáś áĽáá¸ááᤠááá á°áá ááŤá áá¨ááľ á¨áááŁá¸á
áťáĽá áľáá á áĽáááá˛á ᥠᨠááłá¨ááľ ááá ááá?)ᥠáĄ
ááááľ ááááľ á¨áá°á áááľ á áá áľáĄ ᥠáľáá ááľ á°áá á áľáá á áľáá á á áá¨áľ
á ááľá á áááľ áĽá¨ ááá°á áľ áááľááᥠᥠáááá ᨠááĽá¨á ᨠâáá፠â (á¨áá)
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á°ááĽáŽ ᨠá°áłáá ᨠáĽá áááľ ááŁáá¨áą á¨áľáá áłááá á¨áŞáłáŤ áľáá°áá ᨠá áᥠáĄ
ááá á á áá°áááľ áĽáŤ ᨠáá°ááŤá á°á âá áŤáł â (áĽááĽ) ááᨠá°áłááᥠᥠᨠááą
áĽáŤ áľáá á˛áŤá á á á°á¨áŁá áłááˇáᤠááłáŤáááᥠᥠá áá áá á á áᥠáĽá¨ á á á
ᨠááŁá ᨠáááľ ááá áľ áአâá ááĽáá â ( âáአáááĽáľá â ᨠáááá áľ ááá
á ááá á¨á°áĄ ááľáĽ á áĽááľ áááŤá) áŤáľááá áá áľáááŁá áá°ááᾠᨠáá áŁá
â á áŤáł â á˘áŁá á áŤáľá áááᥠᥠá áá ááá áľ áľá áĽáááĽáŠ (social-
image) ᨠá°áá¨á°á áľáá ááľ á áá¨á°áᾠᨠá°áᎠáááľáááá˝ á˛áłá áĽáá ááá ᥠáĄ
áľá 14ᤠá°áአá°áአááááľááá˝á
ᨠá°ááŠáľ áá ᨠᾠá˛ááľá á áŤá˝á
áľá 15ᤠá¨ááá áľáá ááľ áĽáŤ á áĽá¨ááŤááŤá
ááťáá ááľáľáŽ áŤá ᨠááŤá áŤáᥠáĄ
áľá 16ᣠáĽá¨ áľáá ááľ áľáá ááľ áľáá ááľ áááľá á á?
áĽá ᨠáááá á áł áááľá á áᥠáĄ
áľá 17ᣠáĽáľá¨á áá áĽá ááľ á¨ááá á°ááŞáŁ
áĽáá á á á áąáá ᨠáşá áĽá ááŁáŞáĄ áĄ
áľá 18ᣠá áľáŤ áááľ á¨ááś áá á¨áááľ
á ááś á áľáá áᎠáááľá¨áľáĄ áĄ
áľáá ááľ á áá ááá ááááŞáŤ áá áĽáá°á ááľá á ááá ááᜠᨠáĽáŤ á ἠáááŞáŤ áá á°áľááᥠáĄ
áĽáá°áá ᨠáľáá ááľ á ááŤá ᨠá°áá°á°á á°áá áááľ á áᥠᥠá áľá áááš ááľáĽ ááá á áľ ááá
á áŤáľáááá ᨠáá ááłáĽ áŤáá áááľááᥠᥠá ááá á¨á°áĄ ááľáĽ á°ááᣠá¨áá°á áľáá ááľ ááááľ
áŤáľáááá ᨠáá ááłáĽ ᨠáłá ᨠá áá°ááᥠᥠáľááá âá¨ááś áľáá ááľ á¤áľ á áľááąâ ᨠááá
áááľááᥠᥠá á°áá á ááá á°áá ᨠâá ᨠá áŁá¨ áâ á ááľ ááľáááľá ᨠá°áášá á ááĽá áľ ááá á
ááľáá áᾠᨠááááá áá áĽáá°áŁá¨á ááĽáŽ ááá ᨠá°áľáá áááľááᥠᥠá áľáá ááľ á¨áĽá áá (12
áááľ) á¨ááłáá á ááś áśá á¤á°á°áĽ áááĽá¨áľ áŤáľáááá ᨠáá ááłáĽá á ááŁá¸áᥠᥠáśá ááá áááá
áááľá ᣠááááŁáľ áľáłá ááŤáᣠááá˝ ááááľáŁ á¤áľ ááĽáŤáľáŁ ááŞá ááááľ áááľ ááá áá˝ááᥠáĄ
ᨠááá áá ááŤááŤá áľáŠá¨áľ áá áááľááᥠᥠááá á áááá ááľáá ááľ áá¨áá ᾠᨠáá°áĄ á˛ááŞáá˝áá
á˛ááááá˝á ᨠááŤááŞáŤáŞáą áľá ááá˝ á áĽáᾠᨠáá á áŠáĄ ᥠ(áľá 16) áĽá°á°á áá¸á áĽá ᨠáááá á áł
áááľá á á á áá áĽáłá˘ á áááľ áĽá áśáź áá ᨠá°á¨á°áá á á á áááá˝ áĽáť áá áŤá á ᨠá˝áአáľááľ
ᨠááŤááááľ ááá ᨠááŤáľá¨áł á áᢠᨠááááŞáŤá (á áá áĽááľá¨á°áľ áŤá°á¨á á˝á áĽá á´) áľáá
á¨áĽá áłááŤá áá° ááá áá፠ᨠá á á¨á á áá፠á¨ááá ᨠáá¨á á˝á áąáá ᨠáşá áĽá ááŁáŞ á á á
ᨠááá¨á˝á ááĽá áŁááłáŤááľáᢠáá áá áŤááŠáľ á°á¨áľáź ᨠááľ ááĽáŞáŤ áľáá á á áᢠááá°áá áĽá ᴠᨠáˇ
á°á¨áłá áĽá á á á á ááľá°áá áá á á á ááŠá áľ áá áľ 1996 á/á á¤áľ ááľáĽ áá°áááľ á áĽáł ááááľ
áľáłáŁáĽá á áá á ááŞáŤ á˛áŞ á°ááśáľ ᨠáá°á ᨠá ááľáłá˝á áá á°ááś áŤáłááľ á áá áą áá°áľ áĽá¤áľ ááľáĽ
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á áááŠá á á ááŁá ááŽá°áľ áá ᨠá á á¨á á¨á á á ᨠááŁá ᨠá á¨áľáłá˝á áá áŁááá áᎠá¤áľ ááľáĽ ááá
á áá á á¨á á á á á ááá áá ááľááłá ááľáś áᡠáĽáá˛áłá ἠá ááľá¨á áááľá¨á á˝ááá˝á˘ ááá á ááŁáŤáľ
áĽáá° á°á¨áľáŠá áľ ááá áá áááľá¤ ᨠá á á¨á áá° á á¨áĽ áá á ááááľ á áááá á¤á°á°áĽ ááľáááľ
ááŤááĄááľ áŁáááťáá¸á á áá áłá¨áś á á á ááá á á°áá ááłá ᨠá°á¨á°á˝áᢠᨠá˝áአá áłáłá˘á áľ á áŁá
áľááľá°á á á á á°ááŞáá˝á ᨠááá˝ á ááľ áá°á ááľá ááĽá¨ááľ á¨áŁáá ᣠá ááŁáá áľ áá áľ á á á
ᨠá°á¨áłááľá˘ áĽáá áŤááłáľ ᨠáá´ áá á¨ááľáá˝áĽá áĽá ᨠá¸á á¨á˝á áĽá áĽááááťáá á áááľ á á á ááłáľ
ááľá¨áľ áááá ááľá áááá áá áľáááŤáľááá á áá áŤá áááľ áá°ááŠá˘ á¨á°áá°á áá á áá á áľáá
á°áᨠá á ᨠáłáľ áá°á¨áľ áľááľ áĽáá°ááľááá áľá ááᾠᨠááŤááľá áŤáá áŁáááá ᨠá ᨠáá˝áá áĽá
á ááťáťá ᨠááŠááľ á áá áą ááááľ áŁáľá˝áá á¨á ááłáľ á áá ááł á áŁá áłá áľáá á á á¨á ááľ áááł
á áá á¨áá°á˝á áľ áąáŁá á°ááá°á˝á˘
áľá 19ᣠá¨á áľá á˛ááŞ
á ááľ ááŽá°áŞ
áľá 2áᣠá¨áááľ á˛ááŞ
á ááľ ááŞ
áľá 21ᣠá¨á áľá á¤á á¤
á ááľ á¤á áá
áľá 22ᣠá¨áá˝á á˛ááá âáĽááá ááľáĽáá â ááťááᥠáĄ
á°áᎠá áá á፠á¨ááá¨á áááľá ááľáľáá áĽáá°ááŤáᣠá á áľá ááᚠᨠáá áááľáĄ ᥠᨠááá¨áĄáľ ᨠáááľ
ááá áśá˝ á°áá áá¨áá°á ᨠáá á áááľ á áľá°áá ጠáŤá°ááá ᨠááŁááľ áłáááᣠáŤááą áĽá áá° ááá
ááá°á áááá°á ᨠáá°á¨áᾠᨠáľááá˝ áááá˝ ááááŚá˝ áá¸áᥠᥠᨠááá¨áĄá áľá áá ááááŤáľ áá˝ááŠ
ááá°áĽ ᨠááŤáľá ááľ áááłá ᨠá ááἠáĽá á á á áĽáá ááá á ááłáá ááááłá ááᾠᨠááŤá°áááľ
á áľá°áá ጠáłáľáŚ á áá°ááᥠᥠá áá á á áá á á ááŤáŠ áŤáą áŁáá áá á°á¸á á á áśá ááááłá ááŽ
ᨠáá°ááľ áĽáá áááá ááááľá áááľ á ááŤá á ááĽá (á¸á¸á°á¸áá ) áá ፠á áŁá ᨠá áá°áá áááľ
á áᥠᥠáá á°áá á ááá á¨á°áĄ ááááľ ááľáĽ á ᨠáááą á¨ááŤáŠáľ áĽáá ᳠ᨠáá ᨠá áᥠáĄ
á ááľ áá á°á¨á᪠á áĽáĽ á ááľáź á áá ááá ᨠáá áłáá ááĽáᥠᥠáąáŽ áľáá áᾠᨠááááľ á áááł
áĽáá°á á á ᨠááŤáłáŠ áĽááľ áľá ááá˝á á á á°á á áĽáŤáá°á á á áᥠᥠáááᨠá áĽá¸á´ á ááá á á ááľ ááá
ááľáĽ áá áá áááł á áá áá áľááá˝ áĽáá˛á á°áĽá á á áᥠáĄ
á°áá áá á°áá áá
áááľ ááłá ᨠáá ááĽáľ ᨠááá á áᥠáĄ
á 1967 á¨á á ááááľáá´ ááááĽáľ á¨áá°á áŁááĽááŁá ááá¨á 6áááš á á°áá á˛á á°á ááĽá ááá áá
ááĽá ááá á á áá áá áááłá áá á¨áľ áá á áĽáá˛á á°áŁá
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áľá 23ᣠá ᣠáá á ᣠáá
á ááἠáá áŤáá áááá á áá á
á áá á áá á°áá 6á á°á á áľááᥠáĄ
áĽááľ áááś á°áá
áľá 24ᣠáŽáá áá áŽáá áá
áááľ ááłá á áááĽ
ááá ᨠáá á á ᨠáá á°áá á¨áĄ áĄ
á áŁáľ á áá áŞáą ᨠáľáá ááľ áááł á°áľá ᨠáá¨á áááľááᥠᥠááĽá áá áĽáá°ááááá ᨠá áŁáśá˝ á°ááŁá
ᨠáŤáłá¸áá áá ᨠá á¨á¤áľ ááá˝ á°áá°á áĽáá˛áŤá á ááá¨áá áá á¨áłáłáľ á á áᥠᥠá ááĽá ááľáĽ
ᨠá°á áá°á á áŁáľ áá áá á áá°á áá áľ áĽáá˛áŤáá á¨áĽáá áĽáá˛á°áá á á ᨠáááá¨áᥠᥠáá á áľáá ááľ
á á°áŁáĄ á á ááłá°áᣠá á áľá°áłá°áŠá á á á áá á ááŤá áĽáá áľ á¨ááŁáľ ᨠáᣠá°áľá ᨠáá¨á áá´á¨ áá áľáá
á áᥠᥠááá ᨠáá¸ááľá áľ áĽá¨ á°áŽáŤá¨á áá°á ᨠááłááá áľ áááł áĽá¨ á á á á áĽá¨ á á á˛ááľ áłááśáľ
ááááᣠááá á ááá ᨠáááá ááá áľáŁ áááľá á á¨áŚ á¨ááá áĽááá ááłáá ᨠá°áłá á á áŁáľ áá áá
ááá áąá áá¨á ááá á˛ááᾠᨠáá°ááᥠáĄ
á á áᥠá°áá á áá ᨠáááᨠá ááĽá áá ᨠá°áá°á¨á° áá ááĽá á°ááĽáŻáᥠáĄ
áľá 25ᣠááá áá áĽáŠáĽ áá
ááá áááŤáá áááá á áá áᥠáĄ
ᨠáá áŞáą áááá˝ áŤá´áľ á ááłá°á áĽá¨ ááá¸á áĽáŠ á ááἠáĽáá°ááŤá á á á°áá ᨠáá á á¨áá áĽá áŻáŽáťá˝á
á á°ááá ááá á áĽá¨áľáá´áŁ áŁáááľ áááłáľ á ááŤá ááľ á˝áááľ áááŤá á ááἠááááłá¸á á á áááĽá
áá ᝠᨠáá áᥠᥠááááŁáľá á ááŽá á¸á áŤáááá¸á áááá˝ áĽá áŻáŽá˝ á á ᨠáááľ á áľáá ááľ áĽá
áŤáá áá ááá ááááᥠᥠááá á á ááĽá á ááŽá áĽáá˛áŤáááᾠᨠááá á°á áááŤáá áľáá ááľ
á¨ááŤá°áá ááá áŠáŤá áááá á˘áŤá°áá áĽáá°ááťááá áĽáá°ááá ááá ᨠáá áááᥠáĄ
5.7. áľáááá á ᨠá°á á አáľá ááá˝ á áľáĽáľáĄ ááľáĽ áľáááľá°áá ááŤá áľáááá á ᨠá°á á አáľá ááá˝ á ááĽá á¨áá°áááš áĽáá°áá á áá
á áá ááááŞáŤ áá á¨á°á ááąáľ á ááá˝ áá ááἠááťááᥠᥠáľáá°áŁáá áľáá°ááá áĽá ááĽáŠ áľááá¨á°á
ááá á ᨠá°áá áŠáľ áĽá áá¸áᥠᥠáľáłá á˛áťáŁ ááłá á˛áťáŁ áá˛áĽ á˛áťáŁ áá ááááľ á˛áťáŁ
áŤááŞáŤáŹáąáłáᥠᥠáąáŽ á¨áĽááą áá ᨠáááłá°á ááá á¨á°áŁá ááĽáá áŚáł ááá á áŤá¸á áłááአá˛áŤáĽáĽááľ
áá ááᥠᥠá á°áá áá á°áá áľá áá á á ááŤáľá¨áľáá ááŽá ᨠáá¸á á áľáá ááá áĽá áłáᥠáĄ
áąáŽ á áááľá Ṡᨠááłááá á á ááá áąá á á á°á°ááá á á˘á áá¨á áá ááľáłá ááá¨áĽ ᨠá á á¨á ááá á
á áá á¨ááá¨á áááś á á ᨠá°áłááᥠáĄ
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áľá 26ᣠá ᨠááł ááŽáŽ á á áááááá
á á ááŽáŽ á áĽááľ áááááᥠáĄ
áľá 27ᣠá ááľ áá°á ᨠá á á¨á á áĽáá° á áŁáľá
ááᾠᨠá á á¨á á áĽáá°ááŁáŞá á ááĽá¨áᥠáĄ
áľá 28ᣠá¸áá áľáááĄá ááś áĽá áŤáá
á ááłáá á°áĽáśáá á ááłá á á á á
áá¨ááááá ááźá á°á á áᥠáĄ
áĽá áá á á ááłá°á áááśáá˝ ááá አá˛áá°áľ áĽá ááá áááˇáᥠᥠᨠáá¨á á ᨠáĽáááľ ááá á°á°áá
á á á ᨠááłá¨áᥠᥠáááááľ á áĽáŁá á áá á áŤáŁá˘á á¨ááŁáŞ ááľ áá á áľáá¨áľ á˛á á á á ááłáŤáᥠáĄ
á á á˘áá á˘áá ᨠááá á áá á á¨áᥠᥠá¨áľáŞáá (áá˘áŤ) ᨠá°á°á ááłá°áŽá˝ ááĽá¨á ᨠááĄáľá á áááĽ
á¨ááłá°á á á áá áŤáᥠáľáá á á ááá áŤáá á á ááἠá ááŁáŁá¸á á¨á ááą áá á áá áą áľáá°ááłá°á
áĽáá°á ááą áľáááĄá áĽá¨ á°áŁá áá አá á áᥠᥠá á°áá á¨ááá á°áá á ááľ á áá¨ááľ ááŤáľ áľáá ááľ
á¤áśá˝ á˛áá ᨠá á á ááá áŤá á á˛áľ á á áŁá ááááŻáľ á á á áááľ ááťááᥠᥠá¨á°áá áá ááááľ á á á
ᨠááŤá ááᥠᥠá á°áá áá´á°á á áłáŞáá˝ á áá¨áááľ á áááĽá áá ááąá áá ááá°ááťá¸áá áááá˝ á°áá˝
á áááľá áľ á áááĽáᾠᨠá°á ᳠ᥠáááłá áĽáľ â ᨠáá áľá ááĽáśáá¸á áĽáá°á á á ᨠáłáá á áᥠáĄ
áĽáá áľá áĽá ááą á˛áᥠáŁááąáᣠáŁááĄáá¤áąáŁ áŁáá áá¤áááᣠááľáľáŽáᣠâ ᨠá áĽá¤áâ (ááá)
ááá°. áá á á á ᨠááŤááááľ áááľ ááťááᥠᥠá áĽááľ á á¨á°á ááľáĽ áá°áŤá¨áłá¸áá ááááá á
â á á¨ááľ á áá˘â ᨠáá áľáá ááĽáśáá¸á á á áᥠᥠá á°á¨ááŞá
áľá 29ᣠá áľá°ááŞá áááľáŽá¨áᣠááá áľáłá/ ááŽáááľ á˘áŤ/ ᨠááá áĄá ᾠᨠááᥠáĄ
á áá á á áá áŽá˝ áá°á á ááá°á á á á áᥠᥠá°ááá áľáá á áŠá
áľá 3áᣠᨠá áá˝áŤ áŠáŞ áŠáŞ
áá°á°á˝ á á°á°á᪠áĽá¨ á°áŁá áá á ááá¸á á á áᥠáĄ
áĽáŤá°á áá á á°áá á¨2á áĽá 25 áááłáľ áá˛á á¨ááá á¨á°áĄ ᨠáááá ááłááŤá ááááŽá˝áŁ
ááááĽáá˝áŁ áááśá˝á áľáá˝ áááľá°áá ááŤá ááŁáááŤá áá°áĽ ᨠá á á¨á á á¨áĽáŽáľá á áľáááľ
áĽáŤá˝áááá áĽáá°áá° áŤááááłáᥠᥠᨠ1966 á áĽáŽáłá áĽáá áľáá´ ááĽáłá áľáá á ᨠáĽá áĽáŤááá˝
á¨á¨ á á áŁáŤá á ááĽáłáá áľ áá°á áአá á áᥠᥠᨠáĽáá áľáá´á ááŞáá˝ áŤáłá¸áá á á áá áĽáŤááá˝á
á áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝ á ááĽáłáá ᾠᨠááአá á áŠáĄ ᥠáľááá á ááľáŠáŁ áአáአááá áŤáá¸á á°áá˝ ááá˛áŤáááŁ
á˘áŽáááá áľáá ááľá á á°ááá¨á° ᨠá°ááŤáŠ ááłáŚá˝áá áááŽá˝á á ááĽáłáá áľ áĽá¨ áá áą áŁáĽááá
ᨠáŁáááŤáášá ááááł áŤáá á ááŁááá˝ á°áá°áᣠááá˛áá˝ á°á¨áá á ááá˝ áłááᥠᥠá áá ááŤá¨áá
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á áá á áá¨ááŤáľ á ááá á¨á°áĄ ááľáĽ áĽá ᨠáĽá´áľ (ᨠá¸á áá á ) ááááľ ááĽáˇáᥠᥠáľáá ááľá á áĽá
ááá áľ á ááĽáłá ááŁááá˝ áááṠᨠáá¨ááľ á áááľááᥠᥠáŤáá°á á ááá áŤá áŁáŁáłá á ááá áá áľ áĽáŤ
ááá°áĽ ᨠáľáá ááľ ááŁáŞáŤáá˝ áĽáĽá¨áľ ᨠááľá°ááŞáŤ áá á ááľ á á á áááľ áľáááľá á ᨠááá áááááĽ
ᨠáľáá ááľ áááá˝ ááŁá ἠᨠááá áŤá á°áá áááł áĽá ááááŞáŤá áá áľáá ááľ á¤áśá˝ ᨠá°ááŤáŠ
ᨠááá˛áŤ áĄáľáá˝ ááťáŽáť áááá¸áᣠá ááá áŤáľáŹá áłááŹáá°áᣠáŤáľáŹá ááá á áŤáľáŹá áąáááŤáááá
áŤáľáŹá á°á᪠áŤáá¨á°áŠáľ ᨠáľáá ááľ á¤á°á°áŚá˝ áá áĽá áá ááľáĽ ááľáĄá ááťáŽáłá¸á áľáááá áĽá áá á
ááá˝ ááŽáĽááá˝ á°á°ááá¨á ᨠáľáá ááľáá ᨠááá áŤáá áĽáŤáľ ᨠá¨á¸áá¸á áááľááᥠáĄ
áľáá ááľ áá áŤá á áĽáá°á°ááłá°á° á¨áá á áá á°áááá°ááᥠᥠá¨áá ááĽáá ᨠááá áŠá áĽáŁ áááł
áĽááááá ᥠᥠá¨111 áľá ááá˝ ááľáĽ áĽáá áááἠᨠáá˝áá áĽá á áĽááśášá áááá á ááá ááľá áááĽ
á°á ᢠáááľáááᥠáĄ
áľá 31ᣠááś áááľ ááś á˛áŤáᣠáá¨áľ
á ááś á°á¸á ᨠá°á á áá°áľáĄ áĄ
á ááá á°áá ᨠááááŞáŤ áááłáľ áľáá ááľá ááááá˝ á áľááľ á áá áŞáą ááľáĽ áááłá¨áľ á áá ááá
ᨠá°áá¨á á á ááą ááá áľ â ᨠáľá á ááá áŤá á áĽááľ áá á á á á áᥠᥠá áľáŤ ááá°á ááá áá¨á¨áą
ááá áá áááľ áááá¸á ááŁáśá˝ á¨á፠áĽáá á áłáá°áĄ á 1áá áĽá á°áá áĽá¨ áá አá ᨠá á á áľááááľ
á¤áśá˝ áŤáľááŻá¸á á á áᥠᥠáĽá áá ááŁáśá˝ áá ááŤá ᨠáá áááá áá´áł á áľááá ááŤáá á ááťáá
á á áᥠᥠá á°áá á¨áá áá ááᎠáአáአáľá ááá˝ á¨ááŤá áá á°áŤááá á áĽááľ áááá ᨠáááŠ
áááľáááᥠᥠᨠááá áá áľ ááŤá âáŁáŁ áᨠá â ááŁá ááááŤáᥠᥠᨠááá áŤá ááŁáŞ ááĽáŞáŤ á¤áľá
â áĽá ἠá ááł â ááŁá ᨠááá¨á á áá á áŤáŁá˘ áááľáááᥠᥠá áľá 31 âᨠá°á á áá°áľ â ᨠá°áŁááá
ᨠáľá áá ááá á ááá á áᥠáĄ
áľá 32ᣠá Ꮰá˘á á á áśá
áĽáŤ á˘á á áľáá ᨠá°áŁááá áá áá áá á°á á°á¨ááá áááááľ á áᥠᥠá°ááŁáŞá áĽáŤáą áá á ááá
ááá á˘áŤáŁ ᨠá áŁá áľ áááá á á ᨠáá áááᥠáĄ
â á áá â áĽáŤá ááľá°áá ᨠá á á¨á áľá âááá â áĽáŤá ááľá°áአᨠá°á á á¨ááľá áá˝á ᨠáľá¨á ááá á
á áᥠᥠáááą áááľ â ᨠááĽáá˝ â (versions) á ááľáĄ ᥠáááá á ááąá á¨áá á áłá˝
áĽá á áłááᥠáĄ
áľá 33ᣠᨠáľá á ááá አáĽááááá áĽáŤáľá°áᨠáłá á˘ááľááá°á
áá áááá áá áŁáᥠáĄ
ááá áᥠ- âááá! â
á°ááŞáá˝áĄ - âááá! â ᣠááľá áľáĄ áĄ
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ááá áᥠ- âááá! â
á°ááŞáá˝áĄ - âááá! â ᣠááľá áľáĄ áĄ
ᨠáľáá ááľ ááá ááá á áá á¨ááá á˛áᥠá˘ááľááá°áŠáŁ âááá âááá â áĽáŤáá áłáľá°ááŤáá ? â
ááááᥠᥠáĽáá áá á ááľáŽáľ ᨠáľáá ááąá á áŤááľ áá°á ᨠá á ᨠá áŁá ááá á ᨠá˘ááľááá°áŠá áĽáŤá
â áłá˛áŤ á ááś áĽá á°ááá âá áá â áĽá ááŤáľá°áá ááŻá? â áĽá á°á˝ááłáľá ááááłáᥠáĄ
áŁááľ á áŠá á°áá áľáá á° á áá ááĽá áľáá ááľ áŤáľá°ááŤá áááľ ááá á˛á˝á á áá á áŠá á°áá áąáŽáľ
áá á áá á áľááá áŤáľá°ááŤá ᨠáľá áá ááá á áĽáááąá áĽááą áłááá¨á á áᎠᨠááŤáľá°áá áááľá
ááá áá˝ááᥠᥠá¨áááąá ááşáὠᨠááá á áá á ááá áŤáĄ áŤáá°áá á á°áá˝á á áá á°á á°áá ááĽáŽ
áĽáá˛áŤáľá°áአááľá¨á ᨠáľáá ááľá áĽáŤáľ áľáŤáá˛áŤá á áá ááá áľ áááἠáĽáá˛ááá ᨠááááŞáŤáá
áĽááá ááá°áľ ááááŠá á áᥠᥠá¨áá á áŤáŁá˘ ááᎠá á áŽá˝ áĽá¨ á°ááłá°áĄ ᨠáľáá ááľ ááłáá
áĽá¨ á°á°ááá ᨠáá° áááľááᥠᥠᨠááá áŠá áľáá ááĽá ᨠááŤáá áľá ááá˝ á áĽááľ áááá ááááŤáᥠáĄ
áľá 34ᣠá áľá°á᪠á˝áá á áŞ
áľá 35ᣠᨠá áľá°á᪠á°áá á¨áá°áł áĽáľá¨ áŁáł
áľá 36ᣠᨠá áľá°á᪠ááĽá¨áľ áŁáľáŞá áŁááĽá á áᥠáĄ
áľá 37ᣠá áąá¤ á˘á°áĽ áᎠá áľá°ááŞáá˝
á ááŽááá á¨ááá°áľ á ááááąá
áľá 38ᣠᨠá áľá°á᪠áľááᣠá´áľá ᨠáááľ áá áĽá¨ááą
áááłááŁášá á°á ááá á á˝áá á ᪠ááŁá ááááŤáᥠᥠᨠá°ááá áĽáľá áŚáľáľ áá áĽáť ááááᥠáĄ
áĽáľáᣠáąá¤áŁ áá´á áááᾠᨠá°áĽáĽáá á á áłáá˝ áĽá¨ á°á°á¨á ááá°áłáᥠᥠáĽáľáá áŤá á á ááŽáááá
áĽáá°áá á á°á á áś ááá áĽá áłáᥠᥠá áľáá âáľá 39ᣠáĽáá° á áľá°á᪠á°áá áśáááľ áŤáľááá â
ᨠáá áĽáááá áááŁá áłáᥠᥠᨠáá°áĽ á˝ááłááá áĽáááąáá ᨠááŤáŁáĽá âáľá 4áᣠá á áá¨á
áŤáłáá§á¸á á¨á áľá°ááŞáá˝á ááá á á á áá ááâá ᨠááłá°á á á áá áŽá˝ á áá á áá áá°á ááŠá áłáᥠáĄ
â ᨠáĽáááľ á áŁáľ â á°áĽá áá¨á á ᨠá á á¨á áĽáá°ááŹá á áá፠áłááá á¨áἠâ ᨠá°áᨠááá°áá â
á áá á á áá á áĽáááą áá°á á ᨠá á á¨á ááá á á á áá áĽáŁ ᨠá°á¨á°áᥠᥠáĽáŤáááá ᨠááá°á áľáá
ááĽáŠ âáľá 41ᣠááá á á¨ááá ááťáá ááááâ á áĽáŤáľáá°á âáľá 42ᣠá áľá°á᪠á¨áááŁáľ
áá áá á¨áľ âá âáľá 43ᣠᨠáĽá áá˝áŤ áľá á áĽáŞ ! áá°áłáľ á áľá°á᪠âá ᣠáĽá áľá 44áŁ
áááá á á¨ááááľ ááťáá ááľáá¨áľá â ᨠááłá°ááľá áĽáŤáľá¨á°á á ááá áŤá ááááąá ᨠá°á áá ᨠá°á áá
áŤá°á¨á á áá áŁá á áĽá áááśá˝á á ááłááśáš áŤáááá ááĽáŤáŞáŤá áľá˝áľ á áŹá˛áŽ ááá áĽá¨ á°á á áŠ
áľáĽáĽáááá ááŤáá á°áá°áá¸ááᥠᥠáĽááśášá áá áĽá áľ á á áź á°á áᎠᨠááŤáá ᨠááááľááá ᨠááá á
áááľ-áľá áá ááľá°ááá፠ááĽáᥠáĄ
44
áľá 45ᣠá áŤáᥠ- ááá áŤá áĽáá° ááŞá á á ááá ᨠáááĽáąáľ
ááááľá á?
ááá˝áĄ - ᨠáąáŞáŤá¸áá ááłáł ááá¸ááᥠáĄ
áľá 46ᣠáááľ áá°ááá˝ á¨á ááľ áŠá á¨ááľá˛áŁ á¨á áᾠᨠáľáá ááľ ááá á°áááá á ááą ááá áľ ááá
áľáá ááľ áááľá´á ááá°áŁáᥠᥠá¨áááľ áááłáľ á áá á˛á áá á ᨠá ááá ᾠᨠá°áá°á á áľáá ááľ
áááľá´á ᨠá°áá°á áá âἠáá´áŹ! áááľá á? áĽáľáŤáá áĽáŤ á áá áá á áĽáá´? â á áá ááŁááᥠáĄ
ááááᣠá ᨠá ááá á´á ᨠááá áŠá á ááŁá áľá á áĽáł áá áłáá á áľá°áá ᨠá°áá á¨á ááá á áᥠáĄ
ᨠáááą áá áááá á°ááłáłá á፠áĽá ᨠááľáá áá¨ááľ áŤáá¸á ááá¸á á á°ááŤáŠ ᨠááááľáľ ááľáŞáŤ
á¤áśá˝ á ááą á¨á ááá áá áŁá á°áá ááá áŤá¸áá ᨠáľáŤ áŚáłá ᨠáááŤá á ááááŁá á áá ááá áá°á¸áľ
á áᥠáĄ
áľá 47ᣠáľáá ááľ á áŹá˛áŽ á áá°ááá áľ áá ᨠáŹá˛áŽá ááá á áľá áአáአᨠáĽá ááśá˝ á˛áŤáľá°áá
ááááᣠáááá ááá á â ἠáŁáá ááá á! ᨠááś áĽá áŤááĄá áá°ááŞááš áŤáłáŠáá¸á! â
áááᥠᥠá á አá፠ᨠá áŁá ááá á á áᥠâᨠááś áĽá ááľ áŤáá á 28 â ááááŁ
áá°ááŞááš á°áá ááá á áááᣠᨠáŹá˛áŽáá ááá á á á áá á áĽáŤáľáá°áᣠâ á°ááŞáá˝!
áĽá¤áłá˝á áľáľá ᥠá áŁáłá˝á ᨠááś áĽá ááľ áĽáá˛áŤáłáŠáá˝á á áá! â ááá¸ááᥠᥠá ááą
ááŁá á°á᪠âá˛á¸á! ᨠá á áŁáľá á áľá°á᪠á á áĽáŽ! â á á ááŁááᥠáĄ
áá˝á˝ á˛á áĽááł áá¸áľ áĽááłááťáᣠááŤá ᨠáŤá á áá°á á ááá á¨á°áŁá ááŽá ááľáĽ áĽáť ᨠá°áá°á
áłááá áĽááŤáľá°ááá áľ ááá ááľáĽá áĽáá°áá¨á°áá áĽáá á ááŁáá ᥠᥠááá አáá ááŽá áááłáŤáľ
ᨠáťááá áá á˛áŤá°áá ááłáŤáᥠᥠᨠáá¨á°áá áááľ áá áá áá áááᥠáĄ
áľá 48ᣠá¨ááá áŤá áá°áá á á°ááá áĽá á á ááá°áĽ ᨠá°ááá° á áᥠᥠá¨ááŠá ááá áŤá ááá¨á
á´áśá˝á áľáá áááśá˝ á¨áĽá ááą áá áááá°áĽ áááłáá˝á áŤááťáťáᥠᥠáááá ᨠáááąá
á°áá á áŁáᎠáťá áŤá áᎠááá á áᥠᥠáłáľáŤ á áľá áááłáá ááááťá¸áľ ᨠááá ááŠá
ááᥠáŤá¨ááŁáľá ááŠá ááá ááľ ááŤá á áááŤáá ááá¨áá ἠâááźá á¨ááł á á áá áŚ
ááá˝ (404á˝) áá á? â á ááľ ááŁááᥠáĄ
ááá አ404 á á°áŁáá ᨠááŞá áá´á áľá á°á¸á˝á ᨠáľáłá áľáá ááľá¨á á áᥠᥠá¨ááá ᨠáááą á°áá
áľáá 404 (202 á 202) áĽá áľáááá ᨠá°áťá áᎠáááŤá áááľ á áᥠᥠáá áá ááá áą áĽá¨áľá
á á°á¨áááľ âá˛á᪠á áá´âá ááŁááᥠᥠááááŤáąá ᨠáááą á°áá áľáá á ááá á¨á á á¨á á¨áŁáá˛ááŞ
á°áá áá áľááááŤá¨áĽ á áᥠáĄ
á˝ááá áááłá á á˛áŁá áľá 49 áĽáľá¨ áľá 53 á áááá¨áľ ᨠáá¨á áá áá°áł áŤááĄáľ áááá á á ááĽáŽáľ
áĽáá áá áá ᥠáĄ
45
5.8. áľáá°ááŞá áá°á ᨠá°á á አáľá ááá˝ áľá á°á᪠á¨á°á á áŠáľ áľá ááá˝ ááá°á ᨠááłáŠáľ áአáአáŁá áá áááŤáłáŠ ááá°áŚá˝ ᨠá°á°áĄ áľáá˝áŁ
á°áᎠááá ᨠáá¨áŁ ááá á á áá áľááá°á¨á°á áľáááľ áĽá áľá áá°á ᨠá°á°á ááŠáľ áá¸áᥠᥠá áá
á áá á¨á°áᎠáá áľáááá˝ áĽá á¨áá°á áá á¨á°áŤáŤááľ áĽááľ áĽáááá¨áłááᥠáĄ
áľá 54ᣠá°áá¨á á á ᨠáĽáľá¨ á áľáŤ ááá°á
áá á áá¨á áĽáá ᨠáá á áŤá°áᥠáĄ
áľá 55ᣠá°áᏠá á ᨠáĽáľá¨ áľááá°á
áááľáľáŞ áĽáᢠá áá á áá áá°áᥠáĄ
áľá 56ᣠá°áá¨á á á ᨠáĽáľá¨ á áľáŤ ááá°á
áá á áá¨á áĽáá ᨠá á á˝ áĽá¨áᥠáĄ
áľá 57ᣠá°áá¨á á á ᨠáĽáľá¨ á áľáŤááá°á
áá á áá¨á áĽáá ᨠáááŞáŤ áłáᥠáĄ
áľá 58ᣠá°áá¨á á°áá¨á áĽáŤ áŤáá áá
áĽá¨ áá áĽááá ááŁáŞ á ááľ á áá ᥠáĄ
áľá 59ᣠáĽááľá á á á´ á áľáá á áľá¸ááŹ
áá áĽá¨áá ááá áľáŤ á ááŤáá áĽá
áľá 6áᣠáĽáá°á Ꮰááł á ááá ááá°á
áá á°áá°á á áá áá áá áŤá á á áááá
áľá 61ᣠᨠá°á᪠áááś áá¨áĄ áĄ
áľá 62ᣠá°áá¨á á á ᨠáĽáľá¨ á áľáŤ áááľ
ááá áá á áá¨á á ᨠá á¨áá á¤áľ
áľá 63ᣠá°áá¨á á á ᨠáĽáľá¨ á áľáŤ ááá°á
áá á áá¨á áĽáá ᨠá á á˝ áĽá¨áᥠáĄ
ᨠá á á˝ áĽá¨ááľ ááŽáłá áŤá áá
ᨠá ááá áĽáá˛áŤá á¨áá ááĽáłáᥠáĄ
á¨áá á áá áŤá°áááá¸á áá á áľá ááá˝ á°ááŞá á á ááá áĽá ᨠááááá (ááá á° áá á á°áá¸á¨á á°)
ᨠáá áĽáááĽáŤá ᨠáᎠá°á¨á ᨠá áá á á áľ áĽáá°ááá áľ áŤáłáŤáᥠᥠᨠá°áᨠá°á ᨠááááĽáľ á˘áŽ á°ááŁáŞáŁ
ášá á˛ááá´áᣠáśáśáᣠá˘ááá áᣠááááľáŁ áááŤá ááá°âŚ áááá áĽáá ᨠáá á áŤá°áᣠᨠá á á˝
áĽá¨áᣠᨠáá ἠá¤áľ á áá᪠áááá á ááááᥠᥠá¨á áĽáá á á ááľáá¸á ááĽáá˝ áá áĽáá áłá áŤá°á á
á áŁá ááááᥠᥠá¨á áľáŤ ááá°á ááá á áá á¨ááś áĽáŤ á áĽáś ááá áááá áĽááłá áľáááš áá áááᥠáĄ
á áá áá᳠ᨠá°á áá á°á᪠áĽáť áŁááá ááá á¨á°áĄá áá áá á áłáá áááł áá°áťáᥠáĄ
áľá 64ᣠá ááśá áĽááłáá á áĽá áá°áá°
á ááś áĽááłáá á á á áŤá á¨á¨á°
áĽááá˛á á°á᪠ááááŤá á°á¨á°
áľá 65ᣠá°áá¨á á°áá¨á á¨á¨á¨áą á áá
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áá á áááŤá ᨠá°áá á áá°ááłá
á°áᎠáĽááł áĽááá áľ áá áĽá á áĽá¨ áąá á°áá á áá°á°á ááŁáľ á áá°á á°á á ááá á¨á°áĄ á áá°á áľ
áľáá°ááŞá á áá ááá ᾠᨠáá á áŠáľ áľá ááá˝ áĽá áá¸áᥠᥠáłáľáŤ ááĽáŤá¸á á á áľáĽáľáĽ ááľáĽ áĽá
áŁáááá á ááłááľ áááľá ᨠáá°á áአáľá ááá˝á á áᥠáĄ
áľá 66ᣠáĽá á á፠ááááľ á áĽáᣠááĽáá
ááá ááŁá¨áŠ á áááŁááᥠáĄ
áá áá á áá áĽáá áłá á°ááŞá áľááľáá ááľ áŤááá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ áľááá°á á ááá á¨á á áŠá á áĽááą
áĽááłáľáłáá ᥠáĄ
áľá 67ᣠááľáŞáá áá á ᨠá°áŠááľá á áŤáá áᥠáĄ
áá á áŁáŁá á á°áá á ááá á°áá áá á ááľáĽ áŤá áá á á°áá˝ áĽá áá ááááłá á˛á¨áá áá¨á°áłá
á á ááááłá¸áá á°á á˘á áá á áá°á áá á¨áá áááľ á°á áľáś ᨠááľáŞá áá°áá á á°áἠá áĽáá°áá ááá°á
á˘á°áŠá ᨠáá áŁá¸áá áá¤áľ áá°ááłááš á áá°áĽá á á ᨠáááᥠᥠá°ááłá áááŤá áá áá á°á áá¤áľ
ᨠááá á°á áá°ááá á áᥠᥠáľááá áá°ááá á áááá¨áľ á°ááłááš á áŹáł ᨠá°ááá áľ á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ
áĽááłáá¸á ááĽá áá ááá áááľ ááťááᥠᥠáá°ááá á áľáá áá°á˝ áĽáá ᨠáá°áť á áĽáĄ áá áá
áĽáá°áá á áá á ááłáá áᥠáĄ
áľá 68ᣠáááá ááá áááŁáľ
áááŽá¨á áŤáŽáľ ááĽááľáĄ áĄ
áľá 69ᣠáááá ááá áááŁáľ
áááá áŤáŽáľ ááĽááľ
áĽá áá ááᾠᨠá°ááŤáŠ á¨ááĽáá˝ (versions) á ááľ á áĽáĽ áá á á ᨠááŤá°áŠáŠáľáĄ ᥠáá á¨áłáá
ááááłá ááááľ ááááᾠᨠáááá áľáá ááľ á¤áľ áá°á áĽááá áá áĽá¨ á°á á áĽáá˛ááŠáŁ áá°á
ááááá á°áá°ááŹáľ áĽáť ááááᾠᨠááš á°áá áááŽá¨á á á áŁáĽáŽ ᨠáᨠᾠá˝ááłá¸áá ááá¨áá ἠáŤáŽáľ
áĽáá˛á á ᨠáááአáá¸áᥠáĄ
á ááá áá áľ á፠áá ᨠá°á°ááŤá á áĽáá°ááááá ááĽáŤá¸á áĽáᾠᨠáááŁá á°ááŞáá˝ áá ááá
á°áĽá°áŤá¸áá ááŤá á áááś á ááá á˛ááá¸á á ááłáŠáᥠᥠá ááłááľ áĽáĽáľáŁá˝ áá¨ááľ áĽáąáŞá áĽáŚááłá¸á
ááľáĽ á˝áá á áĽáááŞáŤ áááá á¤á° áá á ááľ á˛á áĄá ááłáŤáᥠᥠááľáá ááľ áŤáá¸áá áá áá á áľáá ááľ
áĽáá ááá áĽáá á°áľá ᨠááŤá°áááľá á á á áá á ᨠááṠᨠááŤáŠáľ âáľáá ááľ á¨á¨áąâ ᨠááŁááľ
áááľááťá¸á áááł á¨ááľáŁá¸á á ááĽáŚáŁá¸á á°á᳠ᨠáá˝á á°áľá-á˘áľ áŤá°ááá¸á áááľááᥠᥠá áá á
á ááá˝ áá¨ááŤáśá˝ á°á ááá°á áááá á°ááś á¨ááá ááá á°áᜠᨠáá°á ááá፠áľááśá˝á áĽááá á áá
á˛áŤá°áŠáŠ ᨠáá ááľáĄ áĄ
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áá áľáŠá¨áľáĄ -
áľá 7áᣠá¨áááá áĽááľ
áŤááľ áá ááá áĽáŤáľá
áľá 71ᣠáááľ á¨ááĽááľ
áŤá áá áá áłáľá
áľá 72ᣠá ááá ᨠá°áŽá°
ᨠáᥠá°á¨á°á
áľá 73ᣠááá°á áá´áłá˝á á˘áá
ááŽá¨á áá á˛áááŤá˛áŤá ááĽáłá˝á á áá
áľá 74áŁ
ááá á°áአáĽáá á°áá°á á áááá á ááłá°ááľ ááááŤá áá áŁáá¸á á á áá áŽá˝ ᨠáłáá á áᥠáĄ
á¨áá á áá á¨351 áľáĽáľáŚá˝ 74áąá áŤáŤáá áľáá°ááá˝ áá ááá ááᥠᥠá¨ááá˝ áľáá ááľ á ááľ
ááá á¨á°áŁá á áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝á (social attitudes to or perceptions of
education) á áá áá´ (method) á¨ááŤá á áĽáŤáá˝ áá áĽáŤá á áአ(compare) áĽáŤá°á¨á
áĽá áĽáŤá á áአ(cotrast áĽáŤá°á¨á) áĽááąá ááłá á áŤáľááááᥠᥠá áá áá¨ááľ ááááŤáľ áľá áá
áአáአááá á¨á°áŁá áááááá˝á (áááľ áľáá ááľáᣠá¤ááᣠáĽááťáᣠááľá áᣠááá˛áŤáᣠááááľá
áŁá ááá) á ᨠáá áą áĽáá°áá áá áĽáá°ááŤáľáľ áĽáá°áá°á˝ á ááŁáĽáŤá á¨á°á á áᥠáá¨ááą áľá áá
áá°ááłáłá áĽááśá˝ á áá ááá áááá áá°ááŤááŞáὠᨠááľá ááἠááĄá áĽáá°ááł áĽááĽá¨áááᥠáĄ
á ááŁá˘ááź á ᨠá°á°ááŤá˝áá áľ áŚáłá áĽáŤ ᨠááŤááĽáá˝áá áľá ááὠᨠá á áŤá˝áá á°á ᨠá°áá˝áá áľá áŚáłá
ááᣠᨠá°á á á¨á áľá ááááŤáľ á¨ááŤá˝á áŁáá áá˝á ááĽá ááááá ἠᨠáá°áá˝áá áá áŤá°áŁá˝á áŤáá˝á
á°áá á°áľáłáŹ á°áἠááááᥠᥠᨠáľáá ááľ áááá á°áááá˝ (ááááľáľáŁ ᨠáá áľáá áśá˝á ááááľáłá
áŤááá áľáá áśá˝) áá ááŽáááľ á¨áłá á°ááś á á áááá á áĽááááá áłáľá á áá á ááľáĽá á¨áá á áá
áá á°ááŤááŞáá˝á á ááŁá˘áá˝ áĽáá˛áłá¨áľ á˘áŤá°áá á°áá á áá áááľáááᥠᥠáááá á áá áá¨ááľ
ááľáĽ á¨áľá ááᚠᨠááá á áá áá°áá°á፠ááá á¨áĽ á áááááᥠᥠá ááá á¨áá°áá°á á ááľ áá
á á˝ááá ááááľáą ᨠáľáá ááľá ᨠáľáá á ááᲠ(1986) áá áĽá âá á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ᨠáľáá ááľ
á°ááŤááŞáá˝ ááá á áá°áłá°áŞáŤ á°áἠ(199á) ááľáĽ áŤáľá°áááŠáľá á ááľ áá˘á ááá°áľ á áľá áľá
áĽá áá ááᥠáĄ
á á á ááá ᨠáľáá áᾠᨠáĽáá á ááá˛á âááááŤâ ááľáĽ âᨠáľáá ááľ á ááą áŁááá áá á¨áłá
áĽáááľ á ááľá¨á áĽáŁ á ááá°áĽá áá á ááĽá¨á°á°áĽ ᨠá˝áá ááşá áľ á á áá á˝ááłáá áŁá áá áá áá áľ
á áâ ááá âᨠáá áŤá˝á áľáá ááľ á ááŁáľá á áá°áľ áĽáá˛áá á áá¤áľ á˛áłá á°ááŞáá˝ á°á á˘áá
áľáá ááľ ááľáá ᨠá˝áá ááşá áľ áŁá áááá á˝ááłá áĽáá˛áŤá ááĽáľ /áľá¸á¸/ á áľá˝áá á¸áá ááááľ
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á áŤáľá°áááâ á˛á áá°áťáᥠᥠáŁáአᨠá á á¨á ᨠáľáá ááľ áááł áĽá áľáááśáľ áĽáá°á á áŠá áľ á áá
ᨠáľáááśáš áááŽá˝ áĽááá° áľáá ááąáŁ ᨠáľáá ááľ á á°áŁáĽá á ááŤá¨áĄ ááľáá ááľ ááᾠᨠááŤáľááááľ ááŠ
áአááŞáá˝ á áááááľá ááá˝ ááľáĽáľáĽ á˝ááŽá˝á ááááłáľ ᨠááŤáľá˝á ááᲠá áááá áááá¸áá
ááá¨ááŤáᥠᥠá áĽá ᨠáá ááá¨áłá áá á á°á á°áĽáłá¸á áľááááľ áááľ áľá ááá˝ ááľáĽ ᨠá ááá
áľáá ááľá áĽá ᨠááľá°áá ááŤá ᨠááŤááłáľáą ááá á¨á°áŁá á áľá°áŤá¨ áśá˝á ᨠáľáááľ áááŽá˝ á áľáá
á ááá á á áአáľáŠá¨áľ á ᨠá°áááᥠᥠá ááá á¨á°áŁá˝á ááľáĽ ááľáá ááľ áá°ááŞáŁ áááá á áá°áĽ
ᨠá á á¨á á á¨áĽáŽáľ ááá áĽáŤá˝áááá ááŁ? á ááá áá áľ á፠áá°áá á ᨠáááĄáľ á°áá˝ áĽáááľá
á á áá á˝ááł áá° ááááᣠáá ááľáľáᣠáá áĽá áá°ááłá°ááľ ááŤáá˝ á¨áááąáľ áá á˛á á á á áĽáá
á°á¨á áá áá áá? áá°á áá ááŤáá˝ á áááľ á¨áá áááľ áá° áľáá ááľ á፠ᨠáá áąáľ ᨠááááľá á á áá
á˝ááł áŤá á° á¨áá áá ááá áá áááłá á áá á¨áá á áĽá áá âá°ááĽá áâ áá°á ᨠááŤáľá°ááŻá¸á
á°ááŞáá˝ áá ááá áľ áááá? ᨠáĽáŤáááš á°áá°ááľ á°áááᜠᨠááŤáá ááá áľ á áá°ááᥠᥠá ááľ
á áľá¸á᪠á ááŞáľ ááľáĽ ᨠá áŁá áááľáááᥠᥠááľáá ááľ áĽáŤáľá á°á¨á áá˝áááá á ááą áá˘á ááááŤáľ
áľáá ááľá ᨠáľáá ááľ áŁáááŤá á ááááĽáľ ááĽáŞáŤ á¤áśá˝ áĽá á¨ááŤá á ááá á¨á°áĄ ááľáĽ áĽá¨ á°á°áŁá¸á
ᨠááŁá áá á°á áŚáł áá áłá á ááá˛á ááľáĽ áá áá˘á á áĽáĽ á áአáľáŠá¨áľ áááĽáἠáĽá á˛á á áá
ᨠáááľá ááłáĽá á˛á ááá áľ á ááłááᥠᥠáᏠᨠáľáá ááľ áááłá áááťáťá ᨠááá á¨á°áĄáᣠᨠá°ááŞáááŁ
ᨠááá áŠá áĽá ᨠá¨áá°á áŁááĽááŁááľá á á°áŤá á áááłá á áá ááá áľ áááἠáŤáľááá áááľáááᥠáĄ
â á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ᨠáľáá ááľ á°ááŤááŞáá˝ ááá á áá°áłá°áŞáŤ á°ááĽâ ááľáĽ á ááľáľ áá ááľ ááááá˝
á°áá¨ááᥠᥠáááááš â áľáá ááľ á¨áááá áłáááľá á´áááá áá â áĽáá˛áŤááľáŁ âááĽááŤá
áĽáľá áľá áááŁáłâ áľáá ááľ áŤáá ááłá áá áĽáá˛á áá¨áᣠâá á á áĽáᢠᨠáľááááľ á˝ááŽá˝ â áá
áááá áĽá¨ á°á°á¨á âááá áŞáą ááá˛á áĽá áľ á áľá°áá˝áŚ â áĽáá˛á°á¨á ᨠáááá áŁá áá ᨠá áŁááľ á¨ááŤ
ááááľ áĽáá˛áłáĽáŠ á¨ááá˝ áá á á ááá á˘áá°ááá˝áá á¨á፠ááá áŤáľ áá áááľ ááááἠáĽáá˛áá
ᨠá°áťááá áĽá¨áľ áĽáá°ááŤá°áá á á á ááŚáľ áŤááááłáᥠᥠᨠáá°áłá°áŞáŤ á°áᥠáĽá áá á ááľáľ ááááá˝
áĽááľáĄ á á°áá¨ááŠáľ 1á á°ááŁáŤáľ áĽáá°áá¨áááá á ááá á áľááŻáᥠᥠᨠááá አááááá˝á á°ááŁáŤáľ
á˛áłáŠ á áŁá ááááŤáᣠááľáŁáᥠᥠáŤá á áŁá¸á áá á á°ááŁá á°áá áá ááᨠᾠááááŁá áĽáŹ á áľáŁááᥠáĄ
ᨠááá አá áŁááľá á á°áá¨ááŠáľ ááááá˝á á°ááŁáŤáľ á ááá ᾠᨠááŤáá áá áááŤáá á¨ááááľá
ᨠᨠá áŠáá¸ááá á áľá°áá˝áŚ á¨ááľá¨á áá ᨠáá á á áŁá¸á áĽá áŤá á áááľáááᥠáĄ
ááá áĽáá á áá°áłá°áŞáŤ á°áᥠâááá˘áŤ â ᣠâá áááá˝ â áĽá á âá°ááŁáŽá˝ â ááľáĽ á ááŤáááá
ááá á ááá á á ááľ áááľ áá á á ᨠáá ᣠᨠáááľáá áá˘á á áĽáĽ á¨á áĽáŹ á¨áľáá ááľ ááá˛á áá
á áŤáᤠᨠá ááľááľ á áᥠᥠá á°ááá᪠ááá áľ á¨ááś á áá°á áłá ááááľ á áá°áááᥠᥠá á á áá á áĽáĄá
ááá áá¨á áľá áľáá˝ áᨠᾠáŁá ááá áĽááľá°ááá ááááľááá á áľáá ááľ á፠áááľá á ááá áá áľáŁ
á á°ááŞá áľáŁ á á áľá°áłá°á áĽá á áááá ᨠá°á°ááŤá á°áá˝ á ᨠááá áľáááŤá ᨠááá áłáá á¨ááŤáá áľá
(á˘áá ) á á á°áŁáŁá ááá¨áľ áĽá ᨠáŁáááŤááá áľáá (á˘áá ) ᨠáᎠá°á¨á ááá¨áľ á¨á áĽáŹ
áĽáá°á áá áŠáľ áááľá á°áĽá á ááłááľ áá˘á ááŽáĽáá á áá°á ááᥠᥠᨠááŹá á°ááŤá᪠(áᏠáľá ááŹ
áá á˘á á á ááá´ á á !!!!) áá áá ááŽáĽáá áŁáŁáłá á áĽááś á á ááĽá¨á°á°áĄ âá°á á˘áá áááá¤
áĽáá˛áŤá á â ááŁáŁá áŤáá áľáĄ ᥠááááĽáľá ᨠáá á á á áľá á áľááááá á áľá°áłá°áŤá áĽáááᣠáá áá
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áĽáááá á¨ááŤááá ᨠáŁáááŤáá á¨áá°á ááá ááĽá ᨠááłáá áĽááá áĽáá˛ááľáą á áĽááľ áá á°ááĽááś
áááľááá á°ááá ááľá¨áłáľ áĽá áááľááľá áŤáá áľáĄ ᥠá áĽá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ áá áá ááŽáĽáá ááááłáľ
áĽáľáŤáá á¨á°á°á¨á á ᨠáá áĽá¨áľ áŁáľá¸áłá áŤáá°á°á¨á áĽááášá ᨠááá áŠá ááááá˝á á°ááŁáŽá˝ á áĽáŤ
áá°ááá áĽá á áá¨áĽáłáᥠᥠáĽááἠááŤááá áŁáááŤáá á áľááááś á¨áá á áá ᨠá°á ááąáľ á áľá¨á
á ááááŤáá˝ áĽá¨ á°áŁáą áá°á á á á áá áŤá˝á ááľáĽ á áĽáááłá˝á áá áľ áĽáť áááá á á á°á áĽáá˝á áŁáŽá˝
áĽááłááá ᨠᨠá˝ááłá˝áá áŤá á ááłáľáĽá áááá ᨠáľáá ááľ á°ááŤááŞáá˝ ááłá áĽáť áŁááá ᨠáá áŞáą
áá áá á˝ á áá á áᥠáĄ
á áá¨á¨áťá áá áá áá¨ááľ á á ᨠáľáá ááľ á°ááŤááŞáá˝ ááá á ááááá áŽááá¨ááľ áŤáá¨áĽáŠáľ á áá
â Quality Education in Etjiopia Visions for the 21st
century â ᨠáá
á á ááł áŽááá¨ááľ áá ᨠáá¨áĄ ᨠáĽááľ á ááá˝ áľáĽáľáĽ ááľáĽ á¨á áĽááľ áá á ááĽáł ᨠá°á áá á á á
áľááá áŁá áááľ áá áá á áá ááĽááľ á°á ᢠáááľáááᥠáĄ
á ááŹá˛á˛áá(Proceedungs) ááľáĽ áľáá ááľáᣠááá áŤááᣠá°ááŞá áĽá áľáá ááľ áááľ
ááŽáĽááá˝á á áááá¨áľ ááá á¨á°áŁá˝á áŤááá á áľá°áŤá¨ áľ á á˘áá°ááŞáá áá á áá áá
(questionnaire) ááá á áááąá ááá áśá˝ áŤá á ááŁáŁá á áá áááᥠᥠááá áĽáá á ááŤ
áááá (keynotespeech) áŤá°á¨ááľ á°áá˝ ááá¨á á áṠᨠá á˛áľ á á ᣠáŠá á¨ááľá˛ ááŽááłááľ
áśáá°á (á áá ááŽáá°á) áá áľ á á¸áá á¨á°áá áŠáľ á¨áá á áá áá á ááĽáł ᨠááŤáŤá á áĽáĽ á áᥠáĄ
ᨠááłá¸á á á፠áááá á¨áľáá ááľ ááŽáĽááá˝ á ááŤáá á áááś á áá áá ááŽáĽáá áŤáá°á°áá ᨠáŁá°
á˝áá ááľáĽ áĽáá°ááá áŁá á ááááˇáá áá áá áá á áá á á áź á á áááᥠáĄ
Another issue that is closely linked to the attainment of qualify, effectiveness and
efficiency is the importance of recognition by all concerned to give the teaching
profession its appropriate and respectful place in the society. It is very dismaying
to notice that the days that the teacher was a respected member of a society have
gone into history. Qualified and experienced teachers are constantly looking for
other better-paying jobs. The better fact is that most are not proud of their
profession. We cannot think of improving education quality if most of our teachers
are disinterested in their job. I personally am very much scared where when I
notice that graduating students in teachers and would rather get other jobs. In
addition to creating good working environments for teachers that gives [sic] them
believe that they are somehow contributing to the development of their country,
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making teaching a better-paying profession is a point that should not be
overlooked. Investing in the future of our country is best achievement by investing
in the education of the young generation.
Introducing and maintaining quality, thus, requires a multifaceted approach. These
will definitely, mark education more expensive from the user or the provider or
from both. I remember. âIf you think education is expensive, try sometimes agoâŚ.
âif you think education is expensive, try IGNORANCE. I wish we could have other
alternatives (Mogesy Ashenafi. (Mogessie, 1998:98. Emphasis Maine)