1 explicit instruction - pathway to the common core state standards big ideas

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Explicit Instruction - Pathway to the Common Core State Standards

Big Ideas

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Anita L. Archer, Ph.D.Author and Consultant

[email protected]

Archer, A., & Hughes, C. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient Teaching. NY: Guilford Publications.

www.explicitinstruction.org

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What the Common Core Standards do

The Common Core State Standards outline end of the year standards that students at different grade levels should meet.

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What the Common Core Standards do

"A focus on results rather than means"

"The Standards define what all students are expected to know and be able to do, not how teachers should teach.”

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The Common Core State Standards tell us the destination.

“We are off to see the Wizard….”

(“But how do we get to the Emerald City?”)

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What we must do………..

We must use evidence-based instructional practices to get to the destination.

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We can use 30 years of research on explicit instruction, effective and efficient teaching, to guide us.

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What is Explicit Instruction? Explicit instruction is a systematic instructional

approach that includes a set of delivery and design procedures derived from effective schools research………. Ideas that Work

…unambiguous and direct approach to teaching that incorporates instruction design and delivery. Archer & Hughes, 2011

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Explicit Instruction and Discovery Not an either or - but a when.

Explicit Instruction Discovery

Little or nobackground knowledge

A great deal of background knowledge in the domain

History of difficulty, of failure

History of success

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Big IdeasDesign of InstructionBig Idea #1 Focus on critical contentBig Idea #2 Break down complex skillsBig Idea #3 Provide systematic instructionBig Idea #4 Provide judicious practiceDelivery of InstructionBig Idea #5 Elicit frequent responsesBig Idea #6 Carefully monitor responsesBig Idea #7 Provide feedbackBig Idea #8 Maintain a brisk pace

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Big Idea #1 Focus on Critical Content

Focus instruction on critical content.

Skills, strategies, vocabulary terms, concepts, and rules that will empower students in the future are taught.Examples

Reading Decoding words Reading fluently (accurate, appropriate rate, expression) Understanding vocabulary (General Academic and Domain-Specific Vocabulary) Understanding passages (comprehension)

Vocabulary Unknown Critical to understanding Generalize More difficult

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Focus instruction on critical content.

Skills, strategies, vocabulary terms, concepts, and rules that will empower students in the future are taught.

This is particularly true in Tier 2 and Tier 3.

“Teach the stuff and cut the fluff.”

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Make the Common Core Standardsteachable.

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Focus on Critical Content

Consolidate and Integrate

First Grade – LiteratureKey Ideas and Details

1. Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

2. Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

3. Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Craft and Structure4. Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or

appeal to the senses

5. Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information, drawing on a wide reading of a range of text types.

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Consolidate and IntegrateFirst Grade – Literature

Integration of Knowledge and Ideas

6. Identify who is telling the story (narrator) at various points in a text.

7. Use illustrations and details in a story to describe

its characters, setting, or events.

8. (Not applicable to literature.)

9. Compare and contrast the adventures and of characters experiences in stories.

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Consolidate and IntegrateExample - Literature First Grade

Actions ContentAnswer questions Key detailsAsk questions CharactersDescribe SettingsIdentify Major eventsRetell Story Narrator

Central message

Compare and ContrastElements of storiesNarrative and Informational text

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Consolidate and IntegrateExample - Writing 3rd Grade

1. Opinion2. Informative3. Narrative

4. With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task and purpose.

5. With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

6. With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing (using keyboarding skills) as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

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7. Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

8. Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources and sort evidence into provided categories.

9. (Not applied to 3rd grade.)

10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

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Tasks Write often Short and long products Variety of tasks, audiences, purposes Purposes

to convince (Opinion) to inform or explain (Informative) to convey an experience (Narrative)

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ProcessPlan

Gather information Personal experiencesPrint sources Digital sources

Take notes on informationOrganize

Sort informationOrganize appropriate to task, purpose, audience

WriteClear and coherentUse technology

ReviseEditRewrite

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Argument - 7th grade CCSS Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

a. Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and address alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

b. Support claim(s) or counterarguments with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.

c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

d. Establish and maintain a formal style.

e. Provide a concluding statement or section thatfollows from and supports the argument presented.

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4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which thedevelopment, organization, and style areappropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

5. With some guidance and support from peers andadults, develop and strengthen writing as needed byplanning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose andaudience have been addressed.

(Editing for conventions should demonstrate command of Language standards 1–3 up to and including grade 7 on page 43.)

Focus on Critical Content Consolidate and Integrate - Example Writing 7th Grade

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6. Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to interact and collaborate with others, including linking to and citing sources.

7. Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources andgenerating additional related, focused questions for further research and investigation.


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8. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively;assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.

9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.


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10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.


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7th Grade Writing

Tasks Routine writing Extended time - research projects allowing research, reflection,

revision Shorter time Variety of tasks, audiences, purposes

Purposes to convince or persuade (Argument) to inform or explain (Informative) to convey an experience (Narrative)

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7th Grade Writing - Argument

Critical Attributes (What)

Introduction Introduces claims Acknowledges alternative claims/ counterarguments Organizes reasons

Body Supports claims and counterarguments With logical reasoning and relevant evidence Uses transition words, phrases, clauses to create cohesion

Conclusion Contains concluding statement or section That supports argument

Overall Conveys a reasoned, logical argument Maintains formal style Has clear, coherent writing Avoids plagiarism

Conventions Capitalization, punctuation, spelling Standard format for citations

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PlanResearch, gather information and evidence

Uses multiple, credible sources Includes print and digital sources Includes evidence from literary and informational text

Take notes on informationOrganize

Organizes appropriate to task, audience, purpose

WriteTranscribes plan into clear, coherent writing

Uses technology

RevisingEditing

Conventions

RewritingPublishing/Sharing

7th Grade Writing – ArgumentWriting Process (How)

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Big Idea #2

Break down complex skills

Complex skills and strategies are broken down into smaller (easy to obtain) instruction units

Promotes success

Avoids cognitive overload

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Break down complex skills Example - Common Core Standards

Body of Argument EssayTranscription1. When given a reason and related facts and details, can write a

paragraph with a topic sentence stating the reason.

2. When given a reason and related facts and details, can write a paragraph with a topic sentence stating the reason followed by sentences containing facts and details, connected with transition words and phrases.

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Body of Argument EssayPlanning and Transcription3. When given a position on a topic, can generate reasons to support

that position.

4. When given a topic, can generate a position and reasons to support that position, and details to logically support each reason.

5. When given a topic, can generate a plan for the body of an essay (the claim, the reasons, details to support each reason, counterarguments) and transcribe the plan into coherent paragraphs.

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Introduction6. For previously formulated bodies of argument essays, writes an

introduction that: a) states the writer’s claim, b) introduces reasons to support the writer’s claim, and, if appropriate, c) introduces counterarguments.

Conclusion7. For previously formulated argument essays, writes a short conclusion

“wraps it up” the essay by: a) summarizing the opinion and reasons or b) calling for some action to be taken.

Argument Essays8. When given a topic, can plan, write, revise, and edit an argument

essay that includes: a) an effective introduction, b) a well structured body with logically organized reasons and related details, linked with appropriate transition words and phrases, and c) a short conclusion that “wraps it up”.

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Big Idea #3 - Provide Systematic Instruction

Lessons: 1. Are organized and focused

2. Begin with a statement of goals

3. Provide interactive review of preskills and knowledge

4. Provide step-by-step demonstrations

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Provide Systematic Instruction

5. Provide guided and supported practice

6. Use clear and concise language

7. Provide scaffolding to increase student success

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opening attention review preview

body

closing review preview

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Lesson Opening Attention

Use a verbal cue such as “Listen” or “We are going to begin.” Follow the verbal cue with silence.

Review Review the content of the previous lessons. Review necessary preskills for today’s lesson. Review background knowledge needed for today’s lesson. Be sure that the review is interactive.

Preview State the goal of the lesson. Preview the activities for the period.

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Lesson Closing Review

Review the skills/strategies/concepts/information taught. Be sure that the review is interactive.

Preview Preview the content that will be taught in the next lesson.

Independent Work Review assignments /quizzes/ projects/ performances due in

the future. Have students record all assignments.

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What we teach:

1. Facts and information

2. Skills and Strategies (How to do it)

3. Vocabulary and Concepts (What it is)

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Provide Systematic Instruction Design of Instruction

Explicit Instruction of Skills/Strategies

Model I do it My turn

Prompt We do it Let’s do this together

Check You do it Your turn

Strategy Skill Instruction

Paragraph Shrinking

1. Name the who or what.(The main person, animal, or thing.)

2. Tell the most important thing about the who or what.

3. Say the main idea in 10 words or less.

(Optional: Record your main idea sentence.)

(From the PALS program by Fuchs, Mathes, and Fuchs)

Model (I do it.)

The Coldest Continent

Antarctica is not like any other continent. It is as far south as you can go on earth. The South Pole is found there. Ice covers the whole land. In some places the ice is almost three miles thick. Beneath the ice are mountains and valleys.

Provide guided practice We do it. (Tell)

The weather in Antarctica is harsh. It is the coldest place on Earth. The temperature does not get above freezing. It is also one of the windiest places in the world.

Provide guided practice We do it. (Ask)

Not many living things are found in Antarctica. People go there to study for only a short time. Very few animals can live there. Yet many animals live on nearby islands. Seals and penguins swim in the ocean waters. They build nests on the land. Some birds spend their summers in Antarctica. But most of the continent is just ice, snow, and cold air.

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Model (I do it.) “My Turn.” Show

Proceed step-by-step Exaggerate the steps

Tell Tell students what you are doing Tell students what you are thinking

Gain Responses What they already know Repeating what you tell them

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Prompt (We do it.) “Let’s do ---- together.”

Prompt by doing behavior at the same time.

OR

Prompt verbally. Guide or lead students through the strategy. Step - do - Step - do - Step - do - Step - do Gradually fade your prompt.

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Check for understanding. (You do it.)

Verify students’ understanding before independent work is given

Carefully monitor students’ responses

Continue until students are consistently accurate

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Vocabulary Routine

1. Introduce the word

2. Present a student-friendly explanation

3. Illustrate the word with examples

4. Check student understanding

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Step 1. Introduce the word.a) Display the word on the screen. b) Read the word and have the students repeat the word.

If the word is difficult to pronounce or unfamiliar have the students repeat the word a number of times. To enhance the pronunciation, 1) tap out and segment the word into syllables OR 2) loop under the word parts and read part by part.

Introduce the word with me.

“ This word is compulsory. What word?”

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Provide Systematic Instruction Design of Instruction (continued)

Step 2. Introduce meaning of word.

Option # 1. Present a student-friendly explanation.a) Tell students the explanation. OR

b) Have them read the explanation with you.

Present the definition with me.

“When something is required and you must

do it, it is compulsory. So if it is required

and you must do it, it is _______________.”

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Step 2. Introduce meaning of word. Option # 2. Have students locate the definition in the glossary or

text.a) Have them locate the word in the glossary or text.b) Have them break the definition into the critical attributes.

Glossary Entry: Industrial Revolution Social and economic changes in Great Britain, Europe, and the United States that began around 1750 and resulted from making products in factories

Industrial Revolutiono Social & economic changeso Great Britain, Europe, USo Began around 1750o Resulted from making products in factories

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Step 2. Introduce meaning of word.

Option # 3. Introduce the word using the morphographs in the word.

autobiography

auto = self

hydroelectricity

hydro = water

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Step 3. Illustrate the word with examples. a) Concrete examples.b) Visual examples.c) Verbal examples.(Also discuss when the term might be used and who might use the term.)

Present the examples with me.

“Coming to school as 8th graders is compulsory.”

“Stopping at a stop sign when driving is compulsory.”

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Provide Systematic Instruction Design of Instruction (Continued)

Step 4. Check students’ understanding. Option #1. Ask deep processing questions.

Check students’ understanding with me.

“Many things become compulsory. Why do you thinksomething would become compulsory?”

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Step 4. Check students’ understanding.Option #2. Have students discern betweenexamples and non-examples.


“Is going to school in 8th grade compulsory?” Yes

“How do you know it is compulsory?” It is required.

“Is going to college when you are 25 compulsory?”“Why is it not compulsory?” It is not required. You get to choose to go to

college.

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Step 4. Check students’ understanding.Option #3. Have students generate their ownexamples.


“There are many things at this school that arecompulsory? Think of as many things as you can?”

“Talk with your partner. See how many things youcan think of that are compulsory.”

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Did the teacher:

1. Introduce the word?

2. Present a student-friendly explanation?

3. Illustrate the word with examples?

4. Check students’ understanding?

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Big Idea #4Provide Judicious Practice

PracticePracticePractice

Tier 3 students may require 10 to 30 times as many practice opportunities as peers.

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Provide Judicious Practice

Initial Practice Occurs under watchful eye of the teacher

Provide numerous practice opportunities within the teacher-directed lesson to build accuracy. Provide immediate feedback after each item.

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Distributed Practice

Studying or practicing a skill in short sessions overtime.

Distributing practice overtime (versus massing practice in one session) aids retention in a variety of academic areas.

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Cumulative Review

Provide intentional review of previously taught skills/strategies/concepts /vocabulary/knowledge.

Goal is to increase long-term retention.

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Big Idea #5 Elicit frequent responses

Opportunities to respond related to: Increased academic achievement Increased on-task behavior Decreased behavioral challenges

Caveat - Only successful responding results in these outcomes.

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Elicit frequent responses Preview of Procedures

Verbal Response ProceduresChoralPartnersTeams/Huddle GroupsIndividual

Written Response ProceduresTypes of writing tasksWhiteboards Response Cards/Response Sheets

Action Response ProceduresActing out/SimulationsGesturesFacial ExpressionsHand Signals

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Elicit frequent responses

The active participation procedure should:

1. Match the purpose for eliciting the response

2. Include all students

3. Be used routinely

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Verbal Responses - Choral Responses

Use when answers are short & the sameUse when recall and rehearsal of facts is desiredUse for quick review of information

Students are looking at teacher Ask question Put up your hands to indicate silence Give thinking time Lower your hands as you say, “Everyone”

OR Simply say “Everyone”

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Students are looking at a common stimulus Point to stimulus Ask question Give thinking time Tap for response

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Hints for Choral Responses Provide adequate thinking time

Have students put up their thumbs or look at you to indicate adequate thinking time

If students don’t respond or blurt out an answer, repeat (Gentle Redo)

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Verbal Responses - PartnersUse when answers are long or differentUse for foundational and higher order questions

Partners

Assign partners

Pair lower performing students with middle performing students

Give partners a number (#1 or #2)

Sit partners next to each other

Utilize triads when appropriate (#1 #2 #2)

Effective secondary procedure - Prepare a seating chart indicating names, partners, and numbers

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Verbal Responses - Partners

Other hints for partners

Teach students how to work togetherLook, Lean, and Whisper or

Look, Lean, Listen, and Whisper

Change partnerships occasionally (every three to six weeks)

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Uses of Partners

1. Responding to a question, task, or directive

2. Teaching information to a partner

3. Studying with a partner

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Partner Uses1. Responding to a question, task, or directive

Saying answer to partner (Partners First)

1. Ask a question

2. Give students thinking time

3. Provide a verbal or written sentence starter

4. Have students share answers with their partners using the sentence starter

5. Call on a student to give answer

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Verbal Responses- Partner UsesTeaching information to a partner

Worked Items –

① Students complete item

② Teacher provides feedback and students correct item

③ Using the worked item, students teach the information to their partner

Study Materials - Graphic organizers, maps, diagrams, charts, Power Point slides, drawings, notes, vocabulary log, etc

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Verbal Responses- Partner UsesTeaching information to a partner

Study Materials

① Students complete study material such as: Graphic organizers, maps, diagrams, charts, Power Point

slides, drawings, notes, vocabulary log

② Students teach the content to their partner

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Verbal Responses - Individual Turns

Less desirable practices

#1. Calling on volunteers

Guidelines: Call on volunteers only when answer relates to

personal experience

Don’t call on volunteers when answer is product of instruction or reading

Randomly call on students

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Verbal Responses - Individual Turns Less desirable practices

#2. Calling on inattentive students

Guidelines: Don’t call on inattentive students Wait to call on student when he/she is attentive

To regain attention of students: Use physical proximity Give directive to entire class Ask students to complete quick, physical behavior

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Option #1 - Partner First

1. Ask a question

2. Give students thinking time

3. Provide a verbal or written sentence starter

4. Have students share answers with their partners using the sentence starter

5. Call on a student to give answer

6. Engage students in discussion using discussion sentence starters

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Option #2 - Question First

1. Ask a question

2. Raise your hands to indicate silence

3. Give thinking time

4. Call on a student

5. Provide feedback on answer OR

Engage students in a discussion

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Verbal Responses- Individual Turns

Procedures for randomly calling on students

Procedure #1 - Write names on cards or stick. Pull a stick and call on a student.

Procedure #2 - Use ipad or iphone app (e.g., Teacher’s Pick, Stick Pick, or Pick Me!)

Procedure #3 - Use two decks of playing cards. Tape cards from one deck to desks. Pull a card from other deck and call on a student.

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Written Responses Response Type

- Answers- Sentence starter- Writing frame - Personal notes- Highlighting – Underlining- Marking the Text- Brainstorming- Quick writes- Quick draws- Warm-up activity (Do Now)- Exit Ticket

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Written Responses Response Slates (white boards)

Give directive

Have students write answers on individual whiteboards

When adequate response time has been given, have students display slates

Give feedback to students

Note: “Virtual white boards” can be created using heavy sheet protectors or plastic plates.

Note: If ipad tablets are used by students, a “virtual white board” app canbe used.

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Written Responses

Response cards Have students write possible responses on cards or paper or provide

prepared cardsExamples:Simple responses: Yes, No; True - False; a.b.c.d., I.2.3.4

Punctuation Marks: . ? ! , “ “ Branches of Government: Legislative, Executive, JudicialMath Vocabulary Terms: perimeter, area

Ask a question Have students select best response card Ask students to hold up response card Monitor responses and provide feedback

Note: Utilize a Response Sheet. Label sides: True, False; 1 2 3 4; yes no; a b c d.

Note: Utilize a RED/GREEN card. On the screen write the response choices in red and green. For example: True/False, Fiction/Non-fiction

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Action Responses

Act out Students act out historical event,

vocabulary term, concept, or process

Students participate in simulationExample: Stock market

United Nation

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Action Responses

Gestures Students indicate answers with gestures

Facial expressions Students indicate answer with facial expression Example: “Show me despondent.” “Show me not

despondent.”

Hand signals Students indicate answer by holding up fingers to match

numbered answer

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Action Responses

Hand signals1. Display numbered items on the screen

Example: 1. elude 2. intention 3. reluctant

2. Carefully introduce and model hand signals3. Ask a question 4. Have students form answer (e.g., 3 fingers to

indicate item #3) on their desks5. When adequate thinking time has been given,

have students hold up hand

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Big Idea #6 Carefully monitor responses

Walk around.

Look around.

Talk around.

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Big Idea #6 Carefully monitor responses

As you carefully listen to and look at student responses, ask yourself these questions:

1. Are the responses correct or incorrect?

2. If the response(s) is incorrect, what type of correction procedure should be used?

3. If the response(s) is correct, what type of affirmation/praise would be appropriate?

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Carefully monitor responses

4. What adaptations, if any, should be made in the current lesson?

a. Can the lesson go forward?b. Should confusing facts, concepts, skills, or strategies be

retaught immediately?c. Should additional practice be provided within the lesson?

5. What adaptations, if any, should be made in future lessons?

a. Should facts, concepts, skills, or strategies be retaught?b. Should additional practice be provided?

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Big Idea #7. Provide feedback

Praise/Acknowledge

Encourage/Support

Correct errors Correct errors with the individual or the group. Correct with a neutral affect. Use: I do it. We do it. You do it.

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Provide feedback

Corrections are: Provided Immediate Specific and informative Focused on the correct versus incorrect response Delivered with appropriate tone Ended with students giving correct response

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Provide feedback

Praise is: contingent (IF – THEN) specific provided for noteworthy performance focused on achievement and effort rather than

personality attributes comparing students to themselves rather than to

other positive, credible, genuine

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Big Idea #8 Maintain a brisk pace Prepare for the lesson.

Use instructional routines.

When you get a response, move on.

Avoid verbosity.

Avoid digressions.

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Utilize all of our knowledge about excellent instruction

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This will take careful planning …

Magic red shoes would help

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We will get to the destination

But it will take

brains,hearts,and courage

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TEACH WITH PASSION

MANAGE WITH COMPASSION

How well you teach =

How well they learn

1 explicit instruction - pathway to the common core state standards big ideas

Documents

critical content big

feedback big idea

instruction design

difficult slide

complex skills big idea

frequent responses big

explicit instruction

brisk pace slide