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Ethnic Humor

by Don L. F. Nilsen and

Alleen Pace Nilsen

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Ethnic Stereotypes:

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DAVE CHAPELLE: “White People”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uvg-ug9CvE

DAVE CHAPELLE: “Black and White People’s Food”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SB8AozV1TD0&faeture=related

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Humor is in all Cultures

• Mahadev Apte observes, “not only does humor occur in all human cultures, it also pervades all aspects of human behavior, thinking, and sociocultural reality; it occurs in an infinite variety of forms and uses varied modalities.”

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Anthropology vs. Folkore

• Elliott Oring says, “Anthropology focuses on the concept of culture whereas folklore emphasizes the notion of tradition.”

• “Folklorists would confront humor because a number of the traditions they studied—tales, songs, proverbs—were humorous.”

• “Indeed, jokes and other forms of humorous expression would come to be recognized as the preeminent forms of folkloric expression in contemporary urban society.”

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Ethnic Joke TargetsJOKER:

America

Australia

Canada

Brazil

Colombia

Denmark

Egypt

England

Finland

France

Guatemala

Germany

Greece

India

TARGET:

Poles

Tasmanians

Newfies

Portuguese

Pastusos

Aarhusians

Sa’idis

Irishmen

Karelians

Belgians

Guitecos

Ostfrieslanders

Pontians

Sikhs

JOKER:

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Pakistan

Russia

Scotland

South Africa

Spain

Sweden

Turkey

Wales

TARGET:

Turks

Kurds

Kerrymen

Yucatecos

Belgians

Maoris

Sikhs

Ukrainians

Irishmen

Afrikaners

Gallegos

Finns

Laz

Irishmen

ETHNIC SLURS:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F67JhKT5bxU

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Ethnic Joke Targets

• Christie Davies says that those in the second column live on the geographical, economic, cultural or linguistic periphery of the peoples in the first column.

• The marginalized groups learn about the mainstream groups, but the mainstream groups remain ignorant of the marginalized groups.

• The joke tellers identify with the target groups and see them as comically stupid versions of themselves.

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• Christie Davies’ findings are consistent with A. R. Radcliffe-Brown’s findings:

• The best joking relationship between two groups is when the groups exhibit “both attachment and separation, both social conjunction and social disjunction.”

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ETHNIC HUMOR AS SWORD OR SHIELD

• Depending on its context, humor can be offensive (aimed at ridicule of an ethnic group),

• Or it can be defensive (aimed at protecting a group from ridicule),

• Or it can be both at the same time.

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ETHNIC STEREOTYPES

• HEAVEN is the place where the cooks are French, the police are English, the mechanics are German, the lovers are Italian, and everything is organized by the Swiss.

• HELL is where the cooks are English, the police are German, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and everything is organized by the Italians.

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• Many jokes contain ethnic stereotypes.

• Christie Davies says, “To become angry about such jokes and to seek to censor them because they impinge on sensitive issues is about as sensible as smashing a thermometer because it reveals how hot it is.”

HAROLD AND KUMAR ESCAPE FROMGUANTANAMO BAY:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKuUMY6URXQ

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ETHNIC VS. POLITICAL JOKES

• Alan Dundes says that Americans have more ethnic than political jokes because America has a free press where politicians and politics are lambasted on a daily basis.

• Americans therefore have little need for oral political jokes.

• But because people are often uncomfortable discussing such subjects as sexuality or racism, these tend to become the hidden subjects of joke cycles.

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INSIDERS VS. OUTSIDERS

• Why aren’t Jews concerned about the abortion controversy?

• Because they don’t consider a fetus viable until after it graduates from medical school.

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• If the tellers or listeners of this joke are gentiles, it may be anti-semitic, criticizing Jews as being overly ambitious and arrogant.

• But if the tellers or listeners are Jews, it may be an expression of Jewish pride and the extraordinarily high standards of child rearing.

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• When a group member tells an ethnic or religious joke, it opens the door for inner-group communication and invites group members to examine their attitudes and behavior.

• But if outsiders tell the same joke, the effect is the opposite, because the outsider focuses on the group’s most obvious characteristics and implies that these characteristics belong to everyone in the group.

• Because outsiders have little power to bring about internal change, the effect is to stereotype the group, and this lessens the chances for change.

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Jokes

• Most good joke-tellers do not memorize jokes.

• They simply remember the punch-line, the theme of the joke and possibly a particularly good jab line or two.

• And then they reinvent the story each time it is told.

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JOKE TARGETS

• Christie Davies says that Americans consider Poles, Italians, and Portuguese stupid, and Jews, Scots, New Englanders and Iowans as canny.

• Canadians consider Newfies as stupid and Jews, Scots and Nova Scotians as canny.

• Mexicans consider people from Yucatan as stupid and people from Monterey as canny.

• Nigerians consider Hausas as stupid and the Ibos as canny.

• The English, Welsh and French consider the Irish, Belgians and Swiss as stupid, and the Scots and Jews as canny.

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Margaret Mead

• Derek Freeman writes that anthropologists need to know the cultures they are studying.

• “Margaret Mead did not speak Samoan and in large measure became a victim of the Samoan sense of humor—what fun it must have been for lively young Samoans to deceive this tiny, pink, foolish American woman who was asking them silly questions.”

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• The Samoans were playing a practical joke on Margaret Mead.

• For example, she was deceived into thinking there was no rape in Samoa (which had a far higher incidence of that crime than most other societies).

STUFF WHITE PEOPLE LIKE:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3FZhobYTXI%feature-related

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M.I.C.H.• Robert Priest, a psychologist at West Point Military Academy,

has proposed what he calls the MICH Theory of Moderate Intergroup Conflict Humor.

• He says that people will not use humor with each other unless there is some kind of tension or strong feeling.

• However, when feelings go beyond the moderate level then humor exacerbates, rather than helps a negative situation.

• Therefore, the most amusing jokes are usually found in the middle ranges, because this is where the hostility does not overpower the humor.

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LARRY MINTZ’S STAGES OF ETHNIC HUMOR

1. Critical Humor Targeting the Ethnic Group (e.g. Harpo Marx)

2. Self-Deprecatory Humor about the Ethnic Group (e.g. Chico Marx)

3. Realistic Humor Accepting Integration (e.g. Groucho Marx)

4. Critical Humor Targeting Mainstream Culture (e.g. Woody Allen, Lenny Bruce, Mel Brooks)

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RADIO ETHNICITY

• During the “golden age” of radio, ethnic voices were fun to hear.

• One radio show which ran during the 1940s was named “Allen’s Alley,” and featured Fred Allen.

• There was a loudmouth Irishman named Ajax Cassidy, a farmer named Titus Moody, and a pompous Southerner named Senator Beauregard Claghorn, whose signature line was “that’s a joke, son!”

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• Kenny Delmar modeled the Claghorn character after a Texas rancher who had given Delmar a ride in his Model-T ford.

• Even today there is a Warner Brothers’ cartoon character by the name of Foghorn Leghorn who is modeled after Beauregard Claghorn.

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TARGETS OF ETHNIC HUMOR

• Christie Davies says that the most common targets of ethnic humor, “live on the geographical, economic, or linguistic edge of the society or culture where the jokes are told, live in small communities, or rural areas on the periphery of a nation, are immigrants concentrated in blue-collar occupations. There is no evidence that the targets are stupid, but they occupy stupid locations.”

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CHINESE ETHNICITY

• Chinese writer Frank Chin has criticized Maxine Hong Kingston for Woman Warrior, Amy Tan for The Joy Luck Club, and David Henry Hwang for his plays F.O.B., and M. Butterfly.

• He accuses these writers of “boldly faking” Chinese fairy tales and childhood literature.

JO KOY: “Chinese People”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw_3O4f5smo

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• Kingston responded, “Sociologists have criticized me for not knowing myths and for distorting them.”

• She explains that in China, pirates illegally translate her books for publication in Taiwan and China.

• These pirates “correct” her myths, and revise them to make them conform to traditional Chinese versions.

• “They don’t understand that myths have to change, be useful or be forgotten.”

• “Like the people who carry them across oceans, the myths become American.”

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CONCLUSION

• We must keep some basic principles in mind as we look at ethnic humor:

• Someone else’s ethnic identification does not seem as important as does our own.

• The appreciation of ethnic humor correlates with how much we know about, and identify with, the joke target.

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• Humor is a tool that can be used either for building up or tearing down relationships.

• A joke told by a member of the targeted group is quite different from the same joke when it is told by an outsider.

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• We must also be aware that ethnic humor now has an edge it didn’t used to have.

• Toward the end of his career, Groucho Marx began to worry about some of the most talented comedians he knew who would soon be out of work because dialect humor was falling out of fashion.

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• The inscrutable Charlie Chan’s pidgin English disappeared from the airwaves and so did Tonto’s manly grunting.

• Children no longer read El Gordo comic strips, and both Beulah and Amos ‘n’ Andy disappeared.

• In 1970, Bill Dana gave up telling jokes through the voice of his popular Jose Jimenez character, and Frito-Lay discontinued its Frito Bandito commercials.

MARGARET CHO TALKS ABOUT RACEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc6mLwOa2Ig

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