DMITRI MENDELEEVORGANIZED KNOWN ELEMENTS INTO A TABLEPOSITIONED ELEMENTS SO ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES IN COLUMNSRECOGNIZED THAT PROPERTIES REPEATED PERIODICALLY IN A PATTERN

MENDELEEVS PT

MENDELEEVS PREDICTIONSPREDICTED PROPERTIES OF YET UNDISCOVERED ELEMENTSPREDICTIONS BASED ON TRENDS IN COLUMNS AND ROWSPREDICTIONS WERE VERY ACCURATE

PREDICTED PROPERTIES

MODERN PREDICTIONS

MODERN PERIODIC TABLEMODERN PERIODIC TABLE IS ARRANGED BASED ON ATOMIC NUMBER

LONG FORM PT

TYPES OF ELEMENTS

GROUP NAMES

METALLOSES ELECTRONS WHEN REACTINGTYPICALLY HAS 1-3 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND LEFT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

NONMETALGAINS ELECTRONS WHEN REACTINGTYPICALLY HAS 5-7 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND RIGHT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

METALLOIDCAN GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS WHEN REACTING A SUBSTANCE HAVING 3-5 VALENCE ELECTRONSFOUND ALONG THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE

NOBLE GASESDO NOT GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS SO THEY DO NOT REACTHAVE FULL VALENCE SHELL (2 FOR He AND 8 FOR OTHERS)FOUND IN RIGHTMOST COLUMN OF PERIODIC TABLE

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICSALL HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONSSIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIESTRENDS OF DENSITY, MP, BP TREND OF INCREASING OR DECREASING REACTIVITY

PERIODIC LAWPROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS TEND TO REPEAT IN A PATTERN WHEN THE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER

ATOMIC SIZE PATTERNSGET SMALLER GOING FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS A PERIODADDING PROTONS PULLS ENERGY LEVELS CLOSERELECTRONS ADDED TO VALENCE SHELLGET LARGER GOING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM IN A GROUPNEED MORE ENERGY LEVELS TO FIT ALL ELECTRONS

ION SIZESCATIONS ARE SMALLER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMSLOST VALENCE SHELL, SO FEWER ENERGY LEVELSANIONS ARE LARGER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMSADDED ELECTRONS REPELL TO MAKE VALENCE SHELL LARGER

UNITS FOR ATOM SIZEANGSTROMS () = 1 x 10-10 mPICOMETERS (pm) = 1 x 10-12 m

*ATOMS AND CATIONS

*ATOMS AND ANIONS

ATOMIC SIZE (in pm)

IONIZATION ENERGYENERGY INPUT NEEDED TO REMOVE THE OUTERMOST VALENCE ELECTRON FROM AN ATOMINCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHTDECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

ELECTRON AFFINITYENERGY RELEASED WHEN AN ELECTRON IS ADDED TO AN ATOMINCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHTDECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

IE & AFFINITY TRENDS

REACTIVITY TRENDSMETALS BECOME MORE REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUPNONMETALS BECOME LESS REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUP

ALKALI METAL PROPERTIESLOW DENSITYLOW MELTING POINTSGOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITYSILVER IN COLORSOFT+1 CATION

ALKALI METALS REACTIONSREACT EASILY WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDESREACT EXOTHERMICALLY WITH WATER TO FORM STRONG BASES (METAL HYDROXIDES) AND H2 GASMUST BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O2 COMBINE WITH HALOGENS TO FORM SALTS

HYDROGENNOT AN ALKALI METALIN SAME FAMILY DUE TO HAVING 1 VALENCE ELECTRONREACTS WITH HALOGENS BY SHARING ELECTRONSREACTS WITH ALKALI METALS BY FORMING A -1 ANION CALLED HYDRIDE

ALKALINE EARTH METAL PROPERTIESSIMILAR TO ALKALI METALSDO NOT NEED TO BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O2 (FORM HARD OUTER LAYER THAT PREVENTS FURTHER REACTION)HARDER THAN ALKALI METALS+2 CATION

ALUMINUM FAMILYMETALS AND METALLOIDS+3 CATIONALUMINUM IS MOST ABUNDANT METAL IN EARTHS CRUST, FOUND AS OXIDE COMPOUND

CARBON FAMILYVARIETY OF PROPERTIESCARBON IS ONLY NONMETALSILICON AND GERMANIUM ARE METALLOIDSTIN AND LEAD ARE MULTI-VALENCE METALS

ALLOTROPESDIFFERENT FORMS OF AN ELEMENTCARBON: GRAPHITE, DIAMOND, FULLERENESOXYGEN: O2 AND O3PHOSPHORUS: RED AND WHITE

NITROGEN FAMILYN AND P ARE NONMETALSAs AND Sb ARE METALLOIDSBi IS METALNITROGEN IS ESSENTIAL IN LIVING THINGS, PART OF DNAWHITE PHOSPHORUS BURSTS INTO FLAME IN OXYGEN

OXYGEN FAMILYMOST ARE NONMETALS (Po IS METALLOID)-2 ANIONOXYGEN IS MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON EARTH & 2ND MOST REACTIVE ELEMENTSULFUR KNOWN FOR BAD SMELLING COMPOUNDS & HAS MANY ALLOTROPESSe IS POOR CONDUCTOR IN DARK BUT GOOD IN LIGHT (LIGHT SENSITIVE)

HALOGENSNONMETALS-1 ANION BUT ALSO SHARE ELECTRONSDIATOMICNOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM SINCE THEY ARE SO REACTIVEFORM SALTS WITH GROUP IA AND IIATOXIC, USED TO KILL AND DISINFECTF IMPORTANT TO PREVENT TOOTH DECAYI IMPORTANT TO THYROID HEALTH

NOBEL GASESFULL VALENCE SHELLUNREACTIVE (INERT)GASES

TRANSITION METALSSOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP, EXCEPT HgMOST ARE DUCTILE (PULLED INTO WIRE)MOST ARE MALLEABLE (CAN BE RE-SHAPED)

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