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Database Application Database Application Security ModelsSecurity Models

Dr. Gabriel

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DefinitionsDefinitions

• Application:– Solves a problem

– Performs a specific business function

• Database: collection of related data files used by an application

• Application user: user within the application schema

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Types of UsersTypes of Users

• Types:– Application administrator

• Administering app users• No specific db privileges required

– Application owner• Owner of app-related db objects

– Application user• Use application

– Database administrator

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Types of UsersTypes of Users

– Database user• User with db privileges

– Proxy user• DB user with specific roles and privileges

– Isolating app users from db

– Schema owner• Owner of db objects

– Virtual user

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Security ModelsSecurity Models

• Access Matrix Model:– Represents two main entities: objects and

subjects:• Columns represent objects• Rows represent subjects

– Objects: tables, views, procedures, database objects

– Subjects: users, roles, privileges, modules

– Authorization cell

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Security Models (continued)Security Models (continued)

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Security Models (continued)Security Models (continued)

• Access Modes Model:– Based on the Take-Grant model

• Uses objects and subjects• Specifies access modes: static and dynamic

modes

– Access levels: a subject has access to objects at its level and all levels below it

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Security Models (continued)Security Models (continued)

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Security Models (continued)Security Models (continued)

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Application TypesApplication Types

• Client/Server applications:– Management Information System (MIS)

department:• Thirty year ago centralized information• Developed mainframe projects• Was a bottleneck

– Personal computer was introduced: developing need for client/server applications

– Based on the business model

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Client/Server ApplicationsClient/Server Applications

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Client/Server Applications (continued)Client/Server Applications (continued)

• Provides a flexible and scalable structure• Components:

– User interface

– Business logic

– Data access

• Components usually spread out over several tiers:– Minimum two

– Normally, four to five

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Client/Server Applications (continued)Client/Server Applications (continued)

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Web ApplicationsWeb Applications

• Evolved with the rise of dot-com and Web-based companies

• Uses the Web to connect and communicate to the server

• A Web application uses HTML pages created using:– ActiveX

– Java applets or beans

– ASP (Active Server Pages)

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Web Applications (continued)Web Applications (continued)

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Web Applications (continued)Web Applications (continued)

• Components:– Web browser layer

– Web server layer

– Application server layer

– Business logic layer

– Database server layer

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Web Applications (continued)Web Applications (continued)

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Data Warehouse ApplicationsData Warehouse Applications

• Used in decision-support applications• Collection of many types of data taken from a

number of different databases• Typically composed of a database server• Accessed by software applications or reporting

applications: online analytical processing (OLAP)

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Data Warehouse Applications Data Warehouse Applications (continued)(continued)

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Application Security ModelsApplication Security Models

• Models:– Database role based

– Application role based

– Application function based

– Application role and function based

– Application table based

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database RolesRoles

• Application authenticates application users: maintain all users in a table

• Each user is assigned a role; roles have privileges assigned to them

• A proxy user is needed to activate assigned roles; all roles are assigned to the proxy user

• Model and privileges are database dependent

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Implementation in SQL Server:– Use application roles:

• Special roles you that are activated at the time of authorization

• Require a password and cannot contain members

– Connect a user to the application role: overrules user’s privileges

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Implementation in SQL Server (continued):– Create and drop application roles using the

command line:• CREATE APPLICATION ROLE• DROP APPLICATION ROLE

– You can activate application roles using SP_SETAPPROLE

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Implementation in SQL Server (continued):– Connect to database as the proxy user

– Validate the user name and password

– Retrieve the application role name

– Activate the application role

• Great article on app roles:– SQL Server Security: Pros and Cons of Application Roles

By Brian Kelley

– http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/Security/sqlserversecurityprosandconsofapplicationroles/1116/

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Security Model Based on Database Security Model Based on Database Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• ExampleCREATE LOGIN appuser WITH PASSWORD = 'appuserpwd'

CREATE USER appuser FOR LOGIN appuser;

CREATE APPLICATION ROLE approle WITH PASSWORD = 'approlepwd'

create table t (col1 int, col2 int)

insert into t values (1,2)

grant select on t to approle

select * from t

SP_SETAPPROLE approle,'approlepwd'

select * from t

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application RolesRoles

• Application roles are mapped to real business roles

• Application authenticates users• Each user is assigned to an application role;

application roles are provided with application privileges (read and write)

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Implementation in SQL Server– Create a database user

– Connect the application to the database using this user

– Create stored procedures to perform all database operations

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Example:grant select, insert, update, delete on t to appuser

create table tusers(userid varchar(50) primary key,pwd varchar(50) not null)

insert into tusers values ('bob','pwd')

create proc pverifylogin@id varchar(50),@pwd varchar(50)asselect count(*)from tuserswhere userid=@id and pwd=@pwd

exec pverifylogin 'bob','pwd‘exec pverifylogin 'bob','pwd2'

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles (continued)Roles (continued)

• Example:CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY EncryptedData WITH ALGORITHM = DES ENCRYPTION BY PASSWORD='1234567'

OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY EncryptedData DECRYPTION BY PASSWORD ='1234567'

CREATE TABLE tencrypteddatatest (Data VARBINARY(255))

DECLARE @Key_GUID UNIQUEIDENTIFIER

SELECT @Key_GUID = Key_GUID FROM sys.symmetric_keys WHERE Name = 'EncryptedData'

INSERT INTO tencrypteddatatest (Data) VALUES (EncryptByKey(@Key_Guid, 'Bob', 1))

SELECT Data FROM tencrypteddatatest

SELECT CONVERT(VARCHAR(20), DecryptByKey(tencrypteddatatest.Data, 1)) AS Data FROM tencrypteddatatest

DROP TABLE tencrypteddatatest

CLOSE SYMMETRIC KEY EncryptedData

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application FunctionsFunctions

• Application authenticates users• Application is divided into functions• Considerations:

– Isolates application security from database

– Passwords must be securely encrypted

– Must use a real database user

– Granular privileges require more effort during implementation

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Functions (continued)Functions (continued)

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles and FunctionsRoles and Functions

• Combination of models• Application authenticates users• Application is divided into functions• Highly flexible model

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Roles and Functions (continued)Roles and Functions (continued)

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application TablesTables

• Depends on the application to authenticate users

• Application provides privileges to the user based on tables; not on a role or a function

• User is assigned access privilege to each table owned by the application owner

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application TablesTables

• Privileges:– 0 -no access

– 1 –read only

– 2 – read and add

– 3 –read, add, and modify

– 4 – read, add, modify, and delete

– 5 – read, add, modify, delete, and admin

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Tables (continued)Tables (continued)

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Security Model Based on Application Security Model Based on Application Tables (continued)Tables (continued)

• Implementation in SQL Server:– Grant authorization on application functions to

the end user

– Alter authorization table from the security model based on database roles; incorporate the table and access columns required to support model

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Application Security ModelsApplication Security Models

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Application Security Models Application Security Models (continued)(continued)

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Data EncryptionData Encryption

• Passwords should be kept confidential and preferably encrypted

• Passwords should be compared encrypted:– Never decrypt the data

– Hash the passwords and compare the hashes

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Questions ?Questions ?