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1 Slide 2 Contributors Dr. Hamiz Uddin Ahmed, Former Director Research, BARI Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Former Additional Director, DAE Dr. Abu Taher Mia, Former CSO, P. Path., BRRI Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Department of Entomology, SAU Prof. Dr. Shaker Ahmed, Dept. of Management Studies, University of Dhaka 2 Center for Resource Development Studies Ltd Slide 3 Objectives The Specific Objectives of the study are: Listing of major and minor pests. Identification of pests likely to be associated with a pathway. Identification of potential for entry, establishment and spread. Identification of potential economic and environment impacts. Identification of control measures and potential impacts of such measure. Assessment of potential loss by the pests Preparation of report on risk analysis of the pests following the relevant ISPMs 3 Slide 4 Study Areas 4 SerialDistrictUpazila (60)Remarks 1. SylhetGolapganj, Gowainghat, Balagong, Bianibazar 10 Blocks/Upazila 10 farmers/Block 100 farmers/Upazila 6000 total farmers 2. MoulvibazarShrimangol, Kulaura, Juri, Barlekha. 3. HabigonjChunarughat, Bahubal, Sadar. 4. NarsingdiShibgong, Monohardi, Belabo, Raipura. 5. GazipurKaliganj, Kapasia. 6. DhakaSavar, Dhamrai. 7. ManikganjSingair, Saturia. 8. MymensinghSadar, Gauripur, Ishwarganj, Haluaghat. 9. TangailShohipur, Modhupur, Dhanbari, Delduar. 10. SherpurSadar, Nalitabari. 11. ComillaChabdina, Daudkandi, Burichang. 12. ChittagongPatiya, Sitakunda, Mirsharai. 13. KhahrashariSadar, Dighinala, Pancharii, Mahalchari, Ramgarh, Matiranga. 14. RangamatiKaptai, Langadu, Bagaichari. 15. BandarbanSadar, Lama, Ruma. 16 PabnaIshwardi, Atgharia. 17. RajshahiPaba, Puthia. 18. JessoreBagherpara, Jhikorgacha. 19 ChuadangaSadar, Alamdanga. 20. JhenidhaSadar, Kaliganj. Slide 5 5 Field data included- Insect pests and diseases of citrus recorded during field survey Farmers profile Farmers information on economic loss due to insect pests and diseases Farmers information on new insect pests, diseases and weeds Information of DAE/Research personnel on citrus insect pests and diseases Farmers information on citrus insect pests and diseases The findings are presented in Appendix IV- X Slide 6 Crops and Varieties of Citrus Grown in Bangladesh 6 SL. No. Local name Common name Scientific nameVarieties 1Elachi lebuLemonCitrus limon BARI lebu-1, 2 & 3 BAU lebu-2, BAU lebu-3 2Kagozi lebuLimeC. aurantifoliaBAU Kagzi lebu-1 3Batabi lebuPummeloC. grandis BARI Batabi lebu-1, 2, 3 & 4 BAU Jambura-1 & 2 4KamolaMandarinC. reticulata BARI Kamola-1 Khashi, Nagpuri, Darjiling 5Satkara C. macropteraBARI Satkara-1 6MaltaSweet orangeC. sinensisBARI Malta-1 7JamirCitroneC. medicaLocal variety 8Ada lebuCitroneC. assamensisLocal variety 9Jara lebuCitroneC. pennivesiculataLocal Variety Slide 7 Area (ha)and Production (MT)of Citrus in Bangladesh (2010-11) 7 Total Area 5,995 ha and Production 1, 36,756 M. tons Source: BBS. 2011 Region OrangePummeloLime and LemonOther citrus fruits All Citrus AreaProduc.AreaProduc.AreaProduc.AreaProduc. AreaProduc Bandarban422672154111861431978462899 Chittagong3008453711451101-781220+2261 Comilla----6194-10236+1217 Khagrachari38249567163100172-244549+1074 Noakhali-----534-1090-1624 Rangamati15449339236181972317354052436 Sylhet2081005352099602057--12033271 Dhaka05284329945222339209910734653 Faridpur--2568728553330441303967 Jamalpur----11362-4511+407 Kishorgonj--041681796802622231758 Mymensinghh--274211144113081961494730 Tangail----96773-17596+248 Barisal----162097-287416+4971 Jessore--455451331356125321902433 Khulna--7415316513667911063182625 Kushtia--303342451448-245275+2027 Patuakhali--36772668724191672691 Bogra-----246-270516 Dinajpur32223914471351184-133206+2750 Pabna--316811015-18984+1220 Rajshahi--9572742037-135283+2229 Rangpur-213451354031054502421 Bangladesh8532998746591984083546133131994759951, 36,756 Slide 8 8 Map Showing the Major Citrus Growing Areas in Bangladesh Slide 9 9 Map Showing the Selected 20 Districts of Citrus under Study Slide 10 Methodology: Risk Analysis Recorded citrus pests in Bangladesh through: - Field survey and primary data collection. - Secondary data collection. - Internet searching. Recorded citrus pests of the world. Identified quarantine pests for Bangladesh. Ascertain the potential hazard organisms associated with fresh fruit of Citrus species in the country of origin namely Bhutan, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Pakistan, South Africa and USA. Risk assessment and risk management. 10 Slide 11 11 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 01. Lemon (Citrus limon) (Elachi lebu, Colombo lebu ) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.Minor Citrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Minor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus whiteflyDialeurodes citri AshmeadMinor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Bark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)Minor Citrus stem borer Chelidonium cinctum Guerin-Meneville Minor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor TermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect Pests of Citrus in Bangladesh Slide 12 12 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 02. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Kagozi lebu) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.Minor Citrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinor Citrus mealybugPseudococcus virgatus CockrellMinor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus Leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Bark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)Minor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor TermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 13 13 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 03. Mandarin (Citrus raticulata) (Kamola) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Minor Lemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.Minor Citrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMajor Black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Minor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Citrus bug Rhynchocoris humeralis Thunberg Minor Orange spined bugBiprorulus bibax BreddinMajor Bark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)Minor Citrus stem borer Chelidonium cinctum Guerin-Meneville Minor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor TermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 14 14 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 04. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) (Malta) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.Minor Citrus Leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMajor Black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe Minor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Orange spined bugBiprorulus bibax BreddinMajor Bark and stem borerIndarbela quadrinotata (Walker)Minor Citrus stem borer Chelidonium cinctum Guerin- Meneville Minor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor TermiteOdontotermes obesus RamburMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 15 15 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 05. Pummelo (Citrus maxima) (Batabi lebu) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyPapilio polytes L.Minor Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskellMajor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina CoqMinor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Major Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMajor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus virgatus Cockrell Minor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis HendelMinor Citrus blackfly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Minor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Bark and stem borer Indarbela quadrinotata (Walker) Minor Citrus stem borer Chelidonium cinctum Guerin- Meneville Minor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor Termite Odontotermes obesus Rambur Minor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 16 16 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 06. Citrone (Citrus jamhiri) (Jamir) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyP. polytes L.Minor Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Citrus mealybugPlanococcus citri RissoMinor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 17 17 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 07. Satkara (Citrus macroptera) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyP. polytes L.Minor Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Citrus blackflyAleurocanthus woglumi AshbyMinor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 18 18 Sl. No.Name of CropsName of insect pestsScientific nameStatus 08. Ada lebu (Citrus assamensis) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyP. polytes L.Minor Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Citrus blackfly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Minor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor 09. Jara lebu (Citrus pennivesiculata) Lemon butterflyPapilio demoleus L.Major Lemon butterflyP. polytes L.Minor Citrus leaf minerPhyllocnistis citrella St.Major Citrus red scaleAonidiella aurantii MaskelMinor Citrus yellow scaleAonidiella citrina Coq.Minor Citrus mealybug Pseudococcus filamentosus Cockrell Minor Asian citrus psyllidDiaphornia citri KuwayanaMinor Citrus blackfly Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Minor Citrus leaf folderPsorosticha zizyphi StaintonMinor Citrus thripsScirtothrips dorsalis HoodMinor Citrus red mitePanonychus citri (McGregor)Minor Crop-wise Insect pest Contd Slide 19 19 Leaf miner Infested leaves Infested fruit LBF Larva Infested leaves Nymphs and adult of Asian citrus psyllid Red scale insect Citrus mealybug lime fruits Fire ant nest and infested twig Oriental fruit fly Infested malta fruit Major Insect Pests of Citrus in Bangladesh Slide 20 20 SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 1. Lemon (Citrus limon) Elachi lebu Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk. Minor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Major TristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajor PsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinor GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor Blue/Green moldPenicillium sp.Minor Damping-offPythium spp., Rhizoctonia solaniMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor MelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. WolfMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similis Minor Crop-wise Diseases of Citrus with Causal Organisms in Bangladesh Slide 21 21 SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 2. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) Kagozi lebu Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Major Greening Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Major Blue/Green moldPenicillium sp.Minor Scab Elsinoe fawcettii Bitancourt and Jenk. Minor AnthracnoseColletotrichum gloeosporioideMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor MelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. WolfMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similis Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 22 22 SL. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 3. Pummelo (Citrus maxima) Batabi lebu GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMajor Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major AnthracnoseColletotrichum gloeosporioideMinor GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMajor TristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajor PsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similis Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 23 23 Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 4. Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Malta Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Major GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk. Minor Blue/Green moldPenicillium sp.Minor Pink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similis Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 24 24 Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 5. Mandrin (Citrus reticulata) Kamola Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Minor Blue/Green moldPenicillium sp.Minor Pink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinor GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor MelanoseDiaporthe citri F.A. WolfMinor Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk. Minor Damping-offPythium spp., Rhizoctonia solaniMinor Foam diseaseUnknownMinor TristezaCitrus tristeza virusMajor PsorosisCitrus psorosis virusMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similes Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 25 25 Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 6. Citrone (Citrus jamhiri) Jamir Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Minor GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinor GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor ScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.Minor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Minor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similes Minor 7. Citrone (Citrus macroptera) Satkara Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major ScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk.Minor Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Minor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similes Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 26 26 Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 8. Citrone (Citrus assamensis) Ada lebu Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Major Scab Elsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and Jenk. Major GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMinor Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor Pink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similes Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 27 27 Sl. No.CropDiseaseCausal OrganismStatus 9. Citrone (Citrus pennivesiculata) Jara lebu Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Hasse) Vauterin et al. Major Die-back Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, Diplodia natalensis, Fusarium spp. Major ScabElsinoe fawcetii Bitancourt and JenkMajor GreeningCandidatus Liberibacter asiaticusMinor Sooty moldCapnodium citricolaMinor GummosisPhytophthora citrophthoraMajor Pink diseaseBotrybasidium salmonicolorMinor Nematode Tylenchus semepenitrans, Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus similes Minor Crop-wise diseases Contd Slide 28 28 Major diseases of Citrus in Bangladesh Canker Die-back Scab Gummosis Tristeza Slide 29 Why PRA is needed? Provides rationale for phytosanitary measures. Helps identification of potential quarantine pests. Assess probability of entry, establishment, spread and consequences economic, environmental and health. Overcome unnecessary barrier on international trade. 29 Slide 30 Steps in import risk analysis Description of commodity and Import pathway. Hazard Identification. Risk Assessment of Potential Hazards. Assessment of Uncertainties. Analysis of Measures to Mitigate Biosecurity Risks. Risk Evaluation. Option evaluation. Review and Consultation. 30 Slide 31 Commodity Description Genus description: Citrus Species description: Bangladesh is importing C. reticulata (orange, mandarin/tangerine) and C. sinensis (sweet orange, malta) 31 Slide 32 Description of Import pathways Citrus fruits in orchard Field monitoring and treatment Harvesting, inspection, treatment Packing, transport to Bangladesh Cargo declaration 32 Slide 33 Import pathway of citrus (Contd) Fruits be transported to Bangladesh through any of the two sea, three air, 21 land or one River ports. However, it should be specified in the import permit. Fruit inspection in boarder. Fruit released for marketing or Re-shipment or destroyed. Distributed throughout Bangladesh. 33 Citrus fruits in orchard Field monitoring and treatment Harvesting, inspection, treatment Packing, transport to Bangladesh Cargo declaration Fruit inspection in boarder Fruit released for marketing Re-shipment or destroyed Distributed throughout Bangladesh Slide 34 Hazard identification Sixty-one organisms and pathogens are identified as potential hazards associated with citrus fruits in different citrus growing countries of the world. Of which 36 species were insects and mites and 25 species were pathogen. In Bangladesh 21 insect and mite pests and 14 diseases were recorded on citrus. Fifteen insect pests and six diseases (pathogen) were identified as quarantine pests for Bangladesh and grouped on the basis of taxonomy and biology. 34 Slide 35 35 Sl. No. Quarantine insect pests Crops Common nameScientific name 01.Brwon citrus aphidToxoptera citricida KirkaldyAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids 02.California Citrus thripsScirtothrips citri MoultonAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids 03.South African citrus thripsScirtothrips aurantii FaureAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids 04.African citrus psyllidTrioza erytreae (Del Guercio) Lemon, lime, mandarin, pummelo, sweet orange, grape fruit 05.Citrus snow scaleUnaspis citri (Comstock) lime, lemon, sour orange, pomelo, sweet orange, grapefruit 06.Cottony cushion scaleIcerya purchasi Maskellall citrus and woody plants 07.Asian fruit fly Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White Lemon, sweet orange, mandarin, pummelo, sour orange, grapefruit 08. Mediterranean fruit fly/ Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Lime, lemon, pomelo, sweet orange, sour orange, mandarin 09.Asian papaya fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock Lime, lemon, pomelo, mandarin 10.Queensland fruit flyBactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)Lime, lemon, mandarin, rough lemon 11.Southern fire antSolenopsis xyloni McCookAll Citrus spp. and their hybrids 12. White spotted longicorn beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)Pomelo, sour orange, sweet orange 13.Fruit sucking mothOphideres materna CramerMandarin, lemon, orange 14.Citrus gall waspBruchophagus fellis (Girault)lemon, orange,, rough lemon 15.Lewis spider miteEotetranychus lewisi (McGregor)Citrus spp. Quarantine Insect Pests of Citrus for Bangladesh Slide 36 36 Sl. No.Quarantine DiseasesCrops (Prohibited articles) 01.Greening (African greening of citrus Candidatus liberaribacter africanus (African form) Entire or any part of the following living plants (excluding flowers, fruits, and seeds) (1) Calodendrum capense (2) Catharanthus roseus (3) Citrus spp. (4) Fortunella spp. (5) Poncirus spp. 02.Stubborn (Spiroplasma citri) Entire or any part of living citrus plants, citrus fruit or cuttings 03.Black spot (Phyllosticta citricarpa Teleomorph: Guignardia citricarpa) Entire or any part of the following living plants (excluding flowers, fruits, and seeds) all citrus species 04.Mal Secco (Phoma tracheiphila) Entire or any part of living citrus plants (lemon, and citron (C. medica L.), lime (C. latifolia Tan.), and bergamot (C. bergamia Risso) 05.Leprosis (Citrus leprosis virus) Entire or any part of living citrus plants (Mexican lime, sour orange, rough lemon, Persian lime, lemon, citron, mandarins, mandarin hybrids, sweet oranges and grapefruits.) 06.Indian citrus ringspot (Indian citrus ringspot virus) Entire or any part of living citrus plants Quarantine Diseases of Citrus for Bangladesh Slide 37 Geography and Climate of country of origin Collected information on geography and climate, relevant agricultural practices of the country of origin such as: Bhutan, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Pakistan and USA. Compared with climate in Bangladesh to determine the potentiality of establishment of the exotic hazard in Bangladesh. 37 Slide 38 Pest control and pre-export processing in the country of origin Major insect pests and diseases of the seven countries and method of their control documented. Pre-export processing in the country of origin described. (This depends on the requirement of the importing country). Bangladesh should adopt similar policy and conditions for importing citrus fruits. 38 Slide 39 Organisms intercepted on citrus fruit Bangladesh imports fresh fruits of malta (sweet orange), mandarin (orange/kamola) and kenu from India, Bhutan, China, Pakistan, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil and USA. So far no record of interception of hazardous insect or disease organism. 39 Slide 40 Other risk characteristics of the commodity It is not possible to predict present risks that currently escape detection or future risk due to: - Occurrence of unlisted pests. - Carrying pathogen as symptomless microorganisms. 40 Slide 41 Assumptions and uncertainties Hazard biology and identification Laboratory reared insects may differ in their responses to environmental stress compared with wild relatives. Uncertainty around the likelihood of an organism colonizing new hosts or the consequences of its establishment and spread on the natural environment. Uncertainty about the identity of an organism. Uncertainty around the efficacy of risk management measures. 41 Slide 42 Assumptions and uncertainties (Contd) Assumption regarding transit time of fruit. Assumption and uncertainty around disposal of infested fruit. Assumption and uncertainty around risk management measures - checking in the border; - Assume that the consignment is homogenous which seldom occur. Level of sampling depends on the degree of heterogeneity; - Sample size may not enough of detecting the pest 42 Slide 43 Review of management options Disinfestation treatments in the country of origin. - depends on commodity type, its tolerance to the treatment/s, biology of hazard organisms. Systems approach- implementation of multiple safeguard actions in the country of origin. - management in the field. - prevention of contamination after harvest. - culling of damaged and diseased fruits. - inspection and certification based on effective trace back procedures. - shipping using methods that prevent reinfestation. 43 Slide 44 Production and post-harvest measures It is necessary to provide information about the production and post harvest handling Monitoring programs in production areas. In-field sanitation. Pest control measures. Washing and waxing fruits. Visual inspection and culling of imperfect fruit. 44 Slide 45 Risk assessment of potential hazards Evaluation of the likelihood of entry, exposure and establishment of a potential hazard, and the environmental, economic, human and animal health consequences of the entry within Bangladesh. To identify hazards which present an unacceptable level of risk. 45 Slide 46 Risk Analyses Fifteen insect pests and six diseases were identified for risk analysis and included in the report. One example for insect pest and one for disease is selected here for presentation. 46 Slide 47 Risk Analyses: Insect pests Common name: Mediterranean fruit fly. Scientific name: Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Synonyms: Ceratitis citriperda MacLea, Ceratitis hispanica Breme, Pardalaspis asparagi Bezzi, Tephritis capitata Wiedemann. Bangladesh status: Not known to be present in Bangladesh. 47 Slide 48 Biology Lay eggs below the skin of the host fruit. Eggs hatch within 2-4 days (up to 16-18 days in cool weather) and the larvae feed for another 6-11 days (at 13- 28C). Pupation is in the soil under the host plant, Adults emerge after 6-11 days (24-26C; longer in cool conditions), After adult emergence, ovarian development at 25C takes 5 days. The thermal constant for development from egg to adult is 26 0 C. 48 Slide 49 Hosts Citrus hosts are Citrus aurantiifolia (lime), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Citrus limetta (sweet lemon tree), Citrus limon (lemon), Citrus limonia (mandarin lime), Citrus maxima (pummelo), Citrus medica (citron), Citrus nobilis (tangor), Citrus reticulata (mandarin), Citrus paradisi (tangelo), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). Besides there are many other hosts. 49 Slide 50 Distribution Africa: Almost all African countries Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen; Australia: Western Australia; Hawaii, Central American and Caribbean: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico; South American: Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. Europe: Albania, Azores, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Corsica, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Maderia Islands, Portugal, southern Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovenia, Spain, Yugoslavia. 50 Slide 51 Hazard Identification Conclusion It is likely to have spread through international trade and should be able to establish and cause unwanted consequences in Bangladesh. Considered as potential hazard 51 Slide 52 Risk Assessment Entry assessment The probability of entry of larvae inside the infested fruits in Bangladesh is high. However, it depends on the distance of the country of origin and mode of transportation. Exposure assessment The possibility of exposure in Bangladesh is high. Establishment assessment Hosts are readily available and environment is suitable, therefore, the probability of establishment is high 52 Slide 53 Consequence assessment Economic impact C. capitata is highly polyphagous and causes damage to a very wide range of unrelated fruit crops. Damage to fruit crops is frequently high and may reach 100%. The domestic market would be adversely affected by costs for control and reduced yields. Environmental Impact No impact of C. capitata on the natural environment or on other species has been observed. Human Health Impact Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is a potential vector of human pathogens (eg: Escherichia coli) to fruits. 53 Slide 54 Risk estimation The likelihood of entry, exposure and establishment Ceratitis capitata is high. If they enter and /or establish then the consequences would be high. The risk estimates for Ceratitis capitata is non negligible therefore these organisms are classified as hazards in citrus fruits and risk management measures can be justified. 54 Slide 55 Risk Management Field Sanitation. Post Harvest Culling, Washing, Waxing and Visual Inspection. High Temperature Forced Air (HTFA) or Cold Disinfestation. Visual Inspection at the Border. 55 Slide 56 Risk Analyses: Disease Disease: Citrus Black spot (CBS). Pathogen: Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. Anamorph: Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Van der Aa (macroconidial state). Synonyms: Phoma citricarpa McAlpine. Phyllostictina citricarpa (McAlpine) Petrak. Taxonomic position: Fungi: Ascomycetes: Dothideales Common names: Black spot, hard spot, shot-hole, freckle spot, virulent spot, speckled blotch of citrus (English). Bangladesh Status: Not present in Bangladesh. 56 Slide 57 Biology of the pathogen CBS caused by Phyllosticta state occurs on all the above ground parts of the plant. The teleomorph state, Guignardia citricarpa appears on fallen leaves & is the primary source of the disease. Ascocarps occur throughout the year on leaf litter. Optimum temperature for growth 24-27 0 C. Macro-conidia remain viable from 1-5 months. Flower and fruits are susceptible from anthesis to 16 wks. Infection is usually followed by a long period of latency. 57 Slide 58 Hosts CBS occurs on Citrus, Poncirus, Fortunella spp. and their hybrids. Except for sour orange and Tahiti limes, all commercially grown citrus species and cultivars are affected by the disease. Geographical Distribution Reported from Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, United States (Florida), Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Sicily, Spain, South Africa, Taiwan, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. 58 Slide 59 Hazard Identification Conclusion Considering the facts that: Guignardia citricarpa is not known to be present in Bangladesh; is present in Brazil, China, and South Africa; and can be carried on Citrus fruit; Guignardia citricarpa is considered to be a potential hazard organism in this risk analysis. 59 Slide 60 Risk Assessment Entry assessment Plant/ planting materials are not imported to Bangladesh so the possibility of entry with planting material is nil. Medium possibility of entering through leaves as contaminant. The possibility of entering this pathogen through infected fruit is high. Exposure Assessment In Bangladesh there is no disposing system of peels or damaged fruits. The market is extended to the remote villages. Therefore the likelihood of exposure is high. Establishment Assessment Considering the environmental requirement and availability of host plant the probability of establishment of this disease in Bangladesh is medium. 60 Slide 61 Consequence Assessment Economic impact Unappealing lesions typically develop as fruit reach maturity or postharvest. Some yield losses due to fruit drop may occur. Control of CBS in the field involves very high cost. Introduction of G. citricarpa and subsequent CBS development in Bangladesh would lead to direct negative impacts on citrus industry in Bangladesh. Environmental impact The indirect negative impact on environment is that once the disease established it needs heavy sprays of chemicals to control it that leads to polluted environment and negative impact on human health. 61 Slide 62 Risk Estimation The likelihood of entry and exposure of CBS in Bangladesh is high and medium probability for establishment. This would bring negative economic and environmental impact. The risk estimate for CBS is non negligible therefore this organism is classified as a hazard in this commodity and risk management measures can be justified. 62 Slide 63 Risk Management Current disease management strategies employed to control and treat CBS disease in the field and packing house appear to be generally effective and encourages growers to employ but there is no guarantee that such programs are undertaken. If CBS disease management programs are undertaken, the pest risk potential rating will be lowered further. Disease management programs and commercial harvesting and packing practices reduce the prevalence of G. citricarpa infected or CBS affected fruit in commercial shipments of fruit thus further lowering the overall risk. 63 Slide 64 Thank You 64