1 constructing for high-wind events the risk of severe wind in virginia characteristics of...
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Constructing for High-Wind Events
The Risk of Severe Wind in VirginiaCharacteristics of Destructive WindsHow Homes FailBuilding Wind-Resistant Homes
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I. The Risk of Severe Wind in Virginia
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Assessing Risks
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Tornado Activity in the US
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The combining of these two factors allows the homeowner to
determine the risk to their home
Assessing RisksFEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY MITIGATION DIRECTORATE
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Historical Hurricane Tracks 1851 - 1999
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ASCE Wind Map
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Wind Speeds for Virginia Localities110 MPH 100 MPH 90 MPH
Special Wind Region
Counties of Accomack andNorthampton. City of Virginia Beach
Counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, Lancaster, Mathews, Middlesex, Northumberland, Southampton, Surry, York. Cities of Chesapeake, Franklin, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk.
All other Localities
Counties of Bland, Grayson, Scott, Smyth, Tazewell, Washington, Wythe
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Fastest Mile vs. 3 Second Gust
• Why 3 Second Gust?
Standardization More Realistic
Measurement
• “Fastest Mile” = Hurricane “Maximum Sustained Winds”
Fastest Mile (mph) 3 Second Gust (mph)
70 85
75 90
80 100
85 105
90 110
100 120
105 125
110 130
120 140
125 145
130 150
140 160
150 170
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3-Second Peak Gust
WEMITE 1, WS10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600
time (sec)
win
d s
pe
ed
(m
/s)
Maximum gusts to 94mph (42m/s)
Maximum mean speed ~73mph (33m/s)
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II. Characteristics of Destructive Winds
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Fujita Tornado Scale Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Damage and Storm Category
TAKING SHELTER FROM THE STORM: BUILDING A SAFE ROOM INSIDE YOUR HOUSE
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Hurricane-Force Winds …are more turbulent than most other wind storms (tens of
thousands of gusts) …are sustained for longer periods of time (hours) …change slowly in direction, seeking out the most critical
angle of attack …carry large amounts of debris
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Tornadic Winds
…are relatively brief, minutes rather that hours…are damaging outside the main funnel area due to inflow…can occur with little if any warning, unlike hurricanes…like hurricanes, can carry large amounts of debris which can be as or more damaging than the wind itself
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BUILDING PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT TEAM
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Tornado Inflow
Tornado.mov
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The Good News - most tornadoes are no stronger than minor hurricanes
The Bad News - a tornado doesn't have to strike your home to destroy it because of inflow
More Bad News - nothing can protect your home from a direct hit by a F4-F5 tornado
Tornadoes: Good News and Bad
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Weak (F0-F1) 40-112 mph Strong (F2-F3) 113-206
mph Violent (F4-F5) 207-318
mph
Historical Tornado Strength (United States, 1950-1994)
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Historical Hurricane Strength (1900-1996 Direct Landfalls)
CategoryWind Speed
(mph)Damage
1 74-95 Minimal
2 95-110 Moderate
3 111-130 Extensive
4 131-155 Extreme
5 >155 Catastrophic
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Homes can be built to withstand all but the strongest hurricane winds
Mitigation during Construction Post-construction Retrofitting
Homes cannot withstand strong tornadoes Saferooms provide protection > 250 m.p.h.
Hurricanes and Tornadoes
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III. How Homes Fail
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Windborne Debris
Debris causes a large fraction of damage
Size increases with wind speed
Windows and doors are especially vulnerable
Courtesy of Texas Tech University
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Protecting from Windborne Debris
Eliminate Sources of Debris Secure out-buildings
Remove unsecured items from around the house
Remove trees within ‘falldown” distance
Protect Openings Especially garage and patio doors
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Anatomy of a Destroyed Home
•The roof fails or gable-ends collapse
•Lost windows and doors contribute to failure
•With the roof lost, walls collapse
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Courtesy North Carolina Blue Sky Foundation and Applied Research Associates
Gust Wind Speed = 125pm
Due to increased internal pressure resulting from a large missile hit, this unmitigated building losses
one window and one sliding glass door
Gust Wind Speed = 100mph
Unmitigated building starts to lose some shingles
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Courtesy North Carolina Blue Sky Foundation and Applied Research Associates
Gust Wind Speed = >125pm
More sheathing lost. Entire wood frame is exposed.
Gust Wind Speed = >125mph
Pieces of plywood sheathing start to be pulled away from the
frame
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Courtesy North Carolina Blue Sky Foundation and Applied Research Associates
Mitigated Building
•Note the Secondary Water Resistance on top of plywood
sheathing
•Windows secured
Gust Wind Speed = >125mph
Whole roof failure of the unmitigated building
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The Vulnerable Roof
The roof is the most vulnerable element of the structure
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The Vulnerable Roof
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The Vulnerable Roof
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Finding the Weak Point
Failure is Progressive
The weak point fails first
Further failure becomes more likely
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Every House has a Weak Point
Design Goal - 156 mph Wind Survival
As Built - 137 mph Survival
What’s the Weak Point?
State Farm Good Neighbor House
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IV. Building Wind Resistant Homes
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Protecting Your Home from Wind Damage Strengthen the Roof Reinforce Gable-Ends Ensure Proper Connections Protect Openings Eliminate Debris Sources
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The Continuous Load Path
Holds the envelope Together
Transmits wind forces to earth Roof connections are the most important
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Construction GuidesBlue Sky guide is excellent.Developed in conjunction with Clemson UniversityConstruction techniques for up to 140-mph 3-second gust wind resistanceAvailable at:www.bluesky-foundation.net
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Building Codes
Building Codes are minimum acceptable standards for building design and constructionCan be “Performance” or “Prescriptive”Building codes must be enforced in order to be effectiveSince 1994, International Building Code (IBC) predominantVirginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (USBC) based on the IBC
2000 International Residential Code for one and two-family dwellings
Does not apply to manufactured homes
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Keeping the Roof On
Proper Sheathing Attachment
Gable-end Reinforcement Continuous Load Path to
Ground
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Gable-End Bracing
failure can lead to roof failure
Gable-ends can be easily reinforced
Gable-end collapse was the most common failure during Hurricane Andrew
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Protecting Openings The Most Vulnerable Openings
Double-Wide Garage Doors
Patio Doors
Windows
Double Entry Doors
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What’s the Weak Point?
The Garage DoorsOnly rated to 137 mph
State Farm Good Neighbor House