1

Computer System Categories

MainframeComputers

MidrangeComputers

Microcomputers

2

Trends in Computer System Capabilities

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

VacuumTubes

VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated

CircuitsIntegrated

Circuits

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain

3

Microcomputer Systems

Handheld Computers PDA,

Notebook Computers Desktop Computers Workstations

Network Server Powerful

microcomputer used in small LANs

4

Network Computers and Terminals Network Computer

(Thin Client)

NetPC

Network Terminal

Benefits Lower purchase cost Easier maintenance Easier software

distribution and licensing

Computer platform standardization

Reduced end user support requirements

Improved manageability

5

Computer System Components

Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit

OutputDevices

CacheMemory

Primary Storage

SecondaryStorageDevices

ControlUnit ALU

SpecialPurposeProcessors

Output Devices

InputDevices

6

Input Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched CardsPaper Tape

Punched CardsPaper Tape

Punched CardsPunched Cards

Key to Tape/DiskKey to Tape/Disk

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use

7

Common Input Devices Keyboard Pointing Devices Pen Based

Computing Speech Recognition Optical Scanning Magnetic Ink

Character Recognition

Smart Cards Digital Cameras

8

Output Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly

9

Common Output Devices

Video Output CRT LCD

Printed Output Inkjet Laser

10

Storage Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Drum

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk

Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Disk

PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

11

Components of an Information System

12

Categories of Computer Software

General-Purpose

Programs

General-Purpose

Programs

Application-Specific

Programs

Application-Specific

Programs

SystemManagement

Programs

SystemManagement

Programs

System Development

Programs

System Development

Programs

ApplicationSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

ComputerSoftware

ComputerSoftware

System Software

System Software

13

Trends in Computer SoftwareFirst

GenerationFirst

GenerationSecond

GenerationSecond

GenerationThird

GenerationThird

GenerationFourth

GenerationFourth

GenerationFifth

GenerationFifth

Generation

User-Written ProgramsMachine Languages

Packaged ProgramsSymbolic Languages

Operating SystemsHigh-Level Languages

DBMS Fourth-Generation LanguagesMicrocomputer Packages

Natural & Object-Oriented

LanguagesMultipurpose

Graphic- Interface Network-Enabled Expert-Assisted

Packages

Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled ApplicationPackages for Productivity and Collaboration

Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages andTools

14

Common General- Purpose Applications

Electronic Mail Word Processing Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware

15

Database Management Packages

DatabaseDevelopment

DatabaseMaintenance

DatabaseInterrogation

ApplicationDevelopment

Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management

Packages

Primary Tasks ofDatabase Management

Packages

16

KeyTechnologies

ofMultimedia

Video CaptureCard

Video CaptureCard

AuthoringLanguage

AuthoringLanguage

StoryboardStoryboard Compact DiskInteractive

Compact DiskInteractive

Sound BoardSound Board CompressedAudio

CompressedAudio

Digital VideoInteractive

Digital VideoInteractive

MIDIMIDI Computer Edit System

Computer Edit System

InteractiveVideo

InteractiveVideo Digital AudioDigital Audio

Multimedia Technologies

17

Business Enterprise Application Software

CustomerRelationshipManagement

HumanResource

Management

Accounting andFinancial

Management

Supply Chain

Management

EnterpriseResourcePlanning

BusinessDecisionSupport

18

Functions of an Operating System

ResourceManagement

ResourceManagement

TaskManagement

TaskManagement

UserInterface

UserInterface

FileManagement

FileManagement

Utilitiesand OtherFunctions

Utilitiesand OtherFunctions

19

Programming Language Translation

LanguageTranslation

Process

LanguageTranslation

Process

SourceProgram

MachineLanguage

ObjectProgram

Written inBASIC,COBOL,

etc.

LanguageTranslatorProgram

• Compiler• Interpreter• AssemblerIF A := B

THEN 100110111101010010110

20

McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates

Using Data Bases to Predict Market Behavior: Logical Information Machines ( 10:18 )

21

Logical Data Elements

EmployeeRecord 2

EmployeeRecord 1

EmployeeRecord 3

EmployeeRecord 4

Name SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS SalaryName SS Salary

Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data

PersonnelDatabase

PayrollFile

BenefitsFile

22

OperatingSystem

DatabaseManagement

System

ApplicationPrograms

OperatingSystem

DatabaseManagement

System

ApplicationPrograms

Databases

DataDictionary

DatabaseManagement

•Database Development•Database Interrogation•Database Maintenance•Application Development

Database Management Systems

23

Network Server

Network Server

ExternalDatabases onthe Internet &

Online Services

Client PC or

NCOperational

Databases ofthe Organization

DataMart

End UserDatabases

DataWarehouse

DistributedDatabases on

Intranets & Other

Networks

Major Types of Databases

24

Data Warehouse and Data Mining

Client PC or

NCAnalyticalData StoreEnterpriseWarehouseData Mart

Data AcquisitionSubsystem

WarehouseDesignSubsystem

DataManagementSubsystem

Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem

Data Accessand DeliverySubsystem

Web Information

System

Web Information

System

OperationalDatabases

MetadataDirectory

MetadataRepository

MetadataManagementSubsystem

25

Web-Based Systems

WebBrowser

Web ServerSoftware

Web ServerSoftware

NetworkServerThe Internet

IntranetsExtranets

Client PCsor NCs

HTML pagesGIF image filesVideo files

Web Objects

26

Data Resource Management

DataAdministratio

n

DataPlanning

DatabaseAdministration

27

Database Structures

Employee2

Employee2

AEmpno Ename Etitle Dept

12 B3 C

Relational Structure

Network StructureHierarchical Structure

Employee3

Project BProject A

Dept Dname Dloc DmgrABC

Employee2

Employee1

Project A

Employee1

Dept A Dept BDept

Project B

28

Database Structures (cont)

East

WestDenver

FebActual Budget

Margin

Sales TV

VCR

TV

VCR

MultidimensionalDatabase Structure

Attributes•Customer•BalanceOperations•Deposit•Withdraw

Bank Account Object

Attributes•Credit Line•Mthly StatementOperations•Calculate Interest•Print Mthly Statement

Checking AccountObject Attributes

•Credit Line•Mthly StatementOperations•Calculate Interest•Print Mthly Statement

Savings AccountObject

Object-OrientedDatabase Structure

29

Key Fields

SequentialAccess

SequentialOrganization

Indexed SequentialAccess Method

KeyTransformation

Direct Access

URLs

Accessing Files and Databases

30

Database Development

User NeedsDescriptionUser NeedsDescription

1. Data Planning1. Data Planning

Enterprise ModelEnterprise Model

2. RequirementsSpecifications

2. RequirementsSpecifications

3. Conceptual Design3. Conceptual Design

4. Logical Design4. Logical Design

Physical ModelsPhysical Models

5. Physical Design5. Physical Design

Data ModelsData Models

Logical ModelsLogical Models

31

McGraw-Hill Video / 2002 Updates

Emerging technologies: AT&T and the future in telecommunications ( 13:04 )

32

Trends in Telecommunications

More electronic commerce, enterprise collaboration,online business operations and strategic advantage in markets

More vendors, carriers, alliances, and network services, accelerated by deregulation & Internet growth

Extensive Internet, interconnected local & global digital networks, improved transmission channels

Industry Trends

Technology Trends

Application Trends

33

Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities

Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations.Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about business transactions from remote locations.

Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locationsimmediately after it is requested.Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locationsimmediately after it is requested.

Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.

Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage.

34

Business Value from e-Commerce Applications

Increase Customer Loyalty & RetentionIncrease Customer Loyalty & Retention

Reduce the Cost of Doing BusinessReduce the Cost of Doing Business

Generate New Revenue SourcesGenerate New Revenue Sources

Attract New CustomersAttract New Customers

Deriving BusinessValue from e-CommerceApplications

Deriving BusinessValue from e-CommerceApplications

Develop New Markets & ChannelsDevelop New Markets & Channels

Develop New Web-based ProductsDevelop New Web-based Products

35

Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network

TelecommunicationsSoftware

TelecommunicationsSoftware

1

2 3

4

52

PCs, NCs, and Other Terminals

ComputersTelecommunicationsChannels and Media

TelecommunicationsProcessors

36

Wide Area Networks

37

Local Area Networks

NetworkServer

NetworkServer

Shared Database and

Software Packages

SharedPrinter

PCPC

PC PC PC

Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

38

Client Server Networking

ClientSystems

ServersServers

Host Systems/Superservers

Host Systems/Superservers

39

Telecommunications Communication Media Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics Terrestrial Microwave

Communication Satellites Cellular Technologies

Wireless LAN

40

Telecommunications Processors and Software

Modems Multiplexers Internetwork

Processors Switches Routers Hubs Gateways

Fire walls

Network Operating System

Telecommunications Monitor

Middleware Network Management

Software

41

Network Topologies

42

The Internet’s TCP/IPTransmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Application orProcess Layer

Internet Protocol (IP)

Host-to-Host Transport Layer

Network Interface

Physical Layer

ApplicationLayer

PresentationLayer

SessionLayer

TransportLayer

NetworkLayer

Data LinkLayer

PhysicalLayer

OS

I M

od

el

43

Protocol

A set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a communications network