1 chapter 9 copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for reproduction or...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chapter 9
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chemical Bonding II:Molecular Geometry and
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
![Page 2: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
AB2 2 0 linear linear
Class
# of atomsbonded to
central atom
# lonepairs on
central atomArrangement of electron pairs
MolecularGeometry
VSEPR
AB3 3 0trigonal planar
trigonal planar
AB4 4 0 tetrahedral tetrahedral
AB5 5 0trigonal
bipyramidaltrigonal
bipyramidal
AB6 6 0 octahedraloctahedral
![Page 3: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Cl ClBe
2 atoms bonded to central atom
0 lone pairs on central atom
![Page 4: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
![Page 7: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
![Page 10: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10bonding-pair vs. bonding
pair repulsionlone-pair vs. lone pair
repulsionlone-pair vs. bonding
pair repulsion> >
![Page 11: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Predicting Molecular Geometry1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.
2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and number of atoms bonded to the central atom.
3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.
What are the molecular geometries of SO2 and SF4?
SO O
AB2E
bent
S
F
F
F F
AB4E
distortedtetrahedron
![Page 12: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Bond moments and resultant dipole moments in NH3 and NF3.
![Page 13: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Which of the following molecules have a dipole moment? H2O, CO2, SO2, and CF4
O HH
dipole momentpolar molecule
SO
O
CO O
no dipole momentnonpolar molecule
dipole momentpolar molecule
C
F
FFF
no dipole momentnonpolar molecule
![Page 14: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Does CH2Cl2 have a dipole moment?
![Page 15: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Valence Bond Theory and NH3
N – 1s22s22p3
3 H – 1s1
If the bonds form from overlap of 3 2p orbitals on nitrogen with the 1s orbital on each hydrogen atom, what would the molecular geometry of NH3 be?
If use the3 2p orbitalspredict 90o
Actual H-N-Hbond angle is
107.3o
![Page 16: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Hybridization – mixing of two or more atomic orbitals to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.
1. Mix at least 2 nonequivalent atomic orbitals (e.g. s and p). Hybrid orbitals have very different shape from original atomic orbitals.
2. Number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of pure atomic orbitals used in the hybridization process.
3. Covalent bonds are formed by:
a. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with atomic orbitals
b. Overlap of hybrid orbitals with other hybrid orbitals
![Page 17: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Formation of sp3 Hybrid Orbitals
![Page 18: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Formation of Covalent Bonds in CH4
![Page 19: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Predict correctbond angle
sp3-Hybridized N Atom in NH3
![Page 20: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Formation of sp Hybrid Orbitals
![Page 21: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Formation of sp2 Hybrid Orbitals
![Page 22: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
# of Lone Pairs+
# of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2
3
4
5
6
sp
sp2
sp3
sp3d
sp3d2
BeCl2
BF3
CH4, NH3, H2O
PCl5
SF6
How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom?
1. Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.
2. Count the number of lone pairs AND the number of atoms bonded to the central atom
![Page 23: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
![Page 24: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
sp2 Hybridization of Carbon
![Page 25: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Unhybridized 2pz orbital (gray), which is perpendicular to the plane of the hybrid (green) orbitals.
![Page 26: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Sigma bond () – electron density between the 2 atoms
Pi bond () – electron density above and below plane of nuclei of the bonding atoms
Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
![Page 27: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Another View of Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
![Page 28: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
sp Hybridization of Carbon
![Page 29: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Bonding in Acetylene, C2H2
![Page 30: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Another View of the Bonding in Ethylene, C2H4
![Page 31: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Describe the bonding in CH2O.
CH
OH
C – 3 bonded atoms, 0 lone pairsC – sp2
![Page 32: 1 Chapter 9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry and Hybridization](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062500/5697c0101a28abf838ccb3ec/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Sigma () and Pi Bonds ()
Single bond 1 sigma bond
Double bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond
Triple bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds
How many and bonds are in the acetic acid (vinegar) molecule CH3COOH?
C
H
H
CH
O
O H bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
bonds = 1