1 building capacity in central asia to utilize trade policy for human development trade and human...

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Building Capacity in Building Capacity in Central Asia to Utilize Central Asia to Utilize

Trade Policy for Human Trade Policy for Human DevelopmentDevelopment

Trade and Human DevelopmentTrade and Human Developmentby Ameir Mbonde,by Ameir Mbonde,

ConsultantConsultant

Almaty, Kazakhstan October 2007Almaty, Kazakhstan October 2007

22

Business Environment and Business Environment and Institutional Framework for Trade Institutional Framework for Trade

and Investmentand Investment

Outline:Outline: Business Environment and Investment PolicyBusiness Environment and Investment Policy InvestmentInvestment Institutional Framework for Mainstreaming TradeInstitutional Framework for Mainstreaming Trade Trade Facilitation and StandardsTrade Facilitation and Standards Sectoral studiesSectoral studies

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Business Environment and Business Environment and Investment PolicyInvestment Policy

The objective is to identify gaps in policy as well as articulate trade, The objective is to identify gaps in policy as well as articulate trade, investment and technical assistance needs.investment and technical assistance needs.

This assessment will help the landlocked Central Asian countries This assessment will help the landlocked Central Asian countries build the supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure build the supply-side capacity and trade-related infrastructure needed to expand trade and benefit from a liberal global trading needed to expand trade and benefit from a liberal global trading environment as defined in WTO Agreements.environment as defined in WTO Agreements.

Areas to be assessed include related ‘red tape’ costs, access to and Areas to be assessed include related ‘red tape’ costs, access to and cost of pre-shipment finance and working capital, as well as barriers cost of pre-shipment finance and working capital, as well as barriers to investment (regulations, negative lists, equity restrictions and to investment (regulations, negative lists, equity restrictions and nationality requirements, role of state-owned enterprises, including nationality requirements, role of state-owned enterprises, including status of privatisation programs, and transfers from the budget).status of privatisation programs, and transfers from the budget).

Emerging Emerging prioritiespriorities to be supported by development partners to be supported by development partners

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Conduct a benchmarking exercise to identify Conduct a benchmarking exercise to identify challenges and constraints, comparing your challenges and constraints, comparing your country both in terms of policy reforms and country both in terms of policy reforms and performance (economic, social) vis-à-vis other performance (economic, social) vis-à-vis other landlocked developing countries in the region landlocked developing countries in the region and other parts of the world.and other parts of the world.

Analyse problems and recommend corrective Analyse problems and recommend corrective measuresmeasures

Examples of comparative indicators from South Examples of comparative indicators from South Pacific countriesPacific countries

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Ease of doing businessEase of doing business

Looks at the ease of doing business in 10 areas:Looks at the ease of doing business in 10 areas: Starting a businessStarting a business Dealing with licencesDealing with licences Employing workersEmploying workers Registering propertyRegistering property Getting creditGetting credit Protecting investorsProtecting investors Paying taxesPaying taxes Trading across bordersTrading across borders Enforcing contractsEnforcing contracts Closing a businessClosing a business

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COMPARATIVE INDICATORSCOMPARATIVE INDICATORSFijiFiji Papua New Papua New

GuineGuineaa

Solomon Solomon IslandsIslands

AustraliaAustralia New ZealandNew Zealand East Asia & East Asia & PacificPacific

VanuatuVanuatu

Ease of doing business out of Ease of doing business out of 175 economies (rank)175 economies (rank)

3131 5757 6969 88 22 5858

Starting a BusinessStarting a Business- Number of proceduresNumber of procedures- Time (days)Time (days)- Cost (% of income per Cost (% of income per

capita)capita)- Minimum capital (% Minimum capital (%

of income per capita)of income per capita)

884646

25.825.8

0.00.0

885656

28.228.2

0.00.0

775757

68.968.9

0.00.0

2222

1.81.8

0.00.0

221212

0.20.2

0.00.0

8.28.246.346.342.842.8

60.360.3

883939

61.361.3

0.00.0

Protecting InvestorsProtecting Investors- Extent of disclosure Extent of disclosure

index (0-10)index (0-10)- Extent of director Extent of director

liability index (0-10)liability index (0-10)- Ease of shareholder Ease of shareholder

suits index (0-10)suits index (0-10)- Strength of investor Strength of investor

protection index (0-10)protection index (0-10)

33

88

88

6.36.3

55

55

88

6.06.0

33

77

77

5.75.7

88

22

77

5.75.7

1010

99

1010

9.79.7

5.25.2

4.44.4

6.16.1

5.25.2

55

66

55

5.35.3

Paying TaxesPaying Taxes- Payments (number per Payments (number per

year)year)- Time (hours per year) Time (hours per year) - Total tax rate (% of Total tax rate (% of

profit)profit)

3434

14514540.140.1

4444

19819844.344.3

3333

808033.633.6

1111

10710752.252.2

99

707036.536.5

29.829.8

290.4290.442.242.2

3232

12012014.414.4

Source: Doing Business Report (2006), World Bank.Source: Doing Business Report (2006), World Bank.

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COMPARATIVE INDICATORSCOMPARATIVE INDICATORS

FijiFiji Papua New Papua New GuineGuine

aa

Solomon Solomon IslandsIslands

AustraliaAustralia New ZealandNew Zealand East Asia & East Asia & PacificPacific

VanuatuVanuatu

Trading Across BordersTrading Across Borders- Documents to export Documents to export

(number)(number)- Time to export (days)Time to export (days)- Cost to export (US$ Cost to export (US$

per container)per container)- Documents to import Documents to import

(number) (number) - Time to import (days) Time to import (days) - Cost to import (US$ Cost to import (US$

per container)per container)

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2222418418

1212

222211701170

55

3030584584

1010

3232642642

88

1515805805

55

1212788788

66

99795795

55

1212945945

55

88355355

99

1313555555

6.96.9

23.923.9884.8884.8

9.39.3

25.925.91037.11037.1

99

1212565565

1616

141419751975

Closing a BusinessClosing a Business- Time (years)Time (years)- Cost (% of estate)Cost (% of estate)- Recovery rate (cents Recovery rate (cents

on the US dollar)on the US dollar)

1.81.83838

20.820.8

3.03.02323

24.124.1

1.01.03838

23.323.3

1.01.088

79.779.7

2.02.044

68.668.6

2.42.423.223.227.527.5

2.62.63838

40.040.0

Source: Doing Business Report (2006), World Bank.Source: Doing Business Report (2006), World Bank.

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COMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIESCOMPETITIVENESS INDICATORS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES

Average Factor CostAverage Factor Cost FijiFiji Papua New Papua New GuineaGuinea

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands AustraliaAustralia New ZealandNew Zealand VanuatuVanuatu

Cost of vacant land for industrial Cost of vacant land for industrial use (US$/muse (US$/m22))

77 77 1414 143143 420420 237237 7070

Construction costs for an office Construction costs for an office building (US$/mbuilding (US$/m22))

336336 377377 580580 721721 853853 995995

Minimum wageMinimum wage(US$/month)(US$/month)

113113 4848 3636 1,5971,597 1,1041,104 198198

Social security contribution (%)Social security contribution (%) 88 5.55.5 55 NANA NANA 44

Employer’s contribution (%)Employer’s contribution (%) 88 7.77.7 7.57.5 99 NANA 44

Interest rate on short term bank Interest rate on short term bank loans loans (%)(%)

0.900.90 18.6818.68 5.855.85 5.255.25 5.775.77 5.505.50

Cost of electricity (US$/kWh)Cost of electricity (US$/kWh) 0.160.16 0.050.05 0.160.16 0.030.03 0.050.05 0.260.26

Cost of water (US$/mCost of water (US$/m33)) 0.360.36 0.380.38 0.350.35 1.001.00 1.421.42 0.40 0.40

Cost of a local call (US$/3 minutes)Cost of a local call (US$/3 minutes) 0.050.05 0.060.06 0.090.09 0.110.11 0.120.12 0.210.21

Cost of diesel fuel (US$/litre)Cost of diesel fuel (US$/litre) 0.610.61 0.710.71 0.280.28 0.940.94 0.660.66 0.900.90

Cost of air freight to Europe Cost of air freight to Europe (US$/kg)(US$/kg)

13.0013.00 12.4712.47 10.0410.04 12.7412.74 16.7016.70 16.0016.00

Cost of maritime freight to Europe Cost of maritime freight to Europe (US$/TEU)(US$/TEU)

41504150 28972897 44394439 13971397 14971497 44504450

Cost of maritime freight from Cost of maritime freight from Europe (US$/TEU)Europe (US$/TEU)

41504150 26472647 43504350 12971297 15971597 40004000

Notes: Notes: TEU = TEU = twenty-foot equivalent units, equivalent to one 20 foot-sized container or 32 twenty-foot equivalent units, equivalent to one 20 foot-sized container or 32 mm33. . Sources: country statistics, studies, UN statistics, commercial sources.Sources: country statistics, studies, UN statistics, commercial sources.

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General issues:General issues: Gather information and conduct analysis. Gather information and conduct analysis.

Analyse and examine the trade potential of the relevant sector. Focus will be on the Analyse and examine the trade potential of the relevant sector. Focus will be on the human development potential and poverty reduction of trade in country, e.g., human development potential and poverty reduction of trade in country, e.g., emphasis on labour-intensive sectors and areas where SMEs can best thrive.emphasis on labour-intensive sectors and areas where SMEs can best thrive.

Up to 10 concrete, executable recommendations based on the analysis in the study, Up to 10 concrete, executable recommendations based on the analysis in the study, e.g., policy reforms needed, technical assistance needed to meet capacity gaps. e.g., policy reforms needed, technical assistance needed to meet capacity gaps.

Provide an assessment of the priority and sequencing to be given to each of the Provide an assessment of the priority and sequencing to be given to each of the recommendations. Identify linkages and sequencing priorities between the sector and recommendations. Identify linkages and sequencing priorities between the sector and other sectors. other sectors.

Indicate areas where existing policy is flawed or where there is an inappropriate use Indicate areas where existing policy is flawed or where there is an inappropriate use of time and effort. Identify key policy, regulatory and institutional constraints.of time and effort. Identify key policy, regulatory and institutional constraints.

Obtain background information on existing businesses from documents (bibliography Obtain background information on existing businesses from documents (bibliography of studies and key policy documents) and interviewsof studies and key policy documents) and interviews

1010


Specific issues:Specific issues: Emphasis will be placed on the adequacy of policies (both macro and microeconomic, Emphasis will be placed on the adequacy of policies (both macro and microeconomic,

e.g. transport or port monopolies, not only their infrastructure) and the business e.g. transport or port monopolies, not only their infrastructure) and the business environment (property rights, rule of law).environment (property rights, rule of law).

There will be an analysis of investment trends and the investment climate, including There will be an analysis of investment trends and the investment climate, including the role of the country’s investment promotion agency.the role of the country’s investment promotion agency.

Other specific issues, e.g., competition policy, utilities and telecommunications, Other specific issues, e.g., competition policy, utilities and telecommunications, including recommendations to improve performance and delivery, land ownershipincluding recommendations to improve performance and delivery, land ownership

The country’s WTO commitmentsThe country’s WTO commitments

The suitability or otherwise of business incentives, e.g., an export-processing zone, The suitability or otherwise of business incentives, e.g., an export-processing zone, duty drawback schemes. duty drawback schemes.

Other issues to be definedOther issues to be defined

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Investment PolicyInvestment PolicyOutline of investment policy review:Outline of investment policy review:

FDI trends, say something about how FDI has made a difference, e.g. promoted FDI trends, say something about how FDI has made a difference, e.g. promoted diversification, movement into higher value added sectors, international diversification, movement into higher value added sectors, international competitivenesscompetitiveness

Investment policy framework, i.e., reforms favourable to a more attractive investment Investment policy framework, i.e., reforms favourable to a more attractive investment environment, best practice (openness to FDI, transparency of policy)environment, best practice (openness to FDI, transparency of policy)

Strategic perspective of the country under review, i.e. its long-term forward looking Strategic perspective of the country under review, i.e. its long-term forward looking strategy, an assessment of how it is achieving its goals and objectives and what it strategy, an assessment of how it is achieving its goals and objectives and what it further needs to do in order to achieve themfurther needs to do in order to achieve them

FDI potential in high growth sectors identified by the country as well as other sectors FDI potential in high growth sectors identified by the country as well as other sectors identified by the reviewer that have high potentialidentified by the reviewer that have high potential

Recommendations on improving the contribution of FDI in the countryRecommendations on improving the contribution of FDI in the country

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Investment PolicyInvestment Policy

Investment Trends, 2002–2006 (in millions of US Dollars)

Country 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Vanuatu

Inward 7 15 22 15 10.3

Outward 1 1 1 1

Fiji

Inward 21 26 94 -4

Outward 1 4 3 10

Papua New Guinea

Inward 18 101 26 32

Outward -1 -3 6

Source: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2006 for 2002-2005; IMF for 2006.

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Institutional Framework for Institutional Framework for Mainstreaming TradeMainstreaming Trade

Purpose is to integrate trade in the national development strategyPurpose is to integrate trade in the national development strategy

Mainstream trade at three levels: Mainstream trade at three levels: PolicyPolicy (e.g., Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, sectoral policies) (e.g., Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, sectoral policies) InstitutionsInstitutions (e.g., Aid-for-Trade national focal points, government stakeholders, academia, think tanks, (e.g., Aid-for-Trade national focal points, government stakeholders, academia, think tanks,

business associations, trade unions, standard and quality control agencies, investment promotion agencies, business associations, trade unions, standard and quality control agencies, investment promotion agencies, export promotion boards)export promotion boards)

Government-donor dialogueGovernment-donor dialogue (e.g., Consultative Group and Round Table meetings) (e.g., Consultative Group and Round Table meetings)

Systematically promote initiatives (policy coordination, legislation, business associations, NGOs, Systematically promote initiatives (policy coordination, legislation, business associations, NGOs, think tanks) for government and civil society that place trade at the top of the national agendathink tanks) for government and civil society that place trade at the top of the national agenda

Promote broad-based consultations between the private sector, NGOs and relevant government Promote broad-based consultations between the private sector, NGOs and relevant government agencies to formulate trade strategies, action plans and project proposals using diagnostic tools agencies to formulate trade strategies, action plans and project proposals using diagnostic tools such as SWOT and value-chain analysis to identify needssuch as SWOT and value-chain analysis to identify needs

Create a standing committee to monitor and evaluate implementation of action plans (see Create a standing committee to monitor and evaluate implementation of action plans (see example of Vanuatu’s proposed revised National Trade Facilitation Committee)example of Vanuatu’s proposed revised National Trade Facilitation Committee)

Develop human resources capacity (trade policy analysis and development, capacity to Develop human resources capacity (trade policy analysis and development, capacity to negotiate, interpret and implement trade agreements)negotiate, interpret and implement trade agreements)

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Revised National Trade Facilitation Committee

MandateMembership Tasks

To establish the enabling environment for dialogue with stakeholders on trade issues

Consultations on trade issues at regular intervals

Research and Analysis Workshops and Seminars.

Minister for Trade (Chairman) Government Departments (Heads

of Department Level) Chamber of Commerce Women’s Affairs Department Civil Society Academia

Provide input into the way bilateral, regional and multilateral trade agreements are enacted.

Melanesian Spearhead GroupWorld Trade OrganizationEconomic Partnership AgreementMillennium Development GoalsITCWIPOPICTAPACER

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Discuss national trade priorities with relevant stakeholders, including line Discuss national trade priorities with relevant stakeholders, including line ministries and government departments, relevant civil society organisations ministries and government departments, relevant civil society organisations such as chambers of commerce, trade associationssuch as chambers of commerce, trade associations

Obtain the most recent dataObtain the most recent data Assess the capacity of the relevant government Ministries to mainstream trade. Assess the capacity of the relevant government Ministries to mainstream trade.

These include These include at least at least the Ministries of Trade, Industry and Tourism; Finance and the Ministries of Trade, Industry and Tourism; Finance and Economic Management; Foreign Affairs; Agriculture; Lands, Water and Energy, Economic Management; Foreign Affairs; Agriculture; Lands, Water and Energy, Geology and Mines.Geology and Mines.

Identify opportunities and constraints, be they human resources, Identify opportunities and constraints, be they human resources, organizational and/or financial. This will necessitate analysis of government organizational and/or financial. This will necessitate analysis of government spending on each Ministry, Department and activity.spending on each Ministry, Department and activity.

Assess where any Departments or Ministries may be duplicating work, and Assess where any Departments or Ministries may be duplicating work, and the possibilities for merging responsibilities.the possibilities for merging responsibilities.

Look at the linkages between Ministries, and ways in which inter-Look at the linkages between Ministries, and ways in which inter-departmental communication can be improved.departmental communication can be improved.

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Trade FacilitationTrade Facilitation

What is trade facilitation? Creating an What is trade facilitation? Creating an environment that is conducive to efficient trade environment that is conducive to efficient trade and reduced transaction costs, including and reduced transaction costs, including transport and transit transport costs.transport and transit transport costs.

Trade facilitation aims to achieve efficiencies inTrade facilitation aims to achieve efficiencies in• Physical movement of goods (transport and transit)Physical movement of goods (transport and transit)• Import and export procedures (customs, border Import and export procedures (customs, border

crossing)crossing)• Payments and insurance to facilitate cross-border Payments and insurance to facilitate cross-border

trade (export and import financing)trade (export and import financing)

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Simplification and harmonisation of Simplification and harmonisation of customs and border procedurescustoms and border procedures

Improve border control capacity Improve border control capacity (infrastructure, computerisation)(infrastructure, computerisation) ASYCUDA (Automated System for Customs ASYCUDA (Automated System for Customs

Data)Data) ACIS (Advance Cargo Information System)ACIS (Advance Cargo Information System)

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Discuss priorities of the trade needs assessment Discuss priorities of the trade needs assessment with relevant stakeholders, including the relevant with relevant stakeholders, including the relevant Ministry, Ministry of Trade and Industry, and Ministry, Ministry of Trade and Industry, and relevant members of the National Steering relevant members of the National Steering Committee or relevant coordinating bodyCommittee or relevant coordinating body Obtain the most recent dataObtain the most recent data Interview and provide background information on Interview and provide background information on

businesses in the relevant sectorbusinesses in the relevant sector Point out important policy, regulatory and institutional Point out important policy, regulatory and institutional

constraints; state the policy reforms neededconstraints; state the policy reforms needed

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Specific issues:Specific issues: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, focusing particularly on Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, focusing particularly on

export requirementsexport requirements Staple goods and other export commoditiesStaple goods and other export commodities Transportation (multimodal transport networks, i.e., shipping, road, Transportation (multimodal transport networks, i.e., shipping, road,

rail, air, transit corridors, etc.)rail, air, transit corridors, etc.) Storage (warehousing, cold storage)Storage (warehousing, cold storage) Wharf fees, port chargesWharf fees, port charges Tariff rates, as they apply to the macroeconomic picture, tourism Tariff rates, as they apply to the macroeconomic picture, tourism

and investmentand investment The operation of the department of customsThe operation of the department of customs The operation of the quarantine and inspection servicesThe operation of the quarantine and inspection services E-commerceE-commerce Identify priorities and areas needing technical/donor assistanceIdentify priorities and areas needing technical/donor assistance

2020


Benefits of trade facilitationBenefits of trade facilitation Reduced costsReduced costs Improved servicesImproved services Increase in trade volumeIncrease in trade volume Increase in tax revenueIncrease in tax revenue Complexity of procedures reducedComplexity of procedures reduced EmploymentEmployment Increase in incomes for the poorIncrease in incomes for the poor

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The benefits of trade facilitation for landlocked The benefits of trade facilitation for landlocked developing countries (LLDCs): Kazakhstan, developing countries (LLDCs): Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan and UzbekistanKyrgyztan and Uzbekistan

Overcome landlockedness throughOvercome landlockedness through Efficient customs and border controlsEfficient customs and border controls Multimodal transport networks, transit corridors, Multimodal transport networks, transit corridors,

inland waterwaysinland waterways Regional cooperation among LLDCs and transit Regional cooperation among LLDCs and transit

developing countriesdeveloping countries

2222

StandardsStandards

Exporters of agricultural and industrial Exporters of agricultural and industrial products face barriers to trade in the form products face barriers to trade in the form of technical regulations, and sanitary and of technical regulations, and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards.phytosanitary (SPS) standards.

Technical regulations refer to product Technical regulations refer to product standards for industrial goods.standards for industrial goods.

Sanitary standards refer to food safety and Sanitary standards refer to food safety and diseases, while phytosanitary standards diseases, while phytosanitary standards cover plant-borne pests and diseases.cover plant-borne pests and diseases.

2323

StandardsStandards WTO has introduced two agreements to facilitate trade WTO has introduced two agreements to facilitate trade

through international product standards through international product standards Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary

Measures (SPS)Measures (SPS)

WTO Agreements promote uniform standards and WTO Agreements promote uniform standards and predictability in international trade; counter the abuse of predictability in international trade; counter the abuse of standards by importing countries to restrict tradestandards by importing countries to restrict trade

A successful export strategy requires goods that meet A successful export strategy requires goods that meet internationally recognised standards for agricultural and internationally recognised standards for agricultural and industrial productsindustrial products

2424Source: ITC

Products Subject to International Standards

Products subject to technical regulations

Machinery and equipment Boilers

Electricity-driven construction and assembly tools

Metal and wood-working equipment

Medical equipment

Food-processing equipment

Consumer articles Pharmaceuticals

Cosmetics

Synthetic detergents

Household electrical appliances

Video and TV sets

Cinematographic and photographic equipment

Automobiles

Nutritional labelling (food)

Raw materials and agricultural inputs Fertilisers

Insecticides

Hazardous chemicals

Products subject to sanitary and phytosanitary measures

Agricultural products Fresh fruits and vegetables

Plants

Animals

Timber

Fruit juices and other food preparations

Meat and meat products

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StandardsStandards The standard and quality control process in-The standard and quality control process in-

country includes certification and quality country includes certification and quality assurance procedures for product safety and assurance procedures for product safety and hygienehygiene

For example, the SPS architecture includesFor example, the SPS architecture includes Animal healthAnimal health Plant healthPlant health SPS certificationSPS certification Quality assurance and standardsQuality assurance and standards Food safetyFood safety

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StandardsStandards

There are over 50 organisations that develop There are over 50 organisations that develop and promote international standards for use in and promote international standards for use in international tradeinternational trade

Benefits of membershipBenefits of membership Countries can participate in determining standards by Countries can participate in determining standards by

becoming membersbecoming members Receive technical assistanceReceive technical assistance However, some developing countries have not been However, some developing countries have not been

able to benefit fully from membershipable to benefit fully from membership

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StandardsStandards

Source: ITC, Influencing and Meeting International Standards, 2004.

International Standard-Setting Organisations

Name of Organisation Areas of Standardisation

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC)

Food quality and safety (food, codes of hygienic or technological practice, food additives, veterinary drugs, pesticide residues in foodstuffs). www.codexalimentarius.net

SPS

Office International des Epizooties or World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Control of animal diseases; trade in animals and animal products. www.iec.ch SPS

International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

Phytosanitary measures and prevention of plant diseases. www.itu.int SPS

International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)

All products and systems not falling within the competence of IEC and ITU. www.iso.org TBT

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Electrotechnical standards (electronics, magnetics, electromagnetics, electro-acoustics, telecommunications, energy production and distribution).

TBT

International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Telecommunications (telecommunication networks and services, development of communication technology).

TBT

International Organisation of Legal Metrology (OIML)

Legal metrology and measuring instruments (accuracy classes, error limits, units of measurement, environmental conditions for operation, requirements for scales and other indicating devices). www.oiml.org

TBT

2828

Sectoral StudiesSectoral Studies

Identify sectors with trade potential and Identify sectors with trade potential and potential for human development, e.g.:potential for human development, e.g.: AgricultureAgriculture FisheriesFisheries TourismTourism IndustryIndustry

2929

Sectoral StudiesSectoral Studies

Discuss priorities for the study with relevant Discuss priorities for the study with relevant stakeholders, including the relevant Ministry and stakeholders, including the relevant Ministry and other government departments.other government departments. Obtain the most recent data on the sector and related Obtain the most recent data on the sector and related

sectors without duplicating previous worksectors without duplicating previous work Interview and provide background information on Interview and provide background information on

existing businesses in the relevant sectorexisting businesses in the relevant sector Point out key policy, regulatory and institutional Point out key policy, regulatory and institutional

constraints, contribution of the sector to the economyconstraints, contribution of the sector to the economy

3030

AgricultureAgriculture

Specific sectoral issues (agriculture, livestock, Specific sectoral issues (agriculture, livestock, forestry):forestry):

Crops and other staples with export potentialCrops and other staples with export potential LivestockLivestock Forestry Forestry Prioritise between these areas, and within them; Prioritise between these areas, and within them;

make an assessment of existing initiatives in the make an assessment of existing initiatives in the sectors; analyse the potential of each area; and sectors; analyse the potential of each area; and outline possible future areas of donor outline possible future areas of donor assistance. assistance.

3131

FisheriesFisheries

Specific sectoral issues:Specific sectoral issues: The sustainability of the live fish tradeThe sustainability of the live fish trade Fishing revenues from resource-rentalFishing revenues from resource-rental The potential for deep-bottom fishing and artisanal/ coastal fishingThe potential for deep-bottom fishing and artisanal/ coastal fishing The economic impact of small-scale fishing on local communitiesThe economic impact of small-scale fishing on local communities The advisability of onshore fishing facilitiesThe advisability of onshore fishing facilities Fisheries sustainabilityFisheries sustainability The potential for conflict with other sectors, such as tourismThe potential for conflict with other sectors, such as tourism The impact of trade agreements such as the EU EPA on the fishing The impact of trade agreements such as the EU EPA on the fishing

industryindustry Outline concrete policy priorities for the fishing sector, with a focus Outline concrete policy priorities for the fishing sector, with a focus

on human development and sustainability.on human development and sustainability.

3232

TourismTourism

Specific sectoral issues:Specific sectoral issues: An assessment of the capacity of the Department of Tourism and An assessment of the capacity of the Department of Tourism and

other tourism promotion agenciesother tourism promotion agencies An overview of the tourism sectorAn overview of the tourism sector An assessment of the size, growth, and characteristics of the sectorAn assessment of the size, growth, and characteristics of the sector An assessment of its economic potentialAn assessment of its economic potential A look at ways in which the yield per tourist can be improved, A look at ways in which the yield per tourist can be improved,

including an assessment of ways to improve linkages between the including an assessment of ways to improve linkages between the tourism sector and other areas of the economy.tourism sector and other areas of the economy.

A look at the impact and outlook for tourism in key tourist locationsA look at the impact and outlook for tourism in key tourist locations The sustainability of tourism and its cultural impactThe sustainability of tourism and its cultural impact Some ideas for future development of the tourism sector, including Some ideas for future development of the tourism sector, including

training.training.

3333

IndustryIndustry

EnergyEnergy MiningMining Food processingFood processing Construction materialsConstruction materials TextilesTextiles Others?Others? Prioritise between these areas, and within them; make Prioritise between these areas, and within them; make

an assessment of existing initiatives in the sectors; an assessment of existing initiatives in the sectors; analyse the potential of each area; and outline possible analyse the potential of each area; and outline possible future areas of donor assistance.future areas of donor assistance.

3434

IndustryIndustrySpecific sectoral issues:Specific sectoral issues: An assessment of the capacity of the Department of Industry and other An assessment of the capacity of the Department of Industry and other

related agenciesrelated agencies An overview of the industrial sectorAn overview of the industrial sector An assessment of the size, growth, and characteristics of the sectorAn assessment of the size, growth, and characteristics of the sector An assessment of its economic potentialAn assessment of its economic potential A look at ways in which productivity can be improved, including an A look at ways in which productivity can be improved, including an

assessment of ways to improve linkages between an industrial sub-sector assessment of ways to improve linkages between an industrial sub-sector and other areas of the economy.and other areas of the economy.

A look at the impact and outlook for industry in its local settingA look at the impact and outlook for industry in its local setting Sustainability of the industry (energy, mining)Sustainability of the industry (energy, mining) Potential for conflict regarding sharing of water resources, energyPotential for conflict regarding sharing of water resources, energy Adequacy of skilled labour, infrastructureAdequacy of skilled labour, infrastructure Outline concrete policy priorities, with a focus on human development and Outline concrete policy priorities, with a focus on human development and

sustainability.sustainability. Some ideas for future development of the sector, including training.Some ideas for future development of the sector, including training.

1 building capacity in central asia to utilize trade policy for human development trade and human...

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