1 air quality: potential impacts of shale development in ohio kevin crist, phd director &...
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Air Quality: Potential Impacts of Shale Development in OhioKevin Crist, PhDDirector & Professor, Center for Air QualityDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRuss College of Engineering and Technology
06/04/2013
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Shale Potential in Ohio
2
Source: ODNR Division of Oil and Gas Resources Management
** USEPA, Region 5 Final Designations, April 2012, www.epa.gov
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY3
Fracking Emission Sources
1. Diesel & Water Tanker Trucks (Off-road)
2. Diesel engine powered drilling and generator trucks (Off-road)
3. Well-head compressors, pumps, generators and heaters
4. • Diesel engine powered drill rigs & fracing pumps
• Blowdown & completion venting
( major source CH4)
5. Flaring6. Flowback fluids storage pits7. Condensate & Oil tanks8. Compressor stations, gas plants,
heaters and dehydrators9. Fugitive emissions from transmission
pipelines10.Gas & oil processing facility
1 2
3
45
6
7 89
10
Groundwater table
NOx, VOCs, PM, SO2, CO2, CO
Venting VOCs including CH4, H2S
NOx, VOCs, PM, SO2, CO2, CO
Evaporative VOCs including CH4
Fugitive VOCs including CH4
NOx, VOCs, PM, SO2, CO2, CO
NOx, VOCs, PM, SO2, CO2, CO
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Experience from Other Regions: Ozone
4
Episode average difference in daily max 8-hour O3
Episode maximum difference in daily max 8-hour O3
Low Scenario
High Scenario
High Scenario
Low Scenario
Source: S. Kemball-Cook, A. Bar-Ilan, J. Grant, L. Parker, J. Jung, W. Santamaria, J. Matthews, & G. Yarwood, Ozone impacts of natural gas development in Haynesville shale, Environmental Science & Technology (2010)
Ozone chemistry in atmosphere
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Experience from Other Regions: Criteria Pollutants
5
90%
10%
NOx
Source Categories in Barnett Shale
*Al Armendriaz, Emissions of natural gas production in the Barnett shale area and opportunities for cost-effective improvements, (2009)
** ENVIRON, Development of emissions inventories for natural gas exploration and production activity in the Haynesville shale, (2009)
NOx VOC HAPs CO0
20
40
60
80
100Total Emissions of Criteria
Pollutants
Barnett, Texas *
Haynesville, Texas **
tons
/da
y
15% 19%
21%17%
10%
18%
VOC
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Experience from Other Regions: Greenhouse Gases
6
40%
14%18%3
%
25%
CO2e
Total = 22375 tons/day
Barnett Shale (Armendriaz 2009 *)
Fugitive Methane emissions (Howarth et al., 2011 **)
3.8
0.600000000000002
2.8
Total Fugitive CO2e 7.2 gC/MJ (Low)
*Al Armendriaz, Emissions of natural gas production in the Barnett shale area and opportunities for cost-effective improvements, (2009)
** R.W. Howarth,R. Santoro, A. Ingraffea, Methane and greenhouse gases footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climate Change (2011)
3.6 – 7.9% fugitive of total production
3.8
3.80.520.3800000000
00001
7.2
Total Fugitive CO2e 15.7 gC/MJ (High)
RUSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Greenhouse Gases: Ohio Status
7
TX CA PA OH FL IL IN0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
4.5%
% C
ontr
ibuti
on to
Tot
al C
O2 i
n U
.S.
268
MM
TCO
2
Residential: 6th Residential: 6th
Industrial: 6th Industrial: 6th Commercial: 7th Commercial: 7th
Total CO2 Emissions: 4th Total CO2 Emissions: 4th
Electric Power: 2th Electric Power: 2th
Transportation: 7th Transportation: 7th
677
MM
TCO
2
Source: Energy Information Administration (2009)