1 air pollution control update 10/14/11 air & waste management association william osullivan,...
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Air Pollution Control Update10/14/11
Air & Waste Management Association
William O’Sullivan, P.E.Director, Division of Air Quality
NJ Department of Environmental Protection
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Air Pollution Challenges 20121. Mobile Sources
2. Air Toxics (especially diesel) focus on disproportionate impacts.
3. Ozone
4. NO2/SO2 1 hour NAAQS
5. Fine Particulates – continued progress
6. GHG – BACT/High Efficiency
6. Mobile Sources
3
4
New Jersey
PM2.5 Annual Average and Maximum Concentration1999-2010
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
m g/m
3
Average Concentration
Maximum Concentration
Average Concentration = Average of all sites annual averageMaximum Concentration = Maximum Annual Average
NAAQS = 15 ug/m3
New Jersey Goal = 12 ug/m3
5
Number of Day Ozone StandardsHave Been Exceeded in New Jersey
1986 - 2011
22
32
45
18
2326
9
18
7
14
6
10
4
10
4
11
16
4
0
53 3
0 0 1 0
5659
61
49 50
68
34
61
36 3633
36
47 46
18
34
45
18
13
2320
23
17
1
14
9
35
52
64
36
30
4139
44
30
9
35
21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Nu
mb
er o
f D
ays
>0.12 ppm (1-Hour Max)
>0.08 ppm (8-Hour Max)
>0.075 ppm (8-Hour Max)
Data Through Sept 11, 2011
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Daily Maximum 1-Hour SO2 ConcentrationsColumbia, New Jersey
September 23, 2010 - September 11, 2011
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
9/23
/201
0
10/3
/201
0
10/1
3/20
10
10/2
3/20
10
11/2
/201
0
11/1
2/20
10
11/2
2/20
10
12/2
/201
0
12/1
2/20
10
12/2
2/20
10
1/1/
2011
1/11
/201
1
1/21
/201
1
1/31
/201
1
2/10
/201
1
2/20
/201
1
3/2/
2011
3/12
/201
1
3/22
/201
1
4/1/
2011
4/11
/201
1
4/21
/201
1
5/1/
2011
5/11
/201
1
5/21
/201
1
5/31
/201
1
6/10
/201
1
6/20
/201
1
6/30
/201
1
7/10
/201
1
7/20
/201
1
7/30
/201
1
8/9/
2011
8/19
/201
1
8/29
/201
1
9/8/
2011
Par
ts p
er M
illio
n (
pp
m)
NAAQS = 75 ppb
NAAQS Exceeded on 31 days during this period
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New Jersey State Implementation Plan (SIP) Status• Ozone
– 0.08 ppm• USEPA approved RFP, RACM, Conformity, RACT and Control Measures;• USEPA proposed disapproval of the attainment demonstration May 2009;• NJ’s Northern NAA: NJ has requested a Clean Data Determination;• NJ’s Southern NAA: NJ received a 1 year extension of the 2009 attainment date.
– 0.075 ppm• NJ submitted designation recommendations April 1, 2009;• NJ recommended either a larger multi-state NAA, or the same as the 0.08 ppm NAAs;• EPA put them on hold pending the ozone reconsideration, but is now moving forward
with implementation.
• PM2.5– 15 μg/m3 annual
• NJ submitted a final SIP March 2009. We are waiting for EPA action;• EPA promulgated a Clean Data Determination for NJ’s Northern NAA;• We expect EPA to propose a Clean Data Determination for NJ’s Southern NAA;
– 35 μg/m3 24-hour• NJ will request a CDD from the USEPA for both NAA’s.
• Regional Haze– Submitted Jul 28, 2009, submitted BART portion in 2011, EPA has proposed APPROVAL on
August 11, 2011.
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Anticipated National Ambient Air Quality Standards Milestones
Pollutant StandardNAAQS
Promulgation Date
Designation Effective
110(a) SIPs Due
Attainment Demonstration Due
Attainment Date
Promulgated
PM2.5 35 µg/m3 daily Sep-06 Dec-09 Sep-09Dec-12, CDD in
progress insteadDec-14
Ozone 0.075 ppm 8 hour Mar-08 Mid-12? Mar-11 Mid-15?
Dec-15Marginal or
Dec-18 Moderate?
Lead 0.15 µg/m3 Oct-08 Nov-11? Oct-11 NA NA
NO2 Primary 100 ppb 1 hour Jan-10 Feb-12? Jan-13 NA NA
SO2 Primary 75 ppb 1 hour Jun-10 Aug-12?For AAs: Jun-13
(maint also)
For NAs: Jan-14 (Plan) and by Aug-17 (Demo
and maint)? Aug-17?
CONo change, new
monitoring requirements
Aug-11 NA NA NA NA
Not Yet Promulgated
NO2/SO2 Secondary
NO2-53 ppb annual, 100 ppb 1 hour, SO2-0.5 ppm 3 hour, 75
ppb 1 hour?
Proposed 8/2011, Final
3/2012?Apr-14? Mar-15? Oct-15? NA
PM2.512 µg/m3 annual, 30
µg/m3 daily?Proposal end
of 2011?Dec-14? Oct-15? Dec-17? Dec-19/24?
Ozone8-hour 0.06-0.07
ppm?Jun-14? Jul-16? Jun-16? Jul-19? Jul-24?
Updated 9/29/2011, Judy Rand
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Overview of New 1-hour NAAQS
1-hr NO2 = 100 ppb (189 ug/m3)
• Effective on April 12, 2010• Based on 98th percentile of annual
distribution of daily max. 1-hr values
1-hr SO2 = 75 ppb (196 ug/m3)
• Effective on August 23, 2010• Based on 99th percentile of annual distribution
of daily max. 1-hr values
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1-Hour NO2 in New Jersey
• Current New Jersey 1-Hour Background Levels -37% to 67% of NAAQS
• EPA and NJDEP guidance memos limit need to model intermittent NOx emissions:– Startup/Shutdown operations– Testing of emergency equipment
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1-Hour NO2 Modeling Conclusions
• NO2 1-Hour NAAQS is much more easily violated than the current annual NAAQS
• Principal sources of concern:
- smaller sources with low stacks,
- large sources with large emissions and
no NOx control
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1-Hour SO2 in New Jersey
• Current New Jersey 1-Hour Background Levels – 18% - 47% of NAAQS
• Sources currently burning No. 2 and lighter oil will become negligible after 2016 (Sulfur in Fuel Rule will limit oil to 15 ppm sulfur)
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Sulfur In Fuel Rule
3,000 or 5,0003,000 – 20,000#5, #6, & Heavier
2,5003,000 – 20,000#4
155002,000 – 3,000#2 & Lighter
2016 Limits (ppm)
7/1/16
2014 Limits (ppm)
7/1/14
Current Limits (ppm)
Grade of Fuel Oil
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1-Hour SO2 Modeling Conclusions
• SO2 1-Hour NAAQS is much more easily violated than the 3 and 24-Hour NAAQS
• Principal sources of concern are older, large sources burning No. 6 oil or coal (in other states)
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Columbia Lake NJ Monitor
• Data collected since Sept. 23, 2010
• 31 exceedances of the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS recorded from Sept. 23, 2010 to Sept. 15, 2011
• Confirms model predictions of NAAQS violations due to Portland Power Plant
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USEPA’s NATA National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment
EPA released 2005 NATA in March 2011.
(2002 NATA was released to public in June 2009.)
NATA is generated for every 3rd year.
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USEPA’s NATA 2005
For 177 air toxics + diesel particulate matter
Compile emissionsinventory for point, nonpoint & mobile
sources
Dispersion modeling
Estimate ambient concentrations for each census tract
nationwide
Estimate public health
risk
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NJ Facility-Wide Cancer Risk Guidelines
Risk < 10 in a million (1x10-5) Negligible risk
10 in a million < Risk ≤ 100 in a million
Pursue long-term (5-year) risk minimization
strategy.
100 in a million < Risk < 1000 in a million
Pursue short-term (<1 year) and long-term risk minimization strategy.
Risk > 1000 in a million (1x10-3)
Unacceptable risk. Pursue N.J.A.C. 7:27-5
enforcement action for existing facilities.
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Mobile Sources1. Diesel
a. Port
b. Retrofit Program
c. Idling Program
d. Inspection and Maintenance
2. Gasoline
a. Inspection and Maintenance
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25
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Diesel Retrofit Program
• Closed crankcase technology installed on 7,310 school buses.
• Tailpipe control technology installed on 1,400 garbage trucks.
• 800 NJ Transit buses underway & almost done. 1,500 commercial transit buses in process.
• 6,500 other public diesel vehicles and larger off-roads begin retrofit Fall 2011.
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Other retrofit opportunities• Governor’s Executive Order #60 requires
nonroad retrofits on DOT construction projects• Targeted at urban areas• 175 retrofits over 3 years• Evaluation after 3 years before expanding to all
projects• Funding from grants and enforcement settlement
($2.5 million)• Builds on NJ Clean Construction efforts
underway
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Summary of Voluntary Diesel Reduction Projects in NJ as of 9/1/2011
On road $1,489,000
Non road $3,510,000
Education $235,000
Marine $1,750,000
Idle Reduction $4,053,000
Study $370,000
Rail $3,987,500
Total Projects Completed & Underway = $ 18,416,500
Non road $6,532.000
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Back to School Reminder
• 3 minute idling limit for all gasoline and diesel vehicles (this includes school buses and parents).
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Diesel I/M Program• ~85,000 heavy-duty diesel trucks are inspected annually at private
inspection facilities.• ~11,000 heavy-duty diesel (in & out of state) trucks are inspected by
State diesel roadside teams.• Smoke opacity standards were lowered and enforcement began April
2010.– Annual inspections saw a 1% increase in emission failures– Roadside inspections saw a 10% increase in emission failures
Opacimeter in stack
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• NJ has about 5 million gasoline vehicles that require periodic inspection.
• 80% of inspections performed at 120 centralized lanes and 20% at over 1,100 decentralized garages.
• Almost 3 million inspections per year.• Overall initial failure rate is 12%.• 96% of vehicle owners show up for inspection on
time and/or have a valid inspection sticker.
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• New Jersey’s Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Program was revised in early 2010– On Board Diagnostics (OBD) test for all 1996
and newer cars including light-duty diesels – Dynamometer-based emissions test replaced
with two-speed idle emission test for pre-1996 cars
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• Future I/M program designs will focus on the use of On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) for all vehicles including heavy-duty diesel.
• The use of advanced OBD inspection technologies will enable future I/M programs to become more cost-effective by reducing inspection costs while focusing on the “M”, i.e., maintenance side of I/M to maximize emission reductions.
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New Jersey’s Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program
• Adopted by DEP in 2005, became mandatory in January 2009
• Light-duty vehicles sold in NJ must meet California emission limits;
• The program includes emission standards for NMOG, NOx, CO, and Greenhouse Gases(CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs)
• The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) requirement promotes advanced technologies such as Battery Electric, Fuel Cell Electric, Plug-In Hybrids and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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LEV Program Metrics:Cleaner Vehicles Sold in NJ
• PZEVs Partial Zero Emission Vehicles, ultra-low emitting , AT PZEVs are Hybrid-Electrics; sales has increased to about 26% in 2009/2010;
• 15 years / 150,000 miles warranty, 10 years on battery• Placed in NJ: 110 BMW BEV Mini-E, 30+ full range electric Tesla
vehicles; Nissan Leaf and PHEV Chevrolet Volt are coming too
Total sales of PZEV & AT PZEV
59 2,69221,334 14,901
51,095 51,233
112,721136,192
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Model Year
Sal
es
Qu
anti
ties
(P
ZE
V &
AT
P
ZE
V)
Totalsales ofPZEV &AT PZEV
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Stationary Sources
1. OTC Regional Control Strategies
2. General Permits
3. Transformation
4. ISG
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OTC Regional Control Strategies
NOx Sources:
Model Rules/MOUs:1. EGU’s (Oil and Gas-fired Boilers)*2. High Electric Demand Day (HEDD)
Turbines*3. New Small Boilers4. Stationary Generators
Draft Model Rules:5. Non-Road Equipment Idling*6. Natural Gas Compressor Stations
Categories Under Review:7. Municipal Waste Incinerators8. Promote Energy Efficiency/
Renewable Energy9. Coal-fired Boilers (EPA)
VOC Sources:
Model Rules/MOUs:1. Large VOC Stationary Storage
Tanks*2. Autobody Refinishing3. Consumer Products4. Architectural/Industrial Coatings
Draft Model Rules:5. Solvent Cleaning
(Industrial/Commercial)6. Paint Thinners (Consumer)
Category Under Review:7. Stage 1 and 2 Vapor Recovery
*Existing NJ Rule Equivalent to Model Already Adopted
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General Permits/ General Operating Permits Under Development
GP Number Title Status
GP-021/GOP-005
CHP using Turbines
Available for Use Sept. 19, 2011
GP-022/GOP-006
CHP using Spark Ignited Engines
Available for Use Sept. 19, 2011
GOP-003 Emergency Generators
Propose winter 2012
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TRANSFORMATION
Air Permit Review & Process
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ITEMS DISCUSSED
• Permit Format• Streamlining of Compliance Plans • Level of monitoring • Level of monitoring as it relates to
enforcement history • Permit application supplemental
information• Redefining insignificant sources in NJ
Title V program
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ITEMS DISCUSSED
• Hold on-site pre/post application meetings• Offer Plant-wide Applicability Limits (PAL)• Develop General Operating Permits• Shortening Permit Processing Time • Classify More significant Modifications as
Minor Modifications • Like-kind Replacement of Equipment• Minimize the number of appeals
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IMPLEMENTATION
• General Permits (GPs & GOPs)– Combined Heat & Power (Engines &
Turbines) – Available 9/19/11– Emergency Generators GOP – in progress
• Pre-application Checklists – in progress– Administrative & Technical Completeness
• Pre-application Meetings – on-going– On-site if necessary
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PERMIT PROCESS - LEAN
• Produced results in manufacturing industry• Identified OP Sig. Mod. Process• Review Process Fairly Efficient Overall• Info Requests Throughout Rev. Process
– Due To Application Incompleteness– Missing/Incomplete Info Identified Late in Review
Process
• Moving Completeness Review To Front of Review Process Will Improve Efficiency
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PILOT PROJECT
• Six-month Project (OP Sig. Mods initially)• Pre-application Meetings
– On-site if necessary
• Completeness Checklists– Rule Applicability/Compliance Demonstrations– Process Description/Air Flow Diagram– Emission Calculations/Supporting Documentation– Need for Modeling/Risk Assessment– Level of Public Interest & Outreach
• Full Applicant Cooperation
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Air Permitting/ Industrial Stakeholders Group (AP/ISG)
• Open to anyone with an interest in AQ Permits. • Composed primarily of DEP AQ permitting staff, DEP AQ
enforcement staff and representatives of regulated industries, and other parties interested in Air Permitting
• The group meets quarterly to discuss ways of:– promoting effective and consistent permits – that are protective of the environment – consider the concerns of the regulated community.
• Most recent meeting held on September 16, 2011• Materials on past and future meeting can be found at
http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/isg.html