11

Air-Ground IntegrationAir-Ground Integration

Ed Bailey, Airborne Project LeaderEd Bailey, Airborne Project Leader

&&

Ian Wilson, PATs Project LeaderIan Wilson, PATs Project Leader

22

The Aim :The Aim :

What is air-ground integration What is air-ground integration How was it doneHow was it done How How shouldshould it have been done it have been done How it worked in practice - technical story of a flightHow it worked in practice - technical story of a flight

33

PHARE Objective:PHARE Objective:

““The objective of PHARE is to organise, The objective of PHARE is to organise, co-ordinate and conduct on a collaborative co-ordinate and conduct on a collaborative basis, experiments and trials aiming at proving basis, experiments and trials aiming at proving and demonstrating the feasibility and merits of and demonstrating the feasibility and merits of a future a future air ground integrated air traffic air ground integrated air traffic management system management system in all phases of flight.” in all phases of flight.”

44

PHARE Air/Ground IntegrationPHARE Air/Ground Integration

Integration in PHARE was limited to Integration in PHARE was limited to Trajectory NegotiationTrajectory Negotiation

Trajectory Negotiation did Trajectory Negotiation did notnot involve ‘exchange of involve ‘exchange of trajectories’ or ‘Remote Procedure Calls’trajectories’ or ‘Remote Procedure Calls’

Simply Trajectory Negotiation was:Simply Trajectory Negotiation was: Trajectory from the aircraftTrajectory from the aircraft Constraints from the groundConstraints from the ground

Equivalent to:Equivalent to:“Here is my intent - is it safe, if not, make it safe”“Here is my intent - is it safe, if not, make it safe”

55

Application Level ViewApplication Level View

Advanced Tool Clients

Negotiation Manager

Common Modular

Simulator API

PHARE

ATN

Ground Human Machine

Interface

Experimental Flight Management System

Common Modular Simulator API Lite

PHARE ATN

Air Human Machine

Interface

66

Ideal Trajectory NegotiationIdeal Trajectory Negotiation

Aircraft downlinks User Preferred TrajectoryAircraft downlinks User Preferred Trajectory Ground checks trajectory for conflicts adding constraints if Ground checks trajectory for conflicts adding constraints if

necessary to deconflict and to sequence departure and arrival, necessary to deconflict and to sequence departure and arrival, then uplinks the constraints to the aircraftthen uplinks the constraints to the aircraft

Aircraft modifies User Preferred Trajectory and downlinks it to Aircraft modifies User Preferred Trajectory and downlinks it to the groundthe ground

Ground checks the new User Preferred Trajectory for conflicts, Ground checks the new User Preferred Trajectory for conflicts, broken constraints and infringements and if none uplinks broken constraints and infringements and if none uplinks deviation parameters to the aircraftdeviation parameters to the aircraft

Aircraft generates trajectory and downlinks ‘Accept’ Aircraft generates trajectory and downlinks ‘Accept’

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Its NOT that simpleIts NOT that simple

Problem areas - Problem areas - Is the first downlink really the User Preferred Trajectory ?Is the first downlink really the User Preferred Trajectory ? What ‘ground checks’ are really needed ?What ‘ground checks’ are really needed ? Does the controller need to see a trajectory that has no Does the controller need to see a trajectory that has no

conflicts ?conflicts ? Is there a need to co-ordinate sector-sector on trajectory Is there a need to co-ordinate sector-sector on trajectory

changes and what is the place of Letters of Agreement ?changes and what is the place of Letters of Agreement ? Delay during checks causes asynchronous work for Delay during checks causes asynchronous work for

controllercontroller

88

User Preferred Trajectory ?User Preferred Trajectory ?

Ideally Blue Sky trajectoryIdeally Blue Sky trajectory But it includes known ATC restrictions such as But it includes known ATC restrictions such as

Flight Levels and posslibly routingsFlight Levels and posslibly routings If the user does not get the request the If the user does not get the request the

alternative may be alternative may be veryvery different different

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Ground ChecksGround Checks

Negotiation Manager Software checks forNegotiation Manager Software checks for Conflicts caused in current and neighbour sectorsConflicts caused in current and neighbour sectors Constraints not metConstraints not met Changes in entry exit conditions at sector boundariesChanges in entry exit conditions at sector boundaries

Conflicts must be checked, but the other checks Conflicts must be checked, but the other checks may be unnecessary may be unnecessary

Forcing co-ordination not appreciatedForcing co-ordination not appreciated Time delay means controller may need to multi-taskTime delay means controller may need to multi-task

1010

Controller displayController display

Does a trajectory without problems need to be Does a trajectory without problems need to be displayed ?displayed ?

Depends on:Depends on: Trust in systemTrust in system Method of controller working - with tools it is not strictly Method of controller working - with tools it is not strictly

necessarynecessary

The ‘Big Picture’ - is it still required by controllers The ‘Big Picture’ - is it still required by controllers with automated support ?with automated support ?

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Shortened ProceduresShortened Procedures

Standard Trajectory Negotiation may be too Standard Trajectory Negotiation may be too long in some circumstances. long in some circumstances.

Shortened procedures:Shortened procedures: From Air - Pre-Emptive NegotiationFrom Air - Pre-Emptive Negotiation From Ground - Formal ClearanceFrom Ground - Formal Clearance

1212

Pre-Emptive NegotiationPre-Emptive Negotiation

The aircraft The aircraft isis doing something therefore the doing something therefore the ground is ground is toldtold not asked. not asked.

Sequence:Sequence: Trajectory sent to groundTrajectory sent to ground Deviation parameters and acceptDeviation parameters and accept

Equivalent to:Equivalent to: “Here is what I am flying - is it safe ? If not, “Here is what I am flying - is it safe ? If not, make it safe.”make it safe.”

1313

Formal ClearanceFormal Clearance

The ground requires an aircraft to do something The ground requires an aircraft to do something nownow therefore the aircraft is therefore the aircraft is toldtold not asked. not asked.

Sequence:Sequence: Set of constraints and deviation parameters are sent to Set of constraints and deviation parameters are sent to

the aircraftthe aircraft The aircraft generates a trajectory and flies it when the The aircraft generates a trajectory and flies it when the

pilot acceptspilot accepts Equivalent to:Equivalent to:

“Fly this trajectory.” “Fly this trajectory.”

1414

Flight Planning to 40 MinsFlight Planning to 40 Mins

Nominal values to process the informationNominal values to process the information Trajectory Predictor Generates Initial Trajectory into Trajectory Predictor Generates Initial Trajectory into

Flight Data BaseFlight Data Base Flight Database distributionFlight Database distribution Conflict Probe on TrajectoryConflict Probe on Trajectory Initial Arrival and Departure sequencing commencesInitial Arrival and Departure sequencing commences

1515

Air Trajectory Prediction Air Trajectory Prediction

The Trajectory is generated for the entire flight.The Trajectory is generated for the entire flight. SID and STAR (plus any procedural routings) SID and STAR (plus any procedural routings)

are used for initial constraints.are used for initial constraints. Trajectory is in 3 main ‘Phases’: Trajectory is in 3 main ‘Phases’:

Climb,Climb, Cruise,Cruise, Descent.Descent.

1616

Ground Trajectory PredictionGround Trajectory Prediction

For ‘what-if’ modelling of all flights, by the For ‘what-if’ modelling of all flights, by the controller and by the sequencing tools.controller and by the sequencing tools.

For provision of advisories to the Tactical For provision of advisories to the Tactical Controller to pass to non-equipped aircraft.Controller to pass to non-equipped aircraft.

Non-equipped - either without Datalink or with a less capable Non-equipped - either without Datalink or with a less capable FMSFMS..

1717

Aircraft Log In to DatalinkAircraft Log In to Datalink

Aircraft Provides trajectory based on aircraft Aircraft Provides trajectory based on aircraft data.data. Get Meteo dataGet Meteo data Derive vertical profile and 3D plus relative timesDerive vertical profile and 3D plus relative times Pilot checks then ‘Negotiate’sPilot checks then ‘Negotiate’s

First Trajectory Negotiation to GroundFirst Trajectory Negotiation to Ground Ground sequences the flight and constraints Ground sequences the flight and constraints

passed for push-back and take-off passed for push-back and take-off

1818

Take OffTake Off

DAP or trajectory indicating Take OffDAP or trajectory indicating Take Off Trajectory now certainTrajectory now certain Re-negotiate Trajectory if requiredRe-negotiate Trajectory if required New contract if requiredNew contract if required

1919

Diagrammatic View of Planning and Control AuthorityDiagrammatic View of Planning and Control Authority

FDB FDB FDB FDB

TC PC MSP AM

TP TP TP TPNM NM

EFMS

Sector 1 Sector 2

Multi-Sector 1 Multi-Sector 2

2020

Post Take-off PlanningPost Take-off Planning

‘‘Next’ Planner plans and deconflicts Next’ Planner plans and deconflicts (using CP, CT, PS, TP, NM)(using CP, CT, PS, TP, NM)

Tactical controller monitors Tactical controller monitors (using FPM and CT, PS, TP, NM if change (using FPM and CT, PS, TP, NM if change required)required)

Multi-Sector Planner 30 minutes away - checks Multi-Sector Planner 30 minutes away - checks loadings on the sectors loadings on the sectors (Using TLS and TP, NM if change required)(Using TLS and TP, NM if change required)

2121

Control by Pictures - AirControl by Pictures - Air

2222

Control by Pictures - GroundControl by Pictures - Ground

2323

Airborne Route AmendmentsAirborne Route Amendments

Pilot amends route on AHMIPilot amends route on AHMI Aircraft generates trajectory based on aircraft data.Aircraft generates trajectory based on aircraft data. Constraints provided from the ground for en-route Constraints provided from the ground for en-route

deconfliction and Arrivaldeconfliction and Arrival Aircraft recomputes trajectory to meet constraints Aircraft recomputes trajectory to meet constraints

and datalinks downand datalinks down Checked and Checked and AgreedAgreed with ground with ground

2424

Automated Holds - StacksAutomated Holds - Stacks

Long lookahead to avoid holds…Long lookahead to avoid holds… If hold required trajectory predictors in the If hold required trajectory predictors in the

EFMS and on the ground create oneEFMS and on the ground create one If there are other aircraft in the hold a Stack If there are other aircraft in the hold a Stack

Manager process on the ground provides Manager process on the ground provides descent constraints.descent constraints.

2525

ArrivalsArrivals

Sequencing continual while aircraft are en-route Sequencing continual while aircraft are en-route with sequence arrival times definedwith sequence arrival times defined

Changes of Time of Arrival only ‘negotiated’ Changes of Time of Arrival only ‘negotiated’ when change exceeds parameter timewhen change exceeds parameter time

Automated sequencing frozen prior to descentAutomated sequencing frozen prior to descent

2626

Automated Approaches Automated Approaches

Expedite and Retard using trombones or Expedite and Retard using trombones or approach fansapproach fans

Aircraft uses the area of the trombone or fan to Aircraft uses the area of the trombone or fan to amend its trajectory to achieve accuracies amend its trajectory to achieve accuracies within 5 seconds at the approach gatewithin 5 seconds at the approach gate

Always misunderstood by controllersAlways misunderstood by controllers

2727

Problems - CommunicationsProblems - Communications

Datalink Datalink Slow, very low bandwidthSlow, very low bandwidth Trajectory Information StructureTrajectory Information Structure

System System Some single threaded - resulted in unworkable delaySome single threaded - resulted in unworkable delay If multi-threaded, controller also has to ‘multi-thread’If multi-threaded, controller also has to ‘multi-thread’

2828

Achievement of ConceptAchievement of Concept

PHARE integrated the aircraft and ground systemsPHARE integrated the aircraft and ground systems The The aircraft aircraft generates the trajectory held in the generates the trajectory held in the ground ground

flight databaseflight database The aircraft is only ‘constrained’ if required to avoid The aircraft is only ‘constrained’ if required to avoid

conflictconflict Similar control by pictures approach both in the air and on Similar control by pictures approach both in the air and on

the groundthe ground Data-Link with sufficient bandwidth is Data-Link with sufficient bandwidth is essentialessential for full for full

benefitbenefit

2929

Air-Ground IntegrationAir-Ground Integration

Ed Bailey, Airborne Project LeaderEd Bailey, Airborne Project Leader

&&

Ian Wilson, PATs Project LeaderIan Wilson, PATs Project Leader