1. Acid Dissociation Constants of Selected Acids at 25 °C.Acid Formula Ka1 Ka2 Ka3 Ref.Acetic CH3COOH 1.75E-05 1Ammonium Ion NH4

+ 5.70E-10 1Anilinium Ion C6H5NH3

+ 2.51E-05 1Arsenic H3AsO4 5.8E-03 1.1E-07 3.2E-12 1Arsenous H3AsO3 5.1E-10 1Benzoic C6H5COOH 6.28E-05 1Boric H3BO3 5.81E-10 11-Butanoic CH3CH2CH2COOH 1.52E-05 1Carbonic H2CO3 4.45E-07 4.69E-11 1Chloroacetic ClCH2COOH 1.36E-03 1Chromic acid H2CrO4 3.55 1.0E-02Citric HOOC(OH)C(CH2COOH)2 7.45E-04 1.73E-05 4.02E-07 1Formic HCOOH 1.80E-04 1Fumaric trans- HOOCCH:CHCOOH 8.85E-04 3.21E-05 1Glycolic HOCH2COOH 1.47E-04 1Hydrazinium Ion H2NNH3

+ 1.05E-08 1Hydrazoic HN3 2.20E-05 1Hydrobromic HBr 1.0E+08 2Hydrochloric HCl 1.0E+07Hydrocyanic HCN 6.3E-10 2Hydrofluoric HF 6.8E-04 1Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 2.2E-12 1Hydroperoxy radical HOO· 4E-05 2Hydrosulfuric H2S 9.6E-08 1.3E-14 1Hydroiodic HI 1.0E+09 2Hydroxylamine NH2OH 1.1E-06 2Hydroxyl Ammonium Ion HONH3

+ 1.10E-06 1Hydroxyl radical HO· 1E-12 2Hydrochloric HCl 1E+06 2Hypochlorous HOCl 2.90E-08 2Hypobromous HOBr 2.2E-09 2Hypoiodous HOI 2.3E-11 2Iodic HIO3 1.70E-01 1Lactic CH3CHOHCOOH 1.38E-04 1Maleic cis- HOOCCH:CHCOOH 1.3E-02 5.9E-07 1Malic HOOCCHOHCH2COOH 3.48E-04 8.00E-06 1Malonic HOOCCH2COOH 1.42E-03 2.01E-06 1Mandelic C6H5CHOHCOOH 4.0E-04 1Methyl Ammonium Ion CH3NH3

+ 2.3E-11 1Nitric HNO3 high (below 2 M), 18 (2-14 M) 1Nitrous HNO2 7.1E-04 1Oxalic HOOCCOOH 5.60E-02 5.42E-05 1Perchloric HClO4 very high 1Periodic H5IO6 2E-02 5E-09 1Permanganic HMnO4 1.8E+02Phenol C6H5OH 1.00E-10 1Phosphoric H3PO4 6.90E-03 6.21E-08 4.73E-13 2

Acid Formula Ka1 Ka2 Ka3 Ref.Phosphorous H3PO3 6.3E-02 2.00E-07 1E-14 2o -Phthalic C6H4(COOH)2 1.12E-03 3.91E-06 1Picric (NO2)3C6H2OH 4.3E-01 1Piperidinium C5H11NH

+ 7.50E-12 1Propanoic CH3CH2COOH 1.34E-05 1Pyridinium C5H5NH

+ 5.90E-06 1Salicylic C6H4(OH)COOH 1.06E-03 1Sulfamic H2NSO3H 1.03E-01 1Succinic HOOCCH2CH2COOH 6.21E-05 2.31E-06 1Sulfuric H2SO4 2E+06 1.02E-02 1Sulfurous H2SO3 1.23E-02 6.6E-08 1Tartaric HOOC(CHOH)2COOH 9.20E-04 4.31E-05 1Thiocyanic HSCN 0.13 1Thiosulfuric H2S2O3 0.3 2.50E-02 1Trichloroacetic Cl3CCOOH 3 1Trimethyl Ammonium Ion (CH3)3NH

+ 1.58E-10 1Water H2O 1.008E-14 2Ref. 1: Analytical Chemistry, An Introduction 7th Edition: Appendix 2, p. A–3Ref. 2: Dissoctaion constants of inorganic acids and bases, D.D. Perrin,Butterworths, London, 1965

2. Acid Dissociation Constants of Selected Hydrated Metal Ions at 25 °C.Cation Formula pKa1 Ka1 Ref.Al3+ Al(H2O)6

3+ 4.96 1.10E-05 2

Be2+ Be(H2O)62+ 6.5 3.2E-07 2

Co2+ Co(H2O)62+ 9.85 1.41E-10 2

Cr3+ Cr(H2O)63+ 3.66 2.19E-04 2

Cu2+ Cu(H2O)62+ 8 1E-08 2

Fe2+ Fe(H2O)62+ 6.74 1.8E-07 2

Fe3+ Fe(H2O)63+ 2.46 3.5E-03 2

Ni2+ Ni(H2O)62+ 9.86 1.4E-10 2

In3+ In(H2O)63+ 4.4 4E-05 2

Pb2+ Pb(H2O)62+ 7.93 1.2E-08 2

Sn2+ Sn(H2O)62+ 1.7 2E-02 2

Ti3+ Ti(H2O)63+ 1.29 5.1E-02 2

Zn2+ Zn(H2O)62+ 8.96 1.1E-09 2

3. Base Dissociation Constants of selected compounds at 25 °C.Acid Formula pKb1 Kb1 pKb2 Ref.Ammonia NH3 4.754 1.76E-05 2Aniline C6H5NH2 4.63 2.3E-05 3Codeine C18H21NO3 5.79 1.6E-06 3Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 2.43 3.7E-03 1.40 3Diethylamine (C2H5)2NH 2.98 1.0E-03 3Dimethylamine (CH3)2NH 3.264 5.45E-04 3Ethylamine C2H5NH2 3.19 6.46E-04 3Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 3.285 5.2E-04 6.433 3Hydrazine H2NNH2 5.77 1.7E-06 3Hydroxylamine HONH2 8.02 9.5E-09 2Methylamine CH3NH2 3.340 4.6E-04 3Morphine C17H19NO3 5.79 1.6E-06 3Nicotine C10H14N2 5.98 1.0E-06 3.12 3Piperidine C5H10NH 2.874 1.34E-03 3Propylamine C3H7NH2 3.289 5.14E-04 3Pyridine C5H5N 8.75 1.8E-09 3Strychnine C21H22N2O2 5.74 1.8E-06 3Triethylamine (C2H5)3N 2.99 1.0E-03 3Trimethylamine (CH3)3N 4.19 6.5E-05 3Ref. 3: CRC handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th ed. 1980.

4. Solubility Product Constants for Selected Compounds at 25 °CNo. Compound Formula Ksp No. Compound Formula Ksp1 Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 1.3×10–33 55 Lead(II) iodide PbI2 7.1×10–9

2 Aluminum phosphate AlPO4 6.3×10–19

56 Lead(II) sulfate PbSO4 1.6×10–8

3 Barium carbonate BaCO3 5.1×10–9

57 Lead(II) sulfide* PbS * 3×10–28

4 Barium chromate BaCrO4 1.2×10–10 58 Lithium carbonate Li2CO3 2.5×10–2

5 Barium fluoride BaF2 1.0×10–6 59 Lithium fluoride LiF 3.8×10–3

6 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 5×10–3

60 Lithium phosphate Li3PO4 3.2×10–9

7 Barium sulfate BaSO4 1.1×10–10 61 Magnesium ammonium phosphate MgNH4PO4 2.5×10–13

8 Barium sulfite BaSO3 8×10–7

62 Magnesium arsenate Mg3(AsO4)2 2×10–20

9 Barium thiosulfate BaS2O3 1.6×10–6

63 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 3.5×10–8

10 Bismuthyl chloride BiOCl 1.8×10–31

64 Magnesium fluoride MgF2 3.7×10–8

11 Bismuthyl hydroxide BiOOH 4×10–10 65 Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 1.8×10–11

12 Cadmium carbonate CdCO3 5.2×10–12

66 Magnesium oxalate MgC2O4 8.5×10–5

13 Cadmium hydroxide Cd(OH)2 2.5×10–14

67 Magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2 1×10–25

14 Cadmium oxalate CdC2O4 1.5×10–8 68 Manganese(II) carbonate MnCO3 1.8×10–11

15 Cadmium sulfide* CdS * 8×10–28 69 Manganese(II) hydroxide Mn(OH)2 1.9×10–13

16 Calcium carbonate CaCO3 2.8×10–9 70 Manganese(II) sulfide* MnS * 3×10–14

17 Calcium chromate CaCrO4 7.1×10–4

71 Mercury(I) bromide Hg2Br2 5.6×10–23

18 Calcium fluoride CaF2 5.3×10–9 72 Mercury(I) chloride Hg2Cl2 1.3×10–18

19 Calcium hydrogen phosphate CaHPO4 1×10–7

73 Mercury(I) iodide Hg2I2 4.5×10–29

20 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 5.5×10–6

74 Mercury(II) sulfide* HgS * 2×10–53

21 Calcium oxalate CaC2O4 2.7×10–9 75 Nickel(II) carbonate NiCO3 6.6×10–9

22 Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 2.0×10–29 76 Nickel(II) hydroxide Ni(OH)2 2.0×10–15

23 Calcium sulfate CaSO4 9.1×10–6 77 Nickel(II) sulfide* NiS * 3×10–19

24 Calcium sulfite CaSO3 6.8×10–8

78 Scandium fluoride ScF3 4.2×10–18

25 Chromium(II) hydroxide Cr(OH)2 2×10–16

79 Scandium hydroxide Sc(OH)3 8.0×10–31

26 Chromium(III) hydroxide Cr(OH)3 6.3×10–31

80 Silver acetate AgC2H3O2 2.0×10–3

27 Cobalt(II) carbonate CoCO3 1.4×10–13

81 Silver arsenate Ag3AsO4 1.0×10–22

28 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Co(OH)2 1.6×10–15

82 Silver azide AgN3 2.8×10–9

29 Cobalt(III) hydroxide Co(OH)3 1.6×10–44

83 Silver bromide AgBr 5.0×10–13

30 Cobalt(II) sulfide* CoS * 4×10–21 84 Silver chloride AgCl 1.8×10–10

31 Copper(I) chloride CuCl 1.2×10–6 85 Silver chromate Ag2CrO4 1.1×10–12

32 Copper(I) cyanide CuCN 3.2×10–20 86 Silver cyanide AgCN 1.2×10–16

33 Copper(I) iodide CuI 1.1×10–12

87 Silver iodate AgIO3 3.0×10–8

34 Copper(II) arsenate Cu3(AsO4)2 7.6×10–36

88 Silver iodide AgI 8.5×10–17

35 Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 1.4×10–10

89 Silver nitrite AgNO2 6.0×10–4

36 Copper(II) chromate CuCrO4 3.6×10–6

90 Silver sulfate Ag2SO4 1.4×10–5

37 Copper(II) ferrocyanide Cu[Fe(CN)6] 1.3×10–16

91 Silver sulfide* Ag2S * 6×10–51

38 Copper(II) hydroxide Cu(OH)2 2.2×10–20 92 Silver sulfite Ag2SO3 1.5×10–14

39 Copper(II) sulfide* CuS * 6×10–37 93 Silver thiocyanate AgSCN 1.0×10–12

40 Iron(II) carbonate FeCO3 3.2×10–11

94 Strontium carbonate SrCO3 1.1×10–10

41 Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 8.0×10–16 95 Strontium chromate SrCrO4 2.2×10–5

42 Iron(II) sulfide* FeS * 6×10–19 96 Strontium fluoride SrF2 2.5×10–9

43 Iron(III) arsenate FeAsO4 5.7×10–21

97 Strontium sulfate SrSO4 3.2×10–7

44 Iron(III) ferrocyanide Fe4[Fe(CN)6] 3.3×10–41

98 Thallium(I) bromide TlBr 3.4×10–6

45 Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 4×10–38 99 Thallium(I) chloride TlCl 1.7×10–4

46 Iron(III) phosphate FePO4 1.3×10–22

100 Thallium (I) iodide TlI 6.5×10–8

47 Lead(II) arsenate Pb3(AsO4)2 4×10–36 101 Thallium(III) hydroxide Tl(OH)3 6.3×10–46

48 Lead(II) azide Pb(N3)2 2.5×10–9

102 Tin(II) hydroxide Sn(OH)2 1.4×10–28

49 Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 4.0×10–5

103 Tin(II) sulfide* SnS * 1×10–26

50 Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 7.4×10–14

104 Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 1.4×10–11

51 Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 1.6×10–5 105 Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 1.2×10–17

52 Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 2.8×10–13 106 Zinc oxalate ZnC2O4 2.7×10–8

53 Lead(II) fluoride PbF2 2.7×10–8

107 Zinc phosphate Zn3(PO4)2 9.0×10–33

54 Lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 1.2×10–15

108 Zinc sulfide* ZnS * 2×10–25

*MS(s 2O(l2+(aq –(aq –(aq )

5. Complex Ion formation Constants for Selected Compounds at 25 °CNo. Formula Kf No. Formula Kf

1 [Ag(CN)2]–

5.6×1018 37 [Fe(ox)3]3–

2×1020

2 [Ag(EDTA)]3– 2.1×107 38 [Fe(ox)3]4–

1.7×105

3 [Ag(en)2]+

5.0×107 39 [Fe(SCN)]2+

8.9×102

4 [Ag(NH3)2]+

1.6×107 40 [Hg(CN)4]2–

3×1041

5 [Ag(S2O3)2]3–

1.7×1013 41 [Hg(EDTA)]2–

6.3×1021

6 [Ag(SCN)4]3–

1.2×1010 42 [Hg(en)2]2+

2×1023

7 [Al(EDTA)]– 1.3×1016 43 [Hg(ox)2]2–

9.5×106

8 [Al(OH)4]–

1.1×1033 44 [HgCl4]2–

1.2×1015

9 [Al(ox)3]3–

2×1016 45 [HgI4]2–

6.8×1029

10 [Cd(CN)4]2–

6.0×1018 46 [Ni(CN)4]2–

2×1031

11 [Cd(en)3]2+

1.2×1012 47 [Ni(EDTA)]2–

3.6×1018

12 [Cd(NH3)4]2+

1.3×107 48 [Ni(en)3]2+

2.1×1018

13 [Co(EDTA)]– 1×1036 49 [Ni(NH3)6]2+

5.5×108

14 [Co(EDTA)]2– 2.0×1016 50 [Ni(ox)3]4–

3×108

15 [Co(en)3]2+

8.7×1013 51 [Pb(EDTA)]2–

2×1018

16 [Co(en)3]3+

4.9×1048 52 [Pb(OH)3]–

3.8×1014

17 [Co(NH3)6]2+

1.3×105 53 [Pb(ox)2]2–

3.5×106

18 [Co(NH3)6]3+

4.5×1033 54 [Pb(S2O3)3]4–

2.2×106

19 [Co(ox)3]3–

1×1020 55 [PbCl3]–

2.4×101

20 [Co(ox)3]4–

5×109 56 [PbI4]2–

3.0×104

21 [Co(SCN)4]2–

1.0×103 57 [Pt(NH3)6]2+

2×1035

22 [Cr(EDTA)]– 1×1023 58 [PtCl4]2–

1×1016

23 [Cr(OH)4]–

8×1029 59 [Zn(CN)4]2–

1×1018

24 [Cu(CN)2]–

1.0×1016 60 [Zn(EDTA)]2–

3×1016

25 [Cu(CN)4]2–

1×1025 61 [Zn(en)3]2+

1.3×1014

26 [Cu(CN)4]3–

2.0×1030 62 [Zn(NH3)4]2+

4.1×108

27 [Cu(EDTA)]2– 5×1018 63 [Zn(OH)4]2–

4.6×1017

28 [Cu(en)2]2+

1×1020 64 [Zn(ox)3]4–

1.4×108

29 [Cu(NH3)4]2+

1.1×1013

30 [Cu(ox)2]2–

3×108

31 [CuCl3]2–

5×105

32 [Fe(CN)6]3–

1×1042

33 [Fe(CN)6]4–

1×1037

34 [Fe(EDTA)]– 1.7×1024

35 [Fe(EDTA)]2– 2.1×1014

36 [Fe(en)3]2+

5.0×109

6. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 °C.

ALPHABETICAL (Note: All species are in their "aq" state except otherwise noted.)

No. Reduction Half-Cell Eo, V No. Reduction Half-Cell E

o, V

1 Ag(CN)2 + e D -0.31 63 2Hg2+

+ 2e D 22+

0.907

2 Ag+ + e D 0.792 64 Hg

2+ + 2e D 0.854

3 Ag2O(s) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 1.173 65 Hg2

2+ + 2e D 0.776

4 Ag2O(s) + H2O + 2e D 0.342 66 HO2 + H2O + 2e D 0.88

5 Ag2S(s) + 2H+ + 2e D 2S(g) -0.036 67 2HOCl + 2 H

+ + 2e D 2(g) + 2 H2O 1.63

6 Ag2S(s) + 2e D2

-0.712 68 I2(aq) + 2e D 0.615

7 AgCl(s) + e D 0.228 69 K+ + e D -2.925

8 Al(OH)3(s) + 3e D -2.31 70 Li+ + e D -3.045

9 Al3+

+ 3e D -1.662 71 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e D -2.69

10 2AsO43

+ 10H+ + 4e D 2O3(s) + 5H2O 1.27 72 Mg

2+ + 2e D -2.363

11 AsO43

+ 3H2O + 2e D 2AsO3 + 4OH -0.67 73 Mn(OH)2(s) + 2e D -1.55

12 Au+ + e D 1.69 74 Mn

2+ + 2e D -1.18

13 Au3+

+ 3e D 1.5 75 MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e D

2+ + 2H2O 1.23

14 AuCl2 + e D 1.154 76 MnO4 + 4H++ 3e D 2(s)+ 2 H2O 1.695

15 AuCl4 + 3e D 1.002 77 MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e D 2(s) + 4OH 0.588

16 Br2(l) + 2e D 1.065 78 N2(g) + 8H+ + 6e D 4

+0.275

17 2BrO + 4H+ + 2e D 2(l) + 2H2O 2.09 79 N2(g) + 6H

+ + 6e D 3(g) 0.057

18 BrO + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.76 80 N2(g) + 4 H2O + 4e D 2O4 + 4 OH -1.16

19 2BrO + 2H2O + 2e D 2(l) + 4OH 0.45 81 Na+ + e D -2.714

20 Ca(OH)2(s) + 2e D -3.03 82 Ni2+

+ 2e D -0.25

21 Ca2+

+ 2e D -2.866 83 NiOOH + H2O + e D 2 + OH 0.49

22 Cd2+

+ 2e D -0.403 84 2NO(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2(g) + 2H2O 1.678

23 Cl2(aq) + 2e D 1.39 85 NO2(g) + H+ + e D 2 1.093

24 ClO + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.89 86 NO2(g) + e D 2 0.893

25 2ClO + 2H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 4OH 0.4 87 2NO2 + 8H+ + 6e D 2(g) + 4H2O 1.52

26 ClO2 + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.66 88 NO2 + 7H+ + 6e D 3(g) + 2H2O 0.789

27 2ClO3 + 12H+ + 10e D 2(g) + 3H2O 1.47 89 NO3 + 4H

+ + 3e D 2O 0.96

28 ClO3 + 3H+ + 2e D 2 + H2O 1.21 90 NO3 + H2O + 2e D 2 + 2OH 0.1

29 ClO3 + H2O + 2e D 2 + 2OH 0.33 91 O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2O 1.23

30 2ClO4 + 16H+ + 14e D 2(g) + 8H2O 1.39 92 O2(g) + 2H

+ + 2e D 2O2 0.682

31 ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e D 3 + H2O 1.19 93 O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e D 0.401

32 ClO4 + H2O + 2e D 3 + 2OH 0.36 94 O2(g) + H2O + 2e D 2 + OH 0.076

33 CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O -0.12 95 O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e D 2O2 + OH -0.146

34 CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D -0.2 96 O2(g) + e D 2 -0.56

35 2CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2C2O4 -0.49 97 O3(g) + 2H

+ + 2e D 2(g) + H2O 2.07

36 Co2+

+ 2e D -0.277 98 O3(g) + 6H+ + 6e D 2O 1.501

37 Cr2+

+ 2e D -0.91 99 O3(g) + H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 2OH 1.24

38 Cr2O72

+ 14H+ + 6e D

3+ + 7H2O 1.33 100 OH + e D 1.4

39 Cr2O72

+ 10H+ + 6e D 2

+ + 3H2O 1.14 101 Pb

2+ + 2e D -0.126

40 Cr2O72

+ 14H+ + 12e D 2O 0.29 102 Pb3O4(s) + 8H

+ + 2e D

2+ + 3H2O 2.094

41 Cr3+

+ 3e D -0.744 103 Pb3O4(s) + H2O + 2e D 0.249

42 Cr3+

+ e D2+

-0.408 104 PbO(s) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 0.249

43 CrO42

+ 2H+ + 3e D 3

3 + H2O 0.36 105 PbO(s)+ H2O + 2e D (s ) + 2 OH -0.58

44 CrO42

+ 4H+ + 3e D 2 + 2H2O 0.95 106 PbO2(s) + 4H

+ + SO4

2 + 2e D 4(s) + 2H2O 1.685

45 CrO42

+ 4H2O + 3e D 3(s) + 5OH -0.13 107 PbSO4 + 2e D 42

-0.35

46 Cu(NH3)42+

+ 2e D 3 -0.07 108 S(s) + H+ + 2e D -0.065

47 Cu(NH3)2+ + e D 3 -0.12 109 S(s) + 2e D

2-0.476

48 Cu+ + e D 0.521 110 S2O8

2 + 2e D 4

22.05

49 Cu2+

+ 2e D 0.34 111 Sn2+

+ 2e D -0.136

50 2Cu2+

+ H2O + 2e D 2O(s) + 2H+

0.2 112 SO2(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2O 0.451

51 F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 3.06 113 SO3

2 + 6H

+ + 6e D

2 + 3H2O 0.231

52 F2(g) + 2e D 2.87 114 2SO32

+ 6H+ + 4e D 2O3

2 + 3H2O 0.705

53 Fe(OH)2(s) + 2e D -0.88 115 SO42

+ 10H+ + 8e D 2S(g) + 4H2O 0.303

54 Fe2+

+ 2e D -0.44 116 SO42

+ 4H+ + 2e D 2SO3 + H2O 0.172

55 Fe3+

+ e D2+

0.771 117 Ti2+

+ 2e D -1.63

56 Fe3+

+ 3e D -0.04 118 TiO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e D

2+ + H2O -0.502

57 2H+ + 2e D 2 0.000 119 Zn(NH3)4

2+ + 2e D 3 -1.04

58 H2(g) + 2e D -2.25 120 Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e D -1.245

59 2H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 2OH -0.83 121 Zn2+

+ 2e D -0.763

60 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 1.776 122 ZnO2

2 + 4H

+ + 2e D 2O 0.441

61 2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e D 2(l) + 2H2O 1.59 123 ZnO2

2 + 2H2O + 2e D -1.216

62 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e D 2(g) + H2O 1.63 124 ZnS(s) + 2e D

2-1.4

6. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 °C.

VOLTAGE SORTED (Note: All species are in their "aq" state except otherwise noted.)

No. Reduction Half-Cell Eo, V No. Reduction Half-Cell E

o, V

1 F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 3.06 63 ClO3 + H2O + 2e D 2 + 2OH 0.33

2 F2(g) + 2e D 2.87 64 SO42

+ 10H+ + 8e D 2S(g) + 4H2O 0.303

3 Pb3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2e D

2+ + 3H2O 2.094 65 Cr2O7

2 + 14H

+ + 12e D 2O 0.29

4 2BrO + 4H+ + 2e D 2(l) + 2H2O 2.09 66 N2(g) + 8H

+ + 6e D 4

+0.275

5 O3(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2(g) + H2O 2.07 67 Pb3O4(s) + H2O + 2e D 0.249

6 S2O82

+ 2e D 42

2.05 68 PbO(s) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 0.249

7 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 1.776 69 SO3

2 + 6H

+ + 6e D

2 + 3H2O 0.231

8 MnO4 + 4H++ 3e D 2(s)+ 2 H2O 1.695 70 AgCl(s) + e D 0.228

9 Au+ + e D 1.69 71 2Cu

2+ + H2O + 2e D 2O(s) + 2H

+0.2

10 PbO2(s) + 4H+ + SO4

2 + 2e D 4(s) + 2H2O 1.685 72 SO4

2 + 4H

+ + 2e D 2SO3 + H2O 0.172

11 2NO(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2(g) + 2H2O 1.678 73 NO3 + H2O + 2e D 2 + 2OH 0.1

12 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e D 2(g) + H2O 1.63 74 O2(g) + H2O + 2e D 2 + OH 0.076

13 2HOCl + 2 H+ + 2e D 2(g) + 2 H2O 1.63 75 N2(g) + 6H

+ + 6e D 3(g) 0.057

14 2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e D 2(l) + 2H2O 1.59 76 2H

+ + 2e D 2 0.000

15 2NO2 + 8H+ + 6e D 2(g) + 4H2O 1.52 77 Ag2S(s) + 2H

+ + 2e D 2S(g) -0.036

16 O3(g) + 6H+ + 6e D 2O 1.501 78 Fe

3+ + 3e D -0.04

17 Au3+

+ 3e D 1.5 79 S(s) + H+ + 2e D -0.065

18 2ClO3 + 12H+ + 10e D 2(g) + 3H2O 1.47 80 Cu(NH3)4

2+ + 2e D 3 -0.07

19 OH + e D 1.4 81 CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O -0.12

20 Cl2(aq) + 2e D 1.39 82 Cu(NH3)2+ + e D 3 -0.12

21 2ClO4 + 16H+ + 14e D 2(g) + 8H2O 1.39 83 Pb

2+ + 2e D -0.126

22 Cr2O72

+ 14H+ + 6e D

3+ + 7H2O 1.33 84 CrO4

2 + 4H2O + 3e D 3(s) + 5OH -0.13

23 2AsO43

+ 10H+ + 4e D 2O3(s) + 5H2O 1.27 85 Sn

2+ + 2e D -0.136

24 O3(g) + H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 2OH 1.24 86 O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e D 2O2 + OH -0.146

25 MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e D

2+ + 2H2O 1.23 87 CO2(g) + 2H

+ + 2e D -0.2

26 O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2O 1.23 88 Ni

2+ + 2e D -0.25

27 ClO3 + 3H+ + 2e D 2 + H2O 1.21 89 Co

2+ + 2e D -0.277

28 ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e D 3 + H2O 1.19 90 Ag(CN)2 + e D -0.31

29 Ag2O(s) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O 1.173 91 PbSO4 + 2e D 4

2-0.35

30 AuCl2 + e D 1.154 92 Cd2+

+ 2e D -0.403

31 Cr2O72

+ 10H+ + 6e D 2

+ + 3H2O 1.14 93 Cr

3+ + e D

2+-0.408

32 NO2(g) + H+ + e D 2 1.093 94 Fe

2+ + 2e D -0.44

33 Br2(l) + 2e D 1.065 95 S(s) + 2e D2

-0.476

34 AuCl4 + 3e D 1.002 96 2CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2C2O4 -0.49

35 NO3 + 4H+ + 3e D 2O 0.96 97 TiO2(s) + 4H

+ + 2e D

2+ + H2O -0.502

36 CrO42

+ 4H+ + 3e D 2 + 2H2O 0.95 98 O2(g) + e D 2 -0.56

37 2Hg2+

+ 2e D 22+

0.907 99 PbO(s)+ H2O + 2e D (s ) + 2 OH -0.58

38 NO2(g) + e D 2 0.893 100 AsO43

+ 3H2O + 2e D 2AsO3 + 4OH -0.67

39 ClO + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.89 101 Ag2S(s) + 2e D2

-0.712

40 HO2 + H2O + 2e D 0.88 102 Cr3+

+ 3e D -0.744

41 Hg2+

+ 2e D 0.854 103 Zn2+

+ 2e D -0.763

42 Ag+ + e D 0.792 104 2H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 2OH -0.83

43 NO2 + 7H+ + 6e D 3(g) + 2H2O 0.789 105 Fe(OH)2(s) + 2e D -0.88

44 Hg22+

+ 2e D 0.776 106 Cr2+

+ 2e D -0.91

45 Fe3+

+ e D2+

0.771 107 Zn(NH3)42+

+ 2e D 3 -1.04

46 BrO + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.76 108 N2(g) + 4 H2O + 4e D 2O4 + 4 OH -1.16

47 2SO32

+ 6H+ + 4e D 2O3

2 + 3H2O 0.705 109 Mn

2+ + 2e D -1.18

48 O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e D 2O2 0.682 110 ZnO2

2 + 2H2O + 2e D -1.216

49 ClO2 + H2O + 2e D + 2OH 0.66 111 Zn(OH)2(s) + 2e D -1.245

50 I2(aq) + 2e D 0.615 112 ZnS(s) + 2e D2

-1.4

51 MnO4 + 2H2O + 3e D 2(s) + 4OH 0.588 113 Mn(OH)2(s) + 2e D -1.55

52 Cu+ + e D 0.521 114 Ti

2+ + 2e D -1.63

53 NiOOH + H2O + e D 2 + OH 0.49 115 Al3+

+ 3e D -1.662

54 SO2(g) + 4H+ + 4e D 2O 0.451 116 H2(g) + 2e D -2.25

55 2BrO + 2H2O + 2e D 2(l) + 4OH 0.45 117 Al(OH)3(s) + 3e D -2.31

56 ZnO22

+ 4H+ + 2e D 2O 0.441 118 Mg

2+ + 2e D -2.363

57 O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e D 0.401 119 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e D -2.69

58 2ClO + 2H2O + 2e D 2(g) + 4OH 0.4 120 Na+ + e D -2.714

59 ClO4 + H2O + 2e D 3 + 2OH 0.36 121 Ca2+

+ 2e D -2.866

60 CrO42

+ 2H+ + 3e D 3

3 + H2O 0.36 122 K

+ + e D -2.925

61 Ag2O(s) + H2O + 2e D 0.342 123 Ca(OH)2(s) + 2e D -3.03

62 Cu2+

+ 2e D 0.34 124 Li+ + e D -3.045

Standand Enthalpies of Formation & Standard Entropies of Common Compounds

Substance State ∆H◦f S

◦

( kJmol

) ( Jmol·K)

Ag s 0 42.6Ag+ aq 105.79 72.7AgCl s −127.01 96.2AgBr s −100.4 107.1AgNO3 s −124.4 140.9Al s 0 28.3Al+3 aq −538.4 −321.7AlCl3 s −704 110.7Al2O3 s −1675.7 50.9Ba s 0 62.8BaCl2 s −858.6 123.7BaCO3 s −1216.3 112.1Ba(NO3)2 s −992 214BaO s −553.5 70.4Ba(OH)2 s −998.2 112BaSO4 s −1473.2 132.2Br2 ` 0 152.2C s 0 5.7CCl4 ` −135.4 216.4CHCl3 ` −134.5 201.7CH4 g −74.8 186.2C2H2 g +226.7 200.8C2H4 g +52.3 219.5C2H6 g −84.7 229.5C3H8 g −103.8 269.9CH3OH ` −238.7 126.8C2H5OH ` −277.7 160.7CO g −110.53 197.6CO2 g −393.51 213.6CO −23 aq −675.23 −56.9Ca s 0 41.4Ca+2 aq −543.0 −53.1CaCl2 s −795.8 104.6CaCO3 s −1206.9 92.9CaO s −634.92 39.8Ca(OH)2 s −986.1 83.4CaSO4 s −1434.1 106.7Cd s 0 51.8Cd+2 aq −75.92 −73.2CdCl2 s −391.5 115.3CdO s −258.35 54.8

Substance State ∆H◦f S

◦

( kJmol

) ( Jmol·K)

Cl2 g 0 223.0Cl− aq −167.080 56.5ClO −4 aq −128.10 182.0Cr s 0 23.8Cr2O3 g −1139.7 81.2Cu s 0 33.2Cu+ aq +71.7 40.6Cu+2 aq +64.8 −99.6CuO s −157.3 42.6Cu2O s −168.6 93.1CuS s −53.1 66.5Cu2S s −79.5 120.9CuSO4 s −771.4 107.6F− aq −335.35 −13.8F2 g 0 202.7Fe s 0 27.3Fe(OH)3 s −823.0 106.7Fe2O3 s −824.2 87.4Fe3O4 s −1118.4 146.4H2 g 0 130.6H+ aq 0 0.0∗

HBr g −36.29 198.6HCO −3 aq −689.93 91.2HCl g −92.31 186.8HF g −273.30 173.7HI g 26.50 206.5HNO3 ` −174.1 155.6HPO −24 aq −1299.0 −33.5HSO −4 aq −886.9 131.8H2O ` −285.830 69.9H2O g −241.826 188.7H2PO

−4 aq −1302.6 90.4

H2S g −20.6 205.7Hg ` 0 76.0Hg+2 aq 170.21 −32.2HgO cr,red −90.79 70.3

∗The standard entropy of the H+(aq) ion is defined to be 0.

Substance State ∆H◦f S

◦

( kJmol

) ( Jmol·K)

I− aq −56.78 111.3I2 s 0 116.1K s 0 64.2K+ aq −252.14 102.5KBr s −393.8 95.9KCl s −436.7 82.6KClO3 s −397.7 143.1KClO4 s −432.8 151.0KNO3 s −494.6 133.0Mg s 0 32.7Mg+2 aq −467.0 −138.1MgCl2 s −641.3 89.6MgCO3 s −1095.8 65.7MgO s −601.60 26.9Mg(OH)2 s −924.5 63.2MgSO4 s −1284.9 91.6Mn s 0 32.0Mn+2 aq −220.8 −73.6MnO s −385.2 59.7MnO2 s −520.0 53.0N2 g 0 191.5NH3 g −45.94 192.3NH +4 aq −133.26 113.4NO −2 aq −104.6 123.0NO −3 aq −206.85 146.4N2H4 ` +50.6 121.2NH4Cl s −314.4 94.6NH4NO3 s −365.6 151.1NO g +90.2 210.7NO2 g +33.2 240.0N2O4 g +9.2 304.2Na s 0 51.2Na+ aq −240.34 59.0NaCl s −411.2 72.1NaF s −573.6 51.5NaOH s 425.6 64.5

Substance State ∆H◦f S

◦

( kJmol

) Jmol K

Ni s 0 29.9NiO s −239.7 38.0OH− aq −230.015 −10.8O2 g 0 205.0P4 s 0 164.4PCl3 g −287.0 311.7PCl5 g −374.9 364.5PO −34 aq −1277.4 −222Pb s 0 64.8Pb+2 aq 0.92 10.5PbBr2 s −278.7 161.5PbCl2 s −359.4 136.0PbO s −219.0 66.5PbO2 s −277.4 68.6S s 0 31.8SO2 g −296.81 248.1SO3 g −395.7 256.7SO −24 aq −909.34 20.1S −2 aq +33.1 −14.6Si s 0 18.8SiO2 s −910.7 41.8Sn s 0 51.6Sn+2 aq −8.9 −17.4SnO2 s −577.63 52.3Zn s 0 41.6Zn+2 aq −153.39 −112.1ZnI2 s −208.0 161.1ZnO s −350.46 43.6ZnS s −206.0 57.7

Some constants and equations, you may need: Ideal Gas Constant: R=0.082057 L.atm.mol-1.K-1 (R = 8.3144 J.mol-1.K-1) Avogadro’s Number: 6.0221 x 1023 count.mol-1 Faraday’s constant: 96485 C/mol e- 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-27 kg Kw = 1.01 x 10-14 at 25 deg. C 1 e- charge = 1.60218 x 10-19 C Quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0 1 neutron mass = 1.67493 x 10-27 kg Quadratic Roots: x = [- b ± (b2-4ac)1/2]/(2a) 1 proton mass = 1.67262 x 10-27 kg speed of light = 2.9979 x 108 m/s Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 0-34 J.s 1 amu = 931.5 MeV 1 eV = 1.60217x10-19J P.V=n.R.T Kp = Kc.(RT)Δng pH = pKa + log [base]/[acid] Ka . Kb = Kw ------------------------------------------------------- Kinetics Order Integrated form Half-Life 0 [A]t = -k.t + [A]o t1/2 = [A]o /(2k) 1 ln[A]t = - k.t + ln[A]o or ln [A]t/[A]0 = -kt t1/2 = 0.693/k 2 1/[A] t = k.t + 1/[A]o t1/2 =1/(k[A]o) First order details:

Differential: -∆[A]t/∆t = k[A]t t1/2 = ln2/k Integrated, First order: ln([A]t/[A]o)= - k.t or ln[A]t = - k.t + ln[A]o [A]t =[A]o (1/2)n whereas, n = t/ t1/2 (n = number of half-lives)

k = Ae-Ea/RT ln (k2/k1) = Ea/R (1/T1-1/T2) (note: k=rate constant) --------------------------------------------------------- ΔS = qrev/T ΔSuniv =ΔSsys + ΔSsur ΔGo = ΔHo – T. ΔSo ΔG = ΔGo + R.T.ln Q ΔGo = – R.T. ln Keq lnKeq = –ΔHo/(RT) + ΔSo/R ln(K2/K1) = ΔHo/R(1/T1-1/T2) (Note: K = equilibrium constant) ΔG = – n.F.Ecell ΔGo = – n.F.Eocell Eocell = R.T/ (n.F) ln Keq or

At 25 ºC: Eocell = (0.02569 V / n) . ln Keq (V is the volts unit) or Eocell = (0.05916 V / n) . log Keq (ln = 2.3026 log)

Ecell = Eocell - R.T/ (n.F) log Q or At 25 ºC: Ecell = Eocell - (0.05917 V / n) . log Q

E = mc2

Masses of particles and isotopes

Particle Symbol Mass (amu) Beta (electron) - 0.0005485799 Positron + 0.0005485799 Proton + 1.00727647 Neutron 1.00866490

Isotope Mass (amu) Isotope Mass (amu) 1H 1.00783 23Na 22.98977 2H 2.01411 24Mg 23.98505 3H 3.01605 30Si 29.97376 3He 3.01603 30P 29.97832 4He 4.00260 32S 31.97207 7Li 7.01601 35Cl 34.96885 8Be 8.00531 40Ca 39.96259 9Be 9.01218 49Ti 48.94787 10Be 10.01354 81Br 80.91629 8B 8.02461 87Rb 86.90918 10B 10.01294 87Sr 86.90889 11B 11.00931 127I 126.90448 11C 11.01143 226Ra 226.02541 12C 12 (exact) 228Ra 228.03123 13C 13.00335 228Ac 228.03117 14C 14.00324 232Th 232.03805 14N 14.00307 234Th 234.0436 16O 15.99491 231Pa 231.03588 17O 16.99913 231U 231.0363 18O 17.99916 234U 234.04095 19F 18.99840 235U 235.04393 21Na 20.99764 238U 238.05079

Peri

odic

Tab

le o

f the

Ele

men

ts

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

IA

IIA

IIIA

IV

A

VA

VIA

VI

IA

VIIIA

1

2

H

He

1.00

8

4.

003

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

Li

Be

B C

N

O

F N

e 6.

939

9.01

2

10

.81

12.0

1 14

.01

16.0

0 19

.00

20.1

8 11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na

Mg

Al

Si

P S

Cl

Ar

22.9

9 24

.31

26.9

8 28

.09

30.9

7 32

.07

35.4

5 39

.95

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

K Ca

Sc

Ti

V

Cr

M

n Fe

Co

N

i Cu

Zn

G

a G

e A

s Se

Br

Kr

39

.10

40.0

8 44

.96

47.9

0 50

.94

52.0

0 54

.94

55.8

5 58

.93

58.7

1 63

.55

65.3

9 69

.72

72.5

9 74

.92

78.9

6 79

.91

83.8

0 37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Y Zr

N

b M

o Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

A

g Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

I

Xe

85.4

7 87

.62

88.9

1 91

.22

92.9

1 95

.94

(99)

10

1.07

10

2.91

10

6.4

107.

87

112.

40

114.

82

118.

69

121.

75

127.

60

126.

90

131.

30

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La*

Hf

Ta

W

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

132.

90

137.

34

138.

91

178.

49

180.

95

183.

85

186.

21

190.

2 19

2.2

195.

09

196.

97

200.

59

204.

37

207.

19

208.

98

(210

) (2

10)

(222

) 87

88

89

10

4 10

5 10

6 10

7 10

8 10

9 11

0 11

1 11

2 11

3 11

4 11

5 11

6 11

7 11

8

Fr

Ra

Ac*

* Rf

D

b Sg

Bh

H

s M

t U

un U

uu

Uub

Uuq

Uuh

Uuo

(2

23)

(226

) (2

27)

(261

) (2

62)

(263

) (2

62)

(265

) (2

69)

(269

) (2

72)

(277

)

(289

)

(289

)

(293

)

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

* Ce

Pr

N

d Pm

Sm

Eu

G

d Tb

D

y H

o Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

140.

12

140.

91

144.

24

(147

) 15

0.35

15

1.96

15

7.25

15

8.92

16

2.50

16

4.93

16

7.26

16

8.93

17

3.04

17

4.97

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

**

Th

Pa

U

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

M

d N

o Lr

232.

04

(231

) 23

8.03

(2

37)

(242

) (2

43)

(247

) (2

48)

(251

) (2

52)

(257

) (2

58)

(255

) (2

57)