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Objectives

• To understand the basic techniques of photography.

• To compare traditional film and digital cameras and photography.

• To analyze the various equipment which can enhance photography.

• To create a quality photograph using basic rules and technology.

• To discuss the impact of photography in publications.

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Chapter Links

The Camera

Film vs. Digital

Equipment, Accessories & Necessities

What Makes a Good Photograph

Photography in Publications

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History of the Camera

• Ancient Times: Primitive camera formed images on walls in darkened rooms

• 16th century: Camera was improved by inserting a telescope lens

• 1727: Professor J. Schulze mixed chalk, nitric acid and sliver to accidentally create the first photo-sensitive compound

• 1834: Henry Fox Talbot created negatives• 1888: First Kodak® camera containing a

20-foot roll of paper• 1889: Improved Kodak® camera with roll of

film instead of paper

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History of the Camera

• 1924: First high quality 35mm film camera released

• 1963: First color instant film developed by Polaroid®

• 1983: Kodak® introduced disk camera• 1985: Minolta® marketed the world’s first

auto focus SLR camera• 1990: Adobe® Photoshop® released

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History of the Camera

• 1991: Kodak® DCS-100, first digital SLR• 2000: Camera phone introduced in Japan by

Sharp®/J-Phone® • 2001: Polaroid® went bankrupt• 2004: Kodak® ceased production of film

cameras• 2007: New digital cameras average 5.0 to

7.0 megapixels for $400

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How a Camera Works

• A camera is made of three basic elements:– an optical element (the lens)– a storage element (the film or memory

card)– a mechanical element (the camera body)

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Optical Element

• Is the lens– uses a curved piece of glass or plastic– takes the beams of light bouncing off of an

object– redirects the light so they come together to

form a real image

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Storage Element

• Film is used in a traditional camera– makes a chemical record of the pattern of

light

• Memory card is used in a digital camera– makes digital images made up of tiny

square of light called pixels

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Mechanical Element

• Provides complete darkness necessary for film to capture the image until it is time to take the picture

• To record an image light must be let in• Allows a shutter to open and close between

the lens and storage element when the shutter release is pressed

• Light reflected from the image enters through the lens and reacts with the chemicals on the film or the memory card sensor to create a permanent image

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Camera Diagram

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Types of Cameras

• Compact or Viewfinder – single use– ultra compact– point and shoot

• Prosumer

• Professional– Single Lens Reflex (SLR)– Twin Lens Reflex (TLR)

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Single Use Film & Digital Cameras

• Compact• Light weight• Point and shoot only• No creative control• Some have built in flash• Turn entire camera in for processing• Inexpensive• Widely available

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Ultra Compact Digital Cameras

• Lightweight

• Easy to use

• Convenient to carry

• Few controls and features

• Buttons and dials are small though usually work well

• Moderate to high priced

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• Most common• Easiest to use• Offer point and shoot convenience• Automatic flash usually built in• Single, non-interchangeable lens• Film speed rating is automatically detected • All settings automatic• Most produce very good results• Very low cost• Minimal input from user

Compact Film Cameras

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Compact Digital Cameras

• Lightweight• Easy to use• Great for point and shoot • Offer plenty of scene modes• Some have semi-automatic and manual

controls• All but the cheapest offer very good image

quality• Low to moderately priced depending on the

following:– features– number of megapixels

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Prosumer Cameras

• Step above the point and shoot camera

• Through-the-lens (TTL) focusing

• One of the fastest growing categories of cameras

• Appeal to budget conscious semi-serious photographers

• Most have a zoom lens

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Prosumer Digital Cameras

• 5.0 to 6.0 megapixels• Higher resolution is combined with more

advanced features such as high quality lenses

• Advanced features for creative control• Accept accessories and add-ons including:

– converter lenses– filters– remote controls– external flashes

• Moderate to high priced

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How It Works

• Light enters the viewfinder directly to allow the photographer to frame and compose the picture

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Parallax Error

• With a point and shoot and prosumer cameras, the photograph is taken through the main lens

• However the view from the lens and the viewfinder is slightly different, this is called parallax error

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Professional Cameras

• Cost between $1,500 and $8,000

• Based on SLR design

• Resolution 6.0 – 12.0 megapixels

• Advanced creative controls

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Single Lens Reflex Cameras

• Light path is directed from the lens through a mirror and prism

• Same image is projected onto the storage device during exposure

• Offers the greatest accuracy when focusing and composing a scene

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SLR Cameras

• “Single Lens” refers to the fact that a single lens is used to both view and photograph your subject

• “Reflex” refers to the mechanical operation of the camera during exposure

• Light from the lens is immediately reflected upward, through a prism, and then out the viewfinder for the photographer to see

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SLR Cameras

• When the shutter is released, the mirror momentarily moves up and out of the light’s path in a reflex action

• Light can be focused onto the storage device at the back of the camera

• During exposure, the light passes through the lens directly to the storage device without being reflected by the mirror to the viewfinder– this is why the image temporarily vanishes from

the viewfinder when the shutter is released

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SLR Cameras

• The main advantage is the choice of:– automatic– semi-automatic– completely manual control over shutter

speed, aperture and focus

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SLR Cameras

• Lens of the SLR is interchangeable

• Nearly unlimited choice of optional lenses with differing focal lengths, such as:– wide angle– telephoto– fish bowl– macro

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SLR Cameras

• Have various attachment points for accessories, such as:– tripod– remote shutter release– flash

• Most new models contain a small built in flash

• Relatively bulky size compared to compact cameras

• High priced

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Digital SLR Cameras

• Top-of-the-line• Outstanding optics• Produce high resolution images• Accept interchangeable lenses• Sophisticated accessories• Function automatically but also have a full

range of manual controls• May not come with lenses, which must be

purchased separately• High priced to very expensive

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Twin Lens Reflex Camera

• Not popular today

• Has separate viewing and exposure lens

• One lens is above the other

• Parallax error is a problem

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Twin Lens Reflex Camera

• Light entering the top lens is reflected up by a fixed mirror to a viewing screen

• Image appears reversed on the screen

• Eye is not looking at the image through the main lens

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Assessment

1. A camera is made up of three basic elements: optical,_______, and mechanical.

2. To record an image, ______ must be let into the camera.

3. When the view from the lens and viewfinder differ ________ error occurs.

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Assessment

4. SLR stands for ________ lens reflex.A. StandardB. SingleC. SolitaryD. None of the above

5. Parallax error does not occur in A. SLR camerasB. TLR camerasC. Compact camerasD. Prosumer camers

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Section 2

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Film

• A strip of material coated with chemicals• When exposed to light, chemicals react and

produce a defined image– chemicals are particular about how much light

they react to – the exposure• too much light=overexposed

– image will be pale and washed out• too little light=underexposed

– image will be too dark

• Each camera has controls to obtain the correct exposure

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Film Size

• A camera will only accept one size of film

• Most common format is 35mm– number represents the width of the film– gives excellent results– can be enlarged to about 20”x30” before

the resolution, or grain, becomes to noticeable

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APS

• APS film (Advanced Photo System)• Called Advantix® by Kodak® • Smaller than 35mm• Photos almost as good as 35mm• Cameras are generally smaller and lighter• Offer additional features, such as:

– easier film loading– selectable print formats– data (time & date) encoding

• Printing can be more expensive• Fewer labs do one-hour developing

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Larger Format Film

• Larger formats are available– produce high-quality– more detailed images

• Cameras are large and heavy

• Used by professional portrait or wedding photographers

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Slide vs Print Film• Print Film

– also called negative film– records a negative image (inverse, complementary

colors)– most popular choice– more forgiving (less particular about exposure)

– resulting prints are easier to: • store• view• show• cheaper to enlarge

• More than 90% of the film sold worldwide is for color prints

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Slide vs Print Film

• Slide Film– Best quality enlargements– For use in magazines or competitions– Captures greater detail– Deeper, truer colors – Correct exposure is very important

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Black & White Film

• Emphasis on contrast

• Far easier to develop than color

• Attraction is in manipulating the image in a home darkroom

• Famous photographer, Ansel Adams’ artistry was in the darkroom developing his prints, rather than in the field taking the shots

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Film Speed

• Rating system developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO)

• ISO = speed of the film

• Also called ASA and DIN

• “Speed” of a film (100, 200, 400) represents how quickly the film reacts to light

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Film Speed

• 200 is the most popular• Use a “faster” film such as 400 or 800

to avoid blur• Disposable cameras contain 800 or

1000 film to avoid amateur mistakes like camera shake

• Use 100, 64, 50, or lower speed film for competitions or enlarging photos

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Film Speed

• Slower film is less “grainy”• Professionals generally use slow film• Slow films can end up costing more due to:

– longer exposure– need a lot of sunlight– faster lenses– need for a tripod

• “Slow” film (100) is suggested for bright days• “Fast” film (400, 800) for overcast, dim days• 36 exposure is more cost effective than 24

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Storage

• Always keep film out of direct sunlight and heat

• Preferably in a moisture-resistant bag in a refrigerator

• Use “fresh” film whenever possible– check the expiration date

• For best results, develop film as soon as possible

• The longer film is left, the more the image will deteriorate

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Digital Cameras

• Take photographs by focusing light from the lens onto a charge-coupled device (CCD)– converts light to electrical signals

• Data is projected onto a grid of pixels• Each pixel is assigned a color and

brightness value• All the pixels taken together form the

entire image

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Digital Cameras

• Image data is stored in the following:– the camera’s internal memory– a memory card– floppy disk– computer hard drive

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Digital Cameras

• Have a small preview (LCD) screen to view the images stored in memory

• Can be connected to a computer for downloading the photos to the computer’s hard drive for storage

• Allow for easy– viewing– printing– posting photos to the Internet

• Avoid the expense and delay associated with film processing

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Picture Size

• Number of pictures that can be taken depends on the memory capacity

• Several resolution settings– resolution: the number of pixels per inch of the

picture file

• Low-resolution photos take up less memory but may be too small to print or enlarge to the desired size without losing detail– enlarged image can take on a “pixelated”

appearance– ideal for uploading to the Internet

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Picture Size

• High-resolution photos take up more storage space– extra information present in these photos

produces better results when printing or enlarging

• Large file size of high-resolution photos make them impractical for uploading to the Internet

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Pixels & Megapixels

• Digital cameras create images as a collection of pixels

• One megapixel = one million pixels

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Pixels

• Tiny, tile-like squares digitally assigned with various colors and amount of light

• Digital images are made up of thousands of pixels

• More pixels = higher image resolution

High Resolution Low Resolution

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Resolution

• Resolution relates primarily to:– print size– amount of detail an image has when

viewed on a computer monitor at 100%

• Also referred to as DPI – dots per inch

• Higher DPI = higher quality

• For professional printing, resolution must be 300 dpi or higher

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LCD Monitor

• Screen on the back of a digital camera

• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• Used to frame shots instead of using the viewfinder

• Also used to– preview images right after they are taken– view menus and settings– review recorded images when the camera

is in play mode

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LCD Monitor

• Displays 100% view of a framed shot

• Does not display complete color accuracy

• May be difficult to view in bright light

• Consumes a lot of battery power

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File Formats

• There are three types of digital camera file formats:– JPEG – most common– TIFF– RAW

• Higher-end digital cameras allow you to select the format

• Professional photographers usually prefer to shoot RAW

• Advanced cameras have a setting to simultaneously shoot RAW + JPEG– both formats will be saved to a memory card as

separate files

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Assessment

1. Film is a strip of material coated with light sensitive _______.

A. plasticB. glassC. chemicalsD. none of the above

2. Print film is also called ______ film.A. slideB. negativeC. colorD. black & white

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Assessment

3. The speed of film indicates how fast it reacts to ________.

4. Film speed is represented by a number can be referred to as

A. ISOB. ASAC. DIND. All of the above

5. Digital cameras convert light to _______ signals.

6. One megapixel = _______ pixels

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Section 3

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Photography Equipment

• Camera• Lenses• Filters• Caps & Straps• Cases• Flash• Film or Memory Card• Batteries• Tripod• Voice recorder, notepad or journal

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Cameras

• “Compact” or “point-and-shoot” automatic camera– makes photography very easy– small and simple to operate

• SLR – Single-Lens Reflex– better image quality– ability to change lenses according to

situation– manual control over focus, aperture and

shutter-speeds– increased flexibility and control

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Lenses

• Fixed focal length lens– lens does not change at all– only way to get a close up shot is to move

closer to the subject– get too close, subject’s features become

distorted– found mainly on point-and-shoot cameras

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Optical vs Digital Zoom Lens

• Optical zoom– true zoom– focal length actually extends and retracts– image is magnified by the lens itself– produces the best quality images– used to magnify an image 3x, 4x, 10x and more

• Buy a camera with the longest optical zoom affordable

• Very long zooms are prone to camera shake, particularly in low light– use a tripod

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Optical vs Digital Zoom Lens

• Digital zoom lens– not a true zoom– simulated zoom that enlarges the central portion

of an image– actual length of the lens does not change– pre-crops the center area of an image– resolution is reduced, giving the appearance of

zooming in– similar to cropping with photo editing software

Original Using a digital zoom

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Interchangeable & Converter Lenses

• Single Lens Reflex cameras accept a wide range of interchangeable lenses

• Lenses are measure in focal lengths– usually specified in millimeters (mm)

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Focal Lengths of Lenses

Lens Focal Length* Lens Name

Typical Photography

Less than 21 mmExtreme Wide

AngleArchitecture

21-35 mm Wide Angle Landscape

35-70 mm NormalStreet &

Documentary

70-135 mm Medium Telephoto Portraiture

135-300+ mm TelephotoSports, Bird &

Wildlife

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Filters

• Are transparent or translucent glass elements that are attached to the front of the lens

• Protect a camera lens

• Change the characteristics of light entering it

• Add special effects and colors to an image

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Caps & Straps

• Lens caps– protect lenses with front and rear lens

caps– add a UV or skylight filter to each lens to

serve as extra protection– NEVER touch either end of the lens unless

cleaning with appropriate materials

• Straps– useful for carrying the camera– keeps your hands free while keeping the

camera ready for action

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Camera Cases

• Carry all parts and small accessories• Need to be well padded• Adjustable compartments and pockets are

very useful• Shoulder bags are popular

– weight on one side all day can get uncomfortable

• Backpack– frees up both hands– makes is easier to travel– distributes weight evenly

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Flash

• Are useful for:– brightening people’s faces on overcast days– indoor shots– enhancing color– creating unique lighting effects

• Most cameras include a built-in flash• Hand-held flash

– brightens dark areas while the shutter remains open

• Many museums prohibit flash units because they can damage the exhibits

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Hot Shoe

• Slotted bracket generally located on the top of a camera

• Also known as an accessory shoe

• Allows an external flash or other device to be connected to a camera

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Hot Shoe & Flash

• When an external flash is inserted into the hot shoe the following occurs:1. electrical contacts touch the contacts on

the foot of the flash

2. when the shutter-release button is pressed, the flash goes off in sync with the shutter

3. primarily found on prosumer and SLR cameras

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Film or Memory Card Storage

• Carry extra film or memory cards

• Store in protective cases

• Keep out of heat and direct sunlight

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Memory Cards

• As a rule of thumb, the following size is a recommended minimum: Camera

MegapixelsMinimum

Card Size

3 128 MB

4 256 MB

5 512 MB

6 1 GB

8 2 GB

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Memory Card Care

• No moisture, dust or other harmful elements• Static electricity may cause loss of data• Do not touch contacts on the edge• Face card in correct direction before inserting

into camera or card reader• Do not force into slot• Turn off camera before inserting or removing• Store in case while not in use

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Batteries

• Buy correct type of batteries• Some cameras may use manufacturer’s batteries

only• Carry extra batteries for the following:

– camera– flash– voice recorder

• Rechargeable batteries– charge before leaving– carry charger for emergencies

• Keep batteries in dry, cool environment• Do not leave batteries in camera for extended

lengths of time• Batteries could corrode and ruin the camera

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• Essential for steady, top-quality shots• Various types include:

– tri-pod– mono-pod– mini-tripod– window mount– suction cup mounts

• Avoid camera movement by using one of the following:– cable release– self-timer feature

Camera Support

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Recording devices

• Voice recorder, notepad, journal and pen are useful for remembering – good locations– details about your subjects– camera settings for individual shots

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Camera Care

• Cameras do not respond well to the following:– dirt– sand– vibration– being dropped

• Protect your investment with regular attention

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• Dirty lenses or filters produce low-contrast images and washed out colors

• Keep equipment clean with the following:– soft lint-free cloth– special dust-free tissues– lens-cleaning fluid– blower bush

• A small screwdriver can tighten up any screws which come loose

Camera Care

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Camera Care

• Use a good padded case and strap• Always replace the lens caps when you

remove a lens• Clean the lenses regularly• Add a UV or skylight filter to every lens• Clean auto focus, exposure and viewfinder

windows for correct operation• Use a can of compressed air to blow dust

and lint out of camera parts

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Traveling With a Camera

• X-ray machines– hand-luggage (carry-on) scanners do not significantly

affect your film or memory cards– checked-luggage scanners can harm your film and

memory cards• Do NOT put film or memory cards in checked

baggage• Always take your camera and lenses as carry-on

baggage• Never check your equipment with suitcases to

prevent:– rough handling– vibration– cold– theft

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Assessment

1. A true zoom is a(n) _________ zoom.A. DigitalB. Optical

2. ______ zoom enlarges the central part of an image

A. DigitalB. Optical

3. Lens focal lengths are measure in A. Centimeters (cm)B. Millimeters (mm)C. Decameters (dm)D. None of the above

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Assessment

4. Connect an external flash to a camera using the ____ _____.

5. Add a _______ filter to the lens for extra protection.

6. T or F: Always put camera equipment in checked baggage.

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Section 4

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What Makes a Good Photo?

• A photograph is a message

• It conveys:– a statement– an impression– an emotion

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What to Include

• Subject– is the central point of interest– is usually placed in the foreground of the

shot (towards the viewer)

• Background– give the subject:

• relevance• presence• location• other interest

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What to Exclude

• Anything that is not part of the subject or its context– is only a disruption– clutters up the image– weakens the message, such as:

• unnecessary background objects• trees that appear to be

growing out of the subject’s head

• power lines in a landscape

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What to Exclude

• Eliminate irrelevant surroundings by:– moving closer to the subject– trying a different angle– zooming in– using editing software, such as:

• Adobe® Photoshop®• Adobe® Photoshop Elements® • Corel® Paintshop® • Microsoft® Digital Image Suite®

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Theme

• Good photographs have a theme– a universal message that is communicated

by the photo• Example: A picture of a mountainous

landscape can convey a message of calm and peacefulness. However, a picture of a forest fire, can convey a sense of urgency and fearfulness.

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What Makes a Great Photo?

• Human eyes instinctually– find light, bright areas– look for people

• particularly eyes and mouths

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What makes a great photo?

• Our minds quickly ask questions, such as:– Do we know the people in the picture?– What are they feeling, and how does this relate to

us?– Are they drawing attention to something?– Doe we recognize it and what does it look like?– What is the picture about?– What is the main subject or objective?– How big is the subject?

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Subject

• Should be obvious

• Is usually 2/3 and background 1/3– in certain cases proportions may be

opposite– in any case, attention should be focused

on the subject

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Scale

• Is determined by comparing elements to something of known size, such as:– person– animal– car

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Abstract Features

• Draw attention to more abstract features– color or tone

• firey red• relaxing blue• natural green• gloomy black

– shape• soft curves• hard edges• sweeping line

• Manipulate color and shape by using shade and shadows

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Composition

• Draws the eye from one element to another, investigating:– unity– contrast– detail

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Composition

• Common rules of composition include– Rule of thirds– Framing– Cropping– Angle– Balance

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Rule of Thirds

• When looking through your camera’s viewfinder imagine there are lines dividing the image into thirds, – both horizontally and vertically– essentially dividing your image into nine equal-

shaped blocks• like a tic-tac-toe board

• Frame your subject at one of the intersection points

• Do not place the subject in the center of the viewfinder

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Framing

• Every photo has a foreground and a background

• Use them together to add an interesting element to the shot

• Use foreground elements to frame the photo’s subject– architectural or natural elements

such as: • doorways• arches• trees

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Visual Cropping

• Crop photos visually before taking them• Look into the corners of the viewfinder

– Are thing included that should not be?

• Remove, or crop, these elements from photos by:– moving closer to the subject– zooming in on the subject– moving the subject in the viewfinder– trying different angles

• Remove anything that will reduce the impact of the subject

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Angle• The best angle is not always upright and

directly in front.• Unique vantage points can increase interest

in the photo– get down to “eye” level– climb a tree or stand on a stool

• Experiment and try different perspectives• Look for angels which increase the portrayal

of mood and inspiration

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Balance

• Achieving good balance requires a combination of – colors– shapes– areas of light and dark which complement

one another

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Natural Lines

• Use natural lines to draw the viewer’s eye to the subject, such as a – path or road– fence– horizon– bridge

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Lighting

• One of the most important elements of a good photograph

• Sunlight affects the following:– warmth– depth– texture– form– contrast– color

• Biggest difference between an “amateur” and a “professional” shot

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Time of Day

• Best times to shoot outdoors include:– early morning and late afternoon– sun is low– light is gold and orange

• Called “magic hours” – one hour after sunrise– one to two hours before sunset

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Camera Controls

• The two most useful controls include:– Focal length (the zoom of your lens)

• affects how much of the view is included in the shot

– Depth-of-Field (the f-stop of your lens)• affects how much of the foreground and

background is in focus

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Lenses

• Long lens (210mm)– allows zoom-in to your subject– makes distant elements look closer together than

they really are

• Short lens (35mm)– called a wide-angle lens because it allows you to

zoom-out and get a wider view– exaggerates depth by combining a close

foreground with a deep background

• Select the focal length based on the following:– what should be included in the shot– how you want to portray depth

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Four Factors of Exposure

• Correct exposure is determined by four factors:– aperture– shutter speed– film speed– light level

• Most cameras are automatic and make these decisions for you

• Higher-end cameras allow you to intervene to create particular effects

• Understanding the relationship between these four factors increases creative advantage

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Aperture

• Is the size of the shutter opening

• Diaphragm– is an adjustable device inside the lens– alters the size of the shutter opening

• Very small aperture makes both the background and foreground in focus

• Large aperture makes only the subject in focus

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Depth of Field

• Is the area of acceptable sharp focus extends in front of and behind the point of focus

• For landscapes, a wide depth-of-field is used to get both in focus

• For portraits, emphasize the foreground and make the background blurry by using a narrow depth-of-field

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Depth of Field

• Is affected by three things– size of the aperture– focal length of the lens– distance to the subject in focus

• Aperture and lens focal length combined, create the field number or f-stop

• Bigger F-stop = Wider zone of focus

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Shutter Speed

• Controls how long light is allowed to act on the film

• When the shutter-release is pressed the shutter opens and then closes a fraction of a second later which is measure in seconds– fast shutter speed – 1/500th of a second

• good for action shots

– slow shutter speed – 1/60th of a second• good for portraits, etc. allows more light

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Selecting a Shutter Speed

• Select a shutter speed based on the size of your lens– camera shake increases when the camera

is zoomed in

• Rule of thumb– shutter speed > or = length of the lens

• wide lens of 35mm = shutter speed of 1/60s• lens zoomed to 210mm = shutter speed of

1/250s

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• General rule the brighter the view, the better the photograph

• Add light by using a flash• Fill-flash

– usually built in to the camera– “fills” in some light

• Use a reflective surface, such as a white card or a reflector

• Use a filter to reduce the amount of light if needed

Light Level

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Optimum Exposure

• Considers four factors– aperture – shutter speed – light level– film speed

• All four factors are interrelated

• When one is set, the other must be adjusted to get the right exposure

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Tips for a good photograph

1. Make sure the camera is steady2. Put the sun behind you and to one side3. Get closer4. Choose a format (vertical or horizontal)5. Include people6. Consider a variety of subjects7. Add depth8. Use proportion9. Search for details10. Position the horizon11. Try different angelsNote: National Geographic uses only 1 out of every

1,000 shots taken.

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Overall Composition

As the artist, decide which features appeal to

you and how best to emphasize them.

118

Assessment

1. The central point of interest in a photograph is the _________.

2. All good photographs have a ______ - a universal message which is communicated through the photo.

3. The human eye instinctively finds _____, _____ areas first.

119

Assessment

4. The rule of thirds divides a picture into ______ sections both horizontally and vertically.

5. When are the “magic hours” of photography?

6. The four factors of exposure are aperture, shutter speed, light level, and ________.

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Section 5

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Photography in Communication

• Since 1839, photography has been used to record, report and inform

• Photography can:– overcome the barriers of language– communicate through universal visual

symbols

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Photography in Mass Media

• Today, photographs – are reproduced by the billions– can be found in the following:

• newspapers• magazines• books• catalogs• brochures• shop windows• posters• broadcast television• slideshows and filmstrips

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Photography & Publications

• The human eye– is drawn to photos before

text– naturally follows the flow

of the photos because of shape and size

• Arrange photos by size and importance– largest = most important

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Layout Considerations for Photos

• When designing a layout, consider the– design format– use of color– subject or theme

• Use photos to:– create the theme– draw attention to important details– evoke desired emotions and reactions

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Color or Black & White

• Using color or black & white photographs– can add visual stimuli to

publications– can draw a reader’s

attention– should be based on the

intended message and image of the publication

• Color is usually more expensive to print than black & white

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Captions

• Are phrases, sentences or paragraphs which describe the contents of an illustration, chart or photograph

• Are usually placed directly above, below, or to the side of a picture

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Good Captions

• Are more than just the subject’s name and what’s going on in the photograph

• Incorporate the five W’s: Who, What, Where, When, and Why – and sometimes How

• Are accurate

• Leave the copy editors with few, if any, questions

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Copyrights

• Before you take a photo, you may need permission for the following:– buildings– works of art– other copyrighted items– people– public or private property

• Symbols are sometimes used to mark a copyrighted, trademarked or registered item

© ™ ®

129

Copyrights

• Under U.S. law, copyright protection occurs automatically when an “original work of authorship” is “fixed in a tangible medium of expression”– Example: A photograph of any subject is

“original” as long as it was created by the photographer

• No minimal creativity is necessary to meet the originality requirement and no artistic value or beauty is required

130

Copyrighted Works

• Works of art are protected by copyright, such as:– sculptures– paintings– clothing designs

• Buildings created on or after December 1, 1980, are protected

• Copyright owner has the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted work

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Building Copyright Guidelines

• If the building is located in a public place or is visible from a public place– no permission is needed to stand on a public

street and photograph a public building– no permission is needed to photograph a public

building from inside the building– permission may be needed to photography

separately owned decorative objects in the building, such as a statue

– no permission is needed to stand on a public street and photograph a private building such as a church or house

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Photographer’s Exception

• Applies only to buildings, which includes:– houses– office buildings– churches– gazebos– garden pavilions

• Does not apply to monuments or other copyrighted works, such as statues and paintings

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Art

• Permission may be needed to photograph a copyrighted work of art, such as:– a statue in a public park– a painting in a private collection or art

museum

• Getting permission can be tricky• According, to copyright law, permission

is needed from the copyright owner– buying a piece of art does not buy the

copyright

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Public Domain & Fair Use

• Works fall into public domain for several reasons, such as– expiration of the copyright term– in 2007, works created before January 1, 1932

are in public domain

• Fair use is decided on a case-by-case basis by considering the– purpose and character of the use– nature of the copyrighted work– amount of the piece used– effect on the potential market for or value of the

protected work

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Publicity & Privacy Rights

• Permission may be needed to photograph people due to state laws giving individuals privacy and publicity rights

• Most states recognize that individuals have a right of privacy

• Right of privacy gives an individual a legal claim against someone who intrudes on the individual’s physical solitude or seclusion and against those who publicly disclose private facts

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Publicity & Privacy Rights

• Avoid publishing or distributing any photo of an individual that reveals private facts about the individual, without permission

• Obtain a photographic release to include a person in a photograph

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Permits

• Commercial photography on public property may need a permit from the appropriate government authority

• Usually a local or state film commission

• Permission is generally not required for “tourist” type photos

• Obey “no entry” signs

• Private property always requires permission to enter the premises

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Photos & the Internet

• Copyright laws and other laws do apply to the Internet

• Posting a photo on the Internet exposes it to the eyes of the whole world

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Assessment

1. T or F: The human eye is drawn to photos before text.

2. Photos should be arranged by size and ______.

3. In publications, which is more expensive to print, color or black & white?

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Assessment

4. Good captions

A. include the five W’s

B. are accurate

C. leave few, if any, questions

D. All of the above

5. T or F: The owner of a piece of art is also always the owner of the copyright.

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Sources• www.photosecrets.com• http://www.notrain-nogain.org/Train/Res/Write/caps.asp• http://photography.families.com/blog/elements-of-a-good-photo• www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/digitalphotography/

learnmore/composition.mspx• http://www.elijournals.com/premier/showArticle.asp?aid=5394• http://clearlyexplained.com/technology/cameras/index.html• www.scphoto.com/html/types.html• www.shortcourses.com/choosing/types/04.htm• www.digicamhelp.com• http://photo.net/history/timeline• http://www.outdoorphotographer.com/content/articles/gear/

digital_darkroom.shtml

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AcknowledgementsProject & Graphics Coordinator:

Maggie Bigham

Production Manager:

Dusty Moore

Executive Producer:

G.W. Davis

Jeff Lansdell