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BATTLESPACEISSN 1478-3347 Volume fourteen – Issue five October 2011

VEHICLES COMMUNICATIONS ARMOUR COMPUTERS

BATTLESPACEC4ISTAR TECHNOLOGIESC4ISTAR TECHNOLOGIES

Welcome to our interactive version of Battlespace c4I star technologIes

Volume 14, Issue 5october 2011Please use either the buttons on the left or top right of the page to navigate your way around this interactive PDFImPortant InFormatIon:Copyright – Issued four times per year. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior written permission of the Copyright owner.

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Battlespace Publications8 Sinclair GardensLondon W14 0ATT/F: +44 (0)207 6105520M: +44 077689 54766E: [email protected]: www. battle-technology.com

Volume 14 Issue 5

october 2011

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■Contents

What’s in this issue

■feature artiCles

U.S. Artillery Update

Unmanned Systems North America 2011

ITT Crux Generator – Delivering Mobile Power to the Warfighter

President Obama’s Export Reform Initiative

The Technology of Voice Biometrics

The Future Of Signals Intelligence

Mission Critical Means Mission Critical!

Multiband Radios Bridge the Gap BetweenPast, Present and Future

BATTLESPACE C4ISTAR TECHNOLOGIES

News in Brief15 Energy Efficient Communications for the Battlefield

By Simon Whittle, Design Centre Manager, Nujira

16 Bharat Electronics Wins Night Vision Order DespiteComplaints By Bulbul Singh

Features

18 U.S. Artillery Update By Scott R. Gourley

18 Unmanned Systems North America 2011By Len Zuga, Partner, Technology and Industry Insider

24 ITT Crux Generator – Delivering MobilePower to the Warfighter

28 President Obama’s Export Reform InitiativeBy Len Zuga, Partner TBI

30 The Technology of Voice BiometricsBy Iain Robinson, Director, Sales & Business DevelopmentNorthern Europe, Agnitio

32 The Future Of Signals IntelligenceBy Victoria Loewengart, Partner/Co-Founder atTBI www.insidertalk.net Partner/Co-Founder at AKOTATechnologies www.akotatech.com

36 Mission Critical Means Mission Critical!By Bill Guyan, VP of Programs and Strategy,DRS Tactical Systems, Inc.

40 Multiband Radios Bridge the Gap BetweenPast, Present and Future By Joseph M. Hertline,Product Manager, Harris Corporation

FEATUREDEX 2011: BACKDROP TO ANUNCERTAIN FUTURE By John ReedEUROPEAN NEWSEUROPEN C4I UPDATE 2010By Stefan Nitschke, InternationalDefence Analyst and ConsultantEVOLUTION OF THE GUN MOUNTBy Bob MorrisonEVOLVING TO MEET NEWTECHNOLOGIES By Julian Nettlefold

US AND CANADIAN NEWS U.S. SECRETARY GATES REVEALSEFFICIENCIES – KILLS EFV –RESTRUCTURES F-35EARL LEWIS CEO OF FLIR –BATTLESPACE BUSINESSMAN OFTHE YEAR 2010 By Julian NettlefoldGLOBAL HAWK SPREADS ITSEUROPEAN WINGS By JulianNettlefoldGLOBAL MOMENTUM FOR MISSIONCRITICAL MOBILE LOCATIONTECHNOLOGY By Brian Varano,Director of Marketing, TruePosition

REST OF THE WORLDRANGE SURVEILLANCE ANDCONTROL SYSTEM FOR EGYPT ByDavid MaxwellINDIAN ARMY’S WHEELED GUNTRIALS NEXT MONTH -KEREMETAL STAYS IN RACE ByJulian Nettlefold

NEW TECHNOLOGIESSPONSORED BY OXLEYGROUP PLCwww.oxleygroup.com

MANAGEMENT ON THE MOVE

Editor: Julian NettlefoldIndustry Editor: John Reed

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Contents

In this month’s issue… BATTLESPACEE-NEWS

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Front cover courtesy of Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems.Jeffrey Q. Palombo, Sector Vice President and, Division General Manager,Land and Self Protection Systems Division, Electronic Systems sector, Northrop Grumman Corporation

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Dear Reader,

Welcome to the last issue of BATTLESPACE for 2011. I never thoughtin my wildest dreams that I would be writing this to all my friendsat BATTLESPACE. You have all given me and my family huge supportover the years, which I am so grateful for. Harry, my son died intragic circumstances on August 27th so I am dedicating this letterto him. Thank you so much for your kind thoughts and wordsabout darling Harry. He was the most amazing son in the world, sokind, generous and great fun. He loved life and excelled at sport,particularly at golf, cricket and rugby. He was also a wonderfulgrandson to Mum and Dad and he will be hugely missed. He lovedworking for me on what was a true family business. He will beremembered at our event taking place during AUSA.

He will be hugely missed.

We are delighted to announce that Jeffrey Q. Palombo, Sector VicePresident and, Division General Manager, Land and Self ProtectionSystems Division, Electronic Systems sector, Northrop GrummanCorporation, has been voted by a huge margin as BATTLESPACEBusinessman of the Year, we send him our congratulations. Theaward will be made by last year’s winner Earl Lewis, President, CEOand Chairman of FLIR Systems Inc. The Award will be made at ourparty at the Spy Museum, DC, on October 11th.

Yours sincerely,

Julian Nettlefold

Editor, BATTLESPACE

HARRY NETTLEFOLD TRIBUTE FUND

I cannot thank you all for our kind words and thoughts aboutHarry. I have set up a Foundation page on the NSPCC website.

http://nspcc.tributefunds.com/HarryNettlefold

Letter from the editor

5BATTLESPACE C4ISTAR TECHNOLOGIES

New technologies give the military fast,secure communications on a tight powerbudget.

A platoon these days carries typically25-40kg of communications equipment,which compares unfavourably with the27kg average weight of armour worn bymedieval knights. All this equipmentneeds feeding with portable electricalpower. As a result, as much as 30% ofthe average 70kg pack carried by anindividual soldier today can be powerrelated.

However, there is a tension between thedrive to realise the benefits of newcommunications standards and that ofreducing the soldier’s burden in order tomaintain agility and vigilance; which iswhy Western armed forces areincreasingly turning their focus to theenergy density of their systems.

The UK Ministry of Defence programmecalled ‘The Energy Efficient Soldier’ set agoal to reduce the weight of portablepower by 75% by 2011. While this specificprogramme has fallen foul of spendingcuts, the need remains; both to improvethe energy density of sources likebatteries, and simultaneously to makebetter use of power, so thatcommunications systems can run forlonger from the same batteries withoutreducing functionality.

Although battery technology is improvingall the time, the rate of progress iscomparatively slow and targets areunlikely to be achieved from thisdirection alone – at least in the shortterm. There is substantial interesttherefore in addressing the powerequation from the other end: by reducingthe energy consumption of the systemsthat troops use.

One of the most significant of these iscommunications systems. For example,the latest Handheld, Manpack and SmallForm Fit (HMS) radios under the US JointTactical Radio System (JTRS) providetactical vehicles and dismounted unitswith reliable, good quality connectivityover a wide bandwidth, even whendeployed in rugged and urbanenvironments.

Such secure, reliable high bandwidthdata, video and voice communicationstechnology is essential to deliver therequired speed of command in today’sconflict environment. It is the two-waybackbone that connects the chain of

command from the top down to thelowest level, giving critical and immediatesituational awareness and maximisingcombat effectiveness.

Vehicles and dismounted units are alsobeing provided with jamming systems as acountermeasure against ImprovisedExplosive Devices (IEDs). In bothcommunications and jamming electronics,the radio transmitter can use half or moreof the total power budget – and most ofthis taken by the power amplifier (PA).

It is here that new technologies aimed atimproving power efficiency can deliversubstantial benefits. A technique calledhigh accuracy tracking (HAT™) hasproven particularly successful in thecommunications sector.

Here’s the science bit

The Radio Frequency Power Amplifiers(RF PAs), which are the last part in thetransmit chain, use energy from thebattery to create the high power transmitsignal at the antenna. The RF PAs used inbattlefield communications aretraditional class AB amplifiers, whichoffer efficient operation when the RFenvelope waveform is closest to peakpower. However, the complexity ofsignals used in today’s military radioslimits the time that typical PAs areoperating in this zone: the result is asubstantial reduction in overallefficiency.

Whilst a number of techniques havebeen tried in efforts to address theefficiency challenges, these haveproven untenable for the wideoperating frequency ranges. Forexample, the Doherty amplifierstructure, commonly used in cellularbase stations, is restricted to around10% bandwidth and is unusable for theoctave(or wider) frequency rangerequirements of many military systems.A more successful approach is to adjustthe supply voltage itself in synchronismwith the envelope of the modulatedradio signal passing through the device;and this technique can be applied tovery wide bandwidth RF PAs. EnvelopeTracking, as this is called, was firstdescribed by Bell Labs in 1937 and HATis an evolution of this principle,showing an impressive improvement inefficiency: from typically below 30% fora standard class AB amplifier to almost60% with HAT.

Proven advantages of HighAccuracy Tracking

Nujira, the company that developed andpatented HAT technology, has rundemonstrations based on waveformssimilar to Soldier Radio Wave (SRW)showing a potential 30% saving in powerconsumption and 42% improvement inbattery life. In addition to these benefits,the fact that less power is dissipated asheat brings a significant reduction indevice temperature, which in turn

Energy Efficient Communications forthe Battlefield By Simon Whittle, Design Centre Manager, Nujira

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6 News in Brief

Putting aside allegations by earlier usersof poor quality supplies of Nigh VisionDevices (NVDs), in August, the Indiandefence ministry has awarded a $200million contract to state-owned BharatElectronics Limited (BEL)to buy NVDs forthe Indian Army.

Earlier this year, the leftist CommunistParty of India (CPI)urged the Union HomeMinistry to stop purchase of NVDsproduced by Bharat Electronics Ltd.(BEL),for use on light machine guns (LMGs) andINSAS 5.56 mm rifles used by theparamilitary forces.

The CPI alleged that though the life ofeach unit was supposed to be 10 years,around 400 units of the 1,000 suppliedearlier developed defects within two-and-a-half years.

The Indian Night Vision Device market isestimated to be worth over $2 billion,including the Indian Army and HomelandSecurity.

Under the current order is for the IndianArmy BEL claims that it will makeadvanced NVDs using the technology for‘supergen’ image intensifier tubes which itplans to acquire. BEL has supplied NVDsearlier to the Indian army and para-military forces.

BEL started supplying the NVDs to theparamilitary forces in September 2010, upto March 2011, it supplied 5,000 NVDs, ofwhich 2,000 were tested. Ten per cent ofthe tested pieces were found to be faulty.

“The remaining 3,000 pieces are stored atdepots, as the ministry is wary aboutdeploying them in the field,” said sources.

The Indian Paramilitary forces previouslycomplained that the supplies of NVDs

were inferior in quality. The NVDs hadbeen supplied by BEL to the HomeMinistry were cleared by the HomeMinister P. Chidambaram in 2008 underwhich 32,766 telescopic NVDs for theparamilitary forces were to beprocured.

A senior Indian Army official said, “BEL isonly acting as a procuring agency formost of the equipment it is supplying tothe Indian forces,” adding that, “For NVDsBEL had to procure these devices for thepara-military order on technologytransfer basis.”

It is still not sure whether BEL has beenable to acquire the technology transfer orwhether it is simply acting as aprocurement agency.

A senor BEL executive said that for thecurrent Indian Army order it would beacquiring technology for next-generationimage intensifier tubes.

The executive said, “BEL had procuredPassive Night Vision Device (PNVD)technology on a Technology Transfer basisfor supplying the armed forces.”

These devices included Passive NightVision technology for sights for 5.56 mmINSAS Rifle, Light Machine gun, rocketlaunchers and night vision Binoculars.

The Indian Army official added that theArmy requires third-generation thermalimaging (TI) sights and night-visiondevices to enhance the night-fightingcapabilities of both its infantry andmechanized forces.

The Indian Army is currently procuringNVDs for AFVs including tanks and BMPswhile troops are being given night visiongoggles, handheld image intensifiers,thermal imagers and GPS positionlocaters. Russian T-72 tanks and AdvanceLight Helicopters (ALH)are also beingupgraded with NVDs.

Bharat Electronics Wins Night Vision Order DespiteComplaints By Bulbul Singh

increases PA device reliability and reducescooling requirements. The advantages havebeen proven on PAs from 225 MHz to 2700MHz; spanning communications standardsfrom military radios, through digital videobroadcast and civilian cellular mobiles, to3G and 4G data transmission.

Whilst HAT implementation is relativelystraightforward for communicationsequipment manufacturers, it does bringsome challenges. As one defencecontractor put it recently, “We have toomany projects and not enough engineers”.Specialist help may be needed throughthe evaluation and design-in phases of thedevelopment cycle.

For these reasons, Nujira has establishedan authorised consultant programme forHAT, providing equipment manufacturerswith the resources to perform devicecharacterisation, and subsystem andsystem-level design and optimisation.Development risks are reduced andconcept-to-deployment time will besubstantially lower.

Spearheading the consultant programmeis a recently-announced partnership withCambridge Consultants, who bring provenexpertise and experience in dealingspecifically with security and defencecustomers. As one of the largestindependent wireless development teams

in the world, Cambridge Consultants’track record in the sector hasencompassed work with a broad rangeof customers, from governments andagencies to global commercialorganisations. Their expertise andexperience will help to significantlyaccelerate growth in this market.

With technology, partnership andsupport the future promises this:that power optimisation technologiesdeveloped in the civiliancommunications domain will quickly andcost-effectively extend both highperformance and low power to militarycommunications.


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8 U.S. Artillery Update

Over the past year, the U.S. Army ‘Fires’community has witnessed myriad changesand developments across all elements ofthe DOTMLPF [Doctrine, Organization,Training, Materiel, Leadership andEducation, Personnel and Facilities]spectrum.

Continuing Doctrinal Evolution

In terms of doctrine, for example, therecently-revised U.S. Army Training andDoctrine Command (TRADOC) Pamphlet525-3-4, ‘Army Functional Concept forFires, 2016-2028,’ dated October 2010,incorporates a number of key changesfrom its predecessor version, ‘The ArmyFunctional Concept for Strike 2015-2024.’

In addition to changing underlyingterminology from ‘Strike’ to ‘Fires,’ thenewest version describes the broad firescapabilities that future Army forces willrequire in the 2016-2028 timeframe.

Significantly, the document expands thefires warfighting function to includeindirect fires, air and missile defense,electronic attack, and joint fires aselements of that function. Within theexpanded function, it emphasizes, ‘theneed for operationally adaptableoffensive and defensive fires and focuseson developing a versatile set ofcapabilities that future Army forces willemploy with increased discrimination todefeat a wide range of threats in the

future operational environment.’

One transformational change from earlierversions involves shifting the conceptualand operating focus of fires, ‘from majorcombat operations to that of operationaladaptability and fires for full-spectrumoperations under conditions ofuncertainty and complexity.’

Other doctrinal adjustments supportingthat conceptual shift range from theincorporation of air and missile defenseinto the Army fires warfighting function;to placing less emphasis on technology’sability to provide situational awarenessand understanding; to placing moreemphasis on a wide range of conventionalto precision capabilities, and less relianceon precision capabilities alone.

While the broad fires warfightingfunction includes the elements of indirectfires, air and missile defense, electronicattack, and joint fires, magazine spaceconstraints mandate limiting the scope ofthis article to programs and changes fromthe indirect fires (field artillery) arena asrepresentative examples of the activitiesunderway in each of the other majorelements of the fires warfightingfunction.

Program Organizational Changes

One representative organizational changecan be found in the late January 2011

transfer of towed artillery programs tothe Program Executive Office forAmmunition (PEO Ammo). Under the 20January decision by Army AcquisitionExecutive Malcolm O’Neill, PEO Ammoreceived the Program ManagerLightweight 155 office from PEO GroundCombat Systems. As part of that transfer,the PM office was renamed as ProgramManager for Towed Artillery Systems.

The suite of systems that has transferredfrom PEO GCS to PEO Ammunitioninclude: Lightweight 155mm M777A2Howitzer – A joint Army and Marineprogram; M198 Howitzer - The legacy155mm towed howitzer for the Army,which is being replaced by the M777A2;M119A2 Howitzer – A lightweight 105mmhowitzer used in a direct support artilleryrole for Infantry Brigade Combat Teamsand used extensively in Afghanistan;Russian D-30 Howitzer – A Russian 122mmhowitzer that PEO Ammunition isresponsible for refurbishing for theAfghan Army; Gun Laying and PositioningSystem – A legacy system that providescritical input for the field artillery missionon the digital battlefield, determiningprecise aiming of cannon artillery; and theM111 Improved Position and AzimuthDetermining System Program – An inertialsurvey system that is not dependent onthe Global Positioning System, that is usedto provide primary and back-up, preciselocation, elevation and direction for fieldartillery cannons, rockets, missiles andPatriot air defense artillery platforms.

U.S. Artillery Update By Scott R. Gourley


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The organizational transfer to PEO Ammohad been endorsed by PEO GCSrepresentatives because the geographicaldistance between PEO GCS [Warren,Michigan] and the artillery programrepresentatives based in Picatinny, NewJersey (The entire Program ManagerLightweight 155 office had been locatedat Picatinny). In addition, the transitionalso makes it easier to manage personnelmatters and allow Project Manager TowedArtillery Systems to engage morefrequently with other PEO Ammunitionorganizations, such as Product ManagerExcalibur, which manages the 155mmprecision-guided Excalibur artillery roundfired from the M777A2 howitzer.

Subsequent representative training andmateriel related activities stemming fromthe newly reorganized PM TAS could beseen in the 15 March 2011 contract awardto Multinational Defense Services LLC(Trinity, Florida) for the procurement of,‘one-hundred-twenty (120) D-30 122mmHowitzer Basic Issue Items (BII) and FireControl System components that arecompatible with the NATO 6400 milstandard,’ as well as the 1 July 2011announcement of intent, ‘to solicit,negotiate, and award a sole source new

Firm Fixed Price (FFP) contract for therefurbishment of D-30 Howitzers, supplyof Basic Issue Items, and Spare Parts. Thisrequirement is for a quantity of sixty-five(65) D-30 Howitzers to Chemring MilitaryProducts, Inc…(Marshall, Texas)…on a solesource basis.’

Infrared Illumination

PEO Ammo representatives have also beenworking to expand tactical ammunitionoptions for warfighters, as evidenced in arecent Picatinny release highlighting thedevelopment and full materiel release of


three new infrared illuminatingmunitions. Unlike standard illuminatingrounds or flares, the new infraredilluminating cartridges/projectilesproduce infrared light that is invisible tothe naked eye, but is clearly visiblethrough night vision devices used by U.S.Soldiers.

The term ‘full materiel release’ signifiesthat the Army has rigorously tested andevaluated the item and determined it iscompletely safe, operationally suitableand logistically supportable for use bySoldiers,” it explained, adding that themilestone had been achieved for theM1064 105mm Infrared IlluminatingCartridge, M1066 155mm InfraredIlluminating Projectile, and the M99240mm Infrared Illuminant Cartridge(grenade).

The IR illuminating munitions weredeveloped at Picatinny Arsenal by theArmament Research, Development andEngineering Center (ARDEC), whichdeveloped and fielded the world’s first-ever IR illuminating munitions in 2002 (the60mm M766, 81mm M816 and 120mmM983 Infrared Mortar IlluminatingCartridges).

“IRilluminationburns longer,significantlyincreases thearea ofbattlefieldilluminationand itsperformance isless sensitive totemperature andfiring conditionscompared to thestandard visible lightillumination,” saidJames L. Wejsa, Chiefof ARDEC’sPyrotechnicTechnology andPrototyping Division,which led thepyrotechnic formulation,design and qualificationtesting of the candleassembly for these mortarand artillery IR illuminatingmunitions.

It is significant thatfollowing the full materiel

release of these three cartridges /projectiles, the Army now has visible lightand infrared capability for all calibers ofmortars, artillery and 40mm.

The first of the two new field artilleryrounds, the new M1064 105mm Infrared(IR) Illuminating Cartridge, is fired fromthe 105mm M119 series howitzer andgives Soldiers enhanced covert capabilityover the current 105mm M314A3Illuminating Cartridge. Additionally, the

new cartridge provides morethan 2.5 times the

diameter of infraredillumination

compared to thevisible lightproduced by theM314A3. Thenew cartridge isalso matched to

allow Soldiers to

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use both capabilities (infrared light andvisible light) without firing adjustments.

The Army plans an inventory of 13,800rounds by the end of fiscal year 2011 andintends to procure approximatelyadditional 3,000 cartridges every otheryear.

The M1066 155mm Infrared (IR)Illuminating Projectile providesapproximately 120 seconds ofinfrared illumination and two timesthe diameter of infrared illuminationcompared to the 155mm M485A2 VisibleLight projectile currently in U.S.inventory.

The Army procured approximately 7,000M1066 rounds in fiscal year 2010 andplans to procure an additional 4,000rounds every other year. The U.S. MarineCorps plans on procuring 8,000 in fiscalyear 2011 and approximately 4,000 everyother year after that.

Excalibur

Other milestone artillery projectileactivity over the past year has involvedthe Excalibur 155mm guided projectile.

In late October 2010, for example, theArmy completed the M982 typeclassification of Raytheon Company'sExcalibur Block 1a-2, designating theExcalibur Block 1a-2 as the M982 andaccepting Excalibur 1a-2 for service use.

The Excalibur 1a-2design enhances the

earlier Excalibur 1a-1by increasing the range

from 23 to 40 km (14.3 to25.9 statute miles) when

fired from U.S.howitzers.

According to DavidBrockway, business

development managerfor Raytheon’s Excalibur

program, the originalExcalibur 1a-1 design

began to be fielded intoIraq in May 2007.


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“The 1a-1 was an early fielding variantand we weren’t qualified at the maximumcharge – the MACS [Modular ArtilleryCharge System] 5,” he explained. “We arenow qualified on the MACS 5 [with the 1a-2] and that extra charge now puts therange out to 40 km.”

“We just passed the ‘fly to buy’ for firstdeliveries of 1a-2,” he added. “1a-2 meetsthe full ORD [operational requirementsdocument] requirement and we arevirtually delivering those rounds as wespeak [mid-September 2011].”

In late June 2011 the Army awardedRaytheon Company a contract to finishdevelopment on the follow-on to the 1a-2, designated Excalibur 1b. Based onExcalibur 1a, Excalibur 1b features a non-spinning fixed base, uses fewer parts andrequires simpler manufacturing thanExcalibur 1a, resulting in increasedreliability and a significantly reducedcost. In addition, Raytheon programdescriptions note that Excalibur 1b wasdesigned to grow with the needs of thewarfighter through incorporation of areprogramming port that makes itpossible for the warfighter to

modify the performance of the round inresponse to changing threats andevolving tactics.

“1b was broken down into two phaseswith two parts in each phase,” Brockwaysaid. “We just recently got the award forthe Phase 2 Part 2. That’s the last piece ofthe 1b development – it’s actuallyqualification – so basically we are in thephase of qualifying 1b for production. Weexpect that activity to continue for aboutanother year and, obviously, successfullyconclude with a production decision for1b.”

Brockway concluded by pointing to thecritical contributions of Excalibur isproviding an ‘organic’ precision firescapability to a remotely deployedmodular force.

His overview included a compelling costcomparison between a howitzer providingorganic precision fires with Excaliburversus the alternative precision strikeoptions offered by Air Force platformsand the massive infrastructure requiredto deliver that precision via fixed wingplatform in a combat operation.

Guided Multiple Launch RocketSystem

Other significant materiel activitiesinvolve the Guided Multiple LaunchRocket System (Guided MLRS).

“Relative to the fielded system, the GuidedMLRS Unitary, our latest numbers indicateover 2050 have been fired in theater,”offered Scott Arnold, vice president forprecision fires at Lockheed Martin Missilesand Fire Control. “So it continues to be aweapon of choice over there in theongoing efforts in theater.”

The 2050 total includes approximately 300rockets fired by the United States MarineCorps as well as an unidentified quantityfired by the United Kingdom.

With Guided Unitary MLRS gainingincreasing favor among warfighters, thecompany is currently in two follow-onsystem activities: Alternate WarheadProgram (AWP); and GMLRS ‘Plus’(GMLRS+).


“The Alternate Warhead Program is anArmy program of record,” Arnoldexplained. “Together with the Army’sPrecision Fires Project Office in Huntsville,we conducted a TechnologyDemonstration (TD) phase last year thatconcluded with flight testing at WhiteSands Missile Range and a fly-off thattested three different competitiveprototypes. The goal for this program is toprovide an area effects rocket that wouldreplace the DPICM type munition.”

He continued, “They completed that flighttest last year with the Army running thesource selection – we were an associatecontractor for the TD phase. And theyselected ATK to be the provider of thatwarhead going into the EngineeringManufacturing Development (EMD) phaseof the program. So the status now is thatthey have solicited Lockheed Martin withan RFP for that EMD phase. And we areworking with ATK to put that proposal into the Army. They have a Milestone Bdecision scheduled for late this calendaryear and we expect to start the EMDprogram in the first quarter of nextcalendar year.”

The EMD program is notionallystructured as a 36-month effort withthe start of fielding low rate initialproduction (LRIP) quantities of theAWP rockets in 2015.

The second unfolding activity is LockheedMartin’s own internal research anddevelopment (IRAD) project called GMLRS+.

The ‘Guided Plus’ terminology used byLockheed Martin to describe theirinternally funded program is almostidentically mirrored in terminologywithin the user community at Fort Sill,Oklahoma as something called‘Increment 4.’ Likewise, ‘Increment 2’ isthe user terminology for the currentGuided Unitary MLRS rocket beingfielded and fired in theater today, and

‘Increment 3’ reflects user terminologyfor the Alternate Warhead Programrocket.

“GMLRS+ is the project where we havebeen looking to take the proven GuidedMLRS Unitary and address the capabilitygaps as we understand them from thefield artillery,” Arnold said. “In particularthe two priorities that we have heardabout are extended range and scalableeffects. And this year we have beenexploring technologies to address both ofthose capabilities.”

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In early August 2011, a prototype GMLRS+rocket successfully completed a 120-kilometer mission at White Sands MissileRange, New Mexico, an improvement inrange of approximately 50 kilometers (31miles) over the current GMLRS round.

Aerojet was selected for the test phase asthe GMLRS+ warhead and rocket-motorsupplier after a two-month evaluationand selection process.

“We partnered with Aerojet, our solidrocket motor provider, to put togetherthis extended range prototype – GuidedMLRS + - and we successfully fired it to arange of 120 km out at White SandsMissile Range,” Arnold said. “It’s in theexisting profile of the motor and therocket but we are using a slightly smallerwarhead for GMLRS+. We expect that thisparticular variant will be focused on

scalable effects – i.e. reduced effects.That’s why we’re looking at a slightlysmaller warhead.”

“The next piece of the project that we arelooking at is a completely different typeof warhead technology to provide thescalable effects. We want to be able tofuze the warhead in different ways toprovide larger and/or smaller explosiveeffects,” he said.

As of this writing, ‘arena testing’ of thenew design in both high yield and lowyield configurations has been completedwith the company hoping to conduct anactual flight test at White Sands prior tothe Association of the US Army (AUSA)Annual Meeting in October.

“We already have that prototype rocketbuilt up with the scalable effects

warhead and we are trying to get it onthe range to get that flight off.” Arnoldsaid.

Meanwhile, international interest inGuided MLRS continues to grow asevidenced by the August rolloutceremonies to mark the initial fielding ofthe High Mobility Artillery Rocket System(HIMARS) with Guided MLRS by theArmed Forces of the Republic ofSingapore.

Again it should be emphasized that thedoctrinal, organizational and materielexamples cited above are representativeof activities taking place across allelements of the fires warfightingfunction. It is expected that future issuesof this publication will explore theseother activities in greater detail in futureissues.


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18 Unmanned Systems North America 2011

AUVSI’s Unmanned Systems NorthAmerica 2011 Symposium and Exhibitionbrought academia, industry andgovernment together in a frenetic fourday exchange of ideas, productinformation and strategic planning thatcovers all three domains of mobilerobotics; air, land and maritime. Thisyear’s event was the largest ever in its 39-year history. The annual event is morethan a trade show, it is also a venue tostimulate the advancement of roboticstechnologies and infrastructure through aseries of juried paper presentations andinsightful panel discussions. Highlightsfrom the event’s more than five hundredvendors, nearly 200 technical paperpresentations, panel discussions and hottopic events provide insight into theemerging trends in military, lawenforcement and civil applications ofmobile robotics including disaster rescueand remediation activities.

The most evident theme emanating fromthis year’s event is that, even thoughdefence funding for procurement andR&D is under increasingly severe pressureglobally, mobile robotics has reached apoint of self sustaining advances in thestate of the art with or without heavyinvestment by government. Indeed, thevast majority of ongoing development is

internally funded and products arebrought to market based on emerginguser community needs.

New products introduced at AUVSI’sUnmanned Systems North America 2011serve the needs of all of theaforementioned user communities.Industry has responded to the demand forsmaller, lighter, more rugged, morecapable and less power hungry mobileservice robots. The industry’sresponsiveness to warfighter needs andthe funding by defence ministries mayhave stimulated technology developmentsover the last decade but lessons learned,revenues accrued and internally fundedresearch and development have resultedin industry’s achieving self sustainment.Benefitting from the rapid advances incommercial electronics through theextensive use of COTS components,mobile robotics is now accelerating thepace of advancing the state of the art at arate approaching that of the consumerelectronics industry. The mobile roboticsindustry has developed the capacity tooutpace bureaucracy’s ability to developand issue requirements, specifications,solicitations, contracts and purchaseorders. Many smaller, lighter, morerugged, less power hungry and certainlymore capable products were displayed on

the trade show floor just waiting for anorder before going in to full rateproduction.

Advances in sensors and payloads,integration, data fusion, autonomysoftware and data link transmission holdthe promise of increasing responsivenessto the needs of every user community.Developing technology has resulted inrobots with flexible sensor and effectorsuites on base platforms that arecontrolled and maintained by reducedcompliment crews requiring less trainingon increasingly intuitive user interfaces.

That is all good news. At the beginning ofthe last decade the existential imperativefor the industry was to simply deliver asystem to the warfighter to keep him outof harms way regardless of life cyclecosts, including the manpower requiredto operate the plethora of controlsystems that came with them. The newimperative to the industry however is toprovide more capable, easier to operateand cross user community serviceablemobile robots in the land, sea and airenvironments that seamlessly worktogether with increasingly autonomouscapabilities in each individual platform.If that sounds like jargon of the lastdecade and users’ pleas prior to today’s

Unmanned Systems NorthAmerica 2011By Len Zuga, Partner, Technology and Industry Insider (www.insidertalk.net)


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20 Unmanned Systems North America 2011

difficult economic environment, in thecoming decade it is the mandatoryparadigm.

Industry has responded faster than thiswriter ever expected. And quite frankly,we have the industry majors to thank forthey are the companies with the depth,breadth and deep pockets that haveenabled the self-sustaining industrial basethat is now charging ahead with thecapability to service humanitarian,commercial, and consumer demands. Allas a result of the advances spurred by theneeds of defence to provide standoffprotection to the warfighter. Profitingfrom lessons learned even the innovativesmaller companies are developingaffordable products that meet the needsand skill level of non-defence mobilerobotics users.

Kyle Snyder, formerly of AUVSI and nowthe Director of the Center for UnmannedSystems Operational Advancement andResearch at Middle Tennessee StateUniversity, a newly created program inthe university Aerospace Department,also noted that “The interests in non-DoDapplications and markets is no longer ahope and product developer’s dream- theopportunities are there and the earlyadopters are jockeying for position now.The commercial/civilian solution providersare taking advantage of unique situations(natural disasters, economic turmoil) andoperating within rules (ie university-industry partnerships to fly in the NAS[National Air Space]) to mature theconcepts. Where the DoD had Vietnam,Bosnia and Gulf War I (and the ability tonot share every account/tactic) to refinethe methods for using unmanned systems,the commercial/civilian sectors arefinding creative ways to make it happentoday.”

But there is a downside in moving from apredominately defence-oriented industryto the broader dual use services that willeventually dwarf military roboticsspending leaving it at one percent or lessof the entire industry in decades to come.Starting with the pressing needs of lawenforcement, first responders and disasterrelief, the requisite finances of the usercommunity will not be available in theforeseeable future without major policychange. The Office of Science andTechnology Policy’s National RoboticsInitiative (NRI) recently announced in theUSA is but a seed needed to germinate amore robust species of specific usercommunity policies that will be needed todevelop sufficient market demand. Thepressing needs of relatively infrequentcatastrophic events fail to stimulateadequate funding for procurement by thecivil sectors of law enforcement and firstresponders including disaster rescue andremediation.

Given the more than five hundredexhibitors only a few examples can be

reported on here to illustrate theresponsiveness and innovation thatindustry has shown in the last few years.Products developed by the industrymajors are contrasted with productsdeveloped by small to medium enterprises(SMEs). Though they may not directlycompete with the more robust systemsapproaches of the large defencecompanies, the SMEs do serve nichesector needs such as those of systemprototyping in academia and governmentas well as providing less costly platformsfor exploration and security to industriessuch as the oil and gas industry. SMEs arealso the companies that the majorsconstantly scrutinize for promisingtechnologies and eventual partnering andacquisition.

These innovative products andtechnologies are but a small sample of theemerging systems designed to serve theneeds multiple user communities in therapidly converging cross-domainoperational environment of warfightersand first responders. Each exemplifies theinnovation and responsiveness of theindustry and the trend towards smaller,lighter, more rugged, more capable andless power hungry mobile unmannedsystems. Though primarily a US industryevent non US manufacturers increasinglyexhibit at AUVSI’s Unmanned SystemsNorth America. This year China, Korea,Canada, Turkey, Australia and othersrepresented the globalization of themobile robotics industry with theirproducts on display.

Lockheed Martin: Samarai

Samara, a type of fruit in which aflattened wing of fibrous, papery tissuedevelops from the ovary wall. The shapeof a samara enables the wind to carry theseed farther away than regular seeds fromthe parent tree. Thus the newbiologically-inspired and aptly named UASpublicly demonstrated by LockheedMartin for the first time at AUVSI’s airvehicle demonstration area. The design ofthis vehicle is derived from the seeds, orsamara, of the maple tree resulting in aninherently stable vehicle.

Samarai is mechanically simple with onlytwo moving parts. Because it is 16 incheslong and weighs less than half a pound,an operator can easily carry the vehicle ina backpack and launch it from the groundor like a boomerang. The design is scalableto meet different missions, includingsurveillance and reconnaissance andpayload delivery.

The propeller rotates the wing to generatelift, controlling the vehicle’s flight, andelevation is performed by changingengine speed and elevons. Video issynchronized with the vehicle's rotationto provide 360 degree coverage in stableand unstable format. According to

Lockheed’s engineers the biomimeticdesign of the Samarai is simple enough tobe scaled up or down with ease to meetmission profiles and payloadrequirements.

L3 Unmanned Systems:Cutlass – Tube Launched UAS

Responding to a 2004 Navy requeststudents at Cal Poly State University inSan Luis Obispo, CA conceptualized atube-launched UAS using commerciallyavailable off the shelf and componentsand technology that could bemanufactured in a matter of weeks.Initial development and testing resultswere presented as a technical paper atAUVSI’s 2009 summer symposium inWashington DC with expectations of thetechnology being available for service by2011. Developed and produced by L3Communications the Cutlass is ready forproduction but awaiting a buyer. Cutlasswas designed to provide organic ISRcapabilities to operating units that do nothave immediate access to tactical ortheater UAS. Cutlass is the only UAS in itsclass that has been successfully launchedfrom both ground and air launch tubes.Aerial launch platforms include navalmaritime patrol aircraft, unmannedaircraft systems, or C-130 aircraft.Payload options of up to 1.4 kg includeISR, targeting, and lethal munitions withterminal engagement capabilities and anintegrated low light gimbal camera systemthat enables a variety of day / night ISRmissions. The steerable camera interfacesto an embedded real-time video tracker toprovide automated target tracking andgeo-location.

iRobot: 110 First Look

iRobot packed a lot of “Hasty situationalawareness” in an incredibly rugged,lightweight and compact yet versatile 2.6kg platform that is designed to be thrownthrough windows and dropped as muchas 4.5 meters on concrete and still provideup to 6 hours of operation. First Look isideal for a range of military and lawenforcement and rescue operations whereits four cameras and IR illuminationpacked in a 25 cm (l) x 23 cm (w) x 10 cm(h) little tyke of a robot that can alsoclimb stairs and rubble. It can be theadvanced eyes and ears in urban combat,disaster relief operations or mine shaftand tunnel examination. Additionalpayload integration options includespecialized cameras, thermal imagers,CBRN sensors and destructive payloadsweighing up to a quarter of a kilo. Therobot, on track for 2012 delivery, isoperated by a light-weight game-stylecontroller. Currently, the prototype usesa wrist-mounted operational control unit(OCU), but a different OCU, with screenand controls contained on one singledevice is in the works.


QinetiQ North America:Dragon Runner 10

Qiniteq North America introduced itsDragon Runner 10 (DR10) based on itsDragon Runner design and aimed atmilitary and first responder markets.Measuring a mere 38 cm (l) x l34 (w) cm x15 cm (h), and weighing just under 4.5 kg,the DR10 is small and light enough to becarried in a standard-issue pack andrugged enough to be thrown intobuildings or hostile environments forreconnaissance and surveillance missions.

The DR10 can carry payloads of up to 2.3kg. The platform is compatible with DR20payloads and can be fitted with a varietyof sensors, radios, cameras and a roboticarm. DR10 is controlled by a wearablecontroller at distances of up to 650 m andcan be fitted with tracks or wheels asterrain demands.

The standard battery will provide up totwo hours of power, which can besupplemented by an external battery packto provide over six hours of operationand a quick in-service recharge capability.

Hanwa: SG Robot grenade-launchedmulti use robot

The expendable but versatile SmartGrenade Robot was developed by Korea’sHanwa as a ground sensor, packed into animpact-absorbing shell and designed to befired by a rifle grenade at distances of upto 100 meters. The protecting shell openson impact, releasing the tiny robot thatcan perform interior surveillance of abuilding. On detection of a hostile targetthe operator can activate the grenade. Inan alternative configuration SG robot cancarry a wireless relay to improvecommunications indoors enabling otherrobots to move deeper into the interior ofthe building without loss of operatorcommunications.

Oshkosh: Terramax

The TerraMax UGV technology shown byOshkosh Defense on a U.S. Marine CorpsMedium Tactical Vehicle Replacement(MTVR) illustrates the multi-discipline andmulti-national nature required to deliverhigh-level autonomy for large unmannedvehicles.

The TerraMax system, developed withcorporate funding, integrates high-powermilitary computers, intelligence, drive-by-wire technology and state-of-the-artdistributed sensing systems to makeunmanned ground vehicles run with nodriver and limited supervision, as well astele-operated through an operatorcontrol unit. A TerraMax-equipped vehicleis capable of autonomous road vehicleleading and following, even when deniedGPS; obstacle detection and avoidance;

operation in a variety of weatherconditions and operating environments;and waypoint-to-waypoint navigationwithout operator intervention.

Key partners and their responsibilitiesinclude:� Oshkosh Defense: prime contractor,

including project management,contracting oversight and systemintegration

� National Robotics Engineering Centerof the Robotics Institute at CarnegieMellon University: perception systemdevelopment and software integration

� Velodyne Lidar: LiDAR sensors� Teledyne Scientific & Imaging:

behavior and motion planning

Oshkosh was awarded a two-yearcontract in June 2010 for the Cargo UGVproject to prove the feasibility oftechnology for unmanned cargo deliverymissions. U.S. Marines are currently beingtrained on operating a TerraMax-equippedMTVR under the Cargo UGV project.

SAIC/Liquid Robotics:Wave Glider

Wave Glider is an example of a dual useunmanned system with its roots in thescientific community as opposed tomilitary research and development.Development began in 2005. This hybridsea-surface and underwater vehicle iscomprised of a submerged “glider”attached via a tether to a surface float.The Wave Glider is propelled by theconversion of ocean wave energy intoforward thrust, independent of wavedirection. The wave energy propulsionsystem is purely mechanical; no electricalpower is generated by the propulsionmechanism. Just as an airplane’s forwardmotion through the air allows its wings tocreate an upward lifting force, thesubmerged glider’s vertical motionthrough the comparatively still waters atthe glider’s depth allows its wings to

convert a portion of this upward motioninto a forward propulsion force. As wavespass by on the surface, the submergedglider acts a tug pulling the surface floatalong a predetermined course. Bycontinuously harvesting energy from theenvironment, Wave Gliders are able totravel long distances, hold station, andmonitor vast areas without ever needingto refuel. A unique two-part architectureand wing system directly converts wavemotion into thrust. Solar panels provideelectricity for sensor payloads. This meansthat Wave Gliders can travel to a distantarea, collect data, and return formaintenance without ever requiring aship to leave port. SAIC has adapted theWave Glider to be a persistent ocean ISRsystem that incorporates a satellite datalink and acoustic modem to provide ahighly capable data gateway for oceansensors, vehicles, and networks.

Textron AAI: Fleet Class CommonUnmanned Surface Vessel (CUSV)

Textron AAI’s twelve meter CUSVincorporates a reconfigurable payloadbay, as well as an open architectureemploying commercial, off-the-shelfcomponents to simplify the integration ofnew payloads and capabilities required toeffectively execute different missionprofiles. The CUSV is capable of executingmine warfare; anti-submarine warfare;communications relay; intelligence,surveillance and reconnaissance; anti-surface warfare; and UAS/UUV launch andrecovery missions.

Like Terramax, the CUSV is an example ofsuccessful technology partnering incomplex unmanned systems projects,especially those with any degree ofautonomous operation. With theexpertise of AAI partner Maritime AppliedPhysics Corporation (MAP), Textron andMAP have delivered a USV capable ofautonomous launch, tow and recovery;

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“sliding autonomy” for varied levels ofoperator control, and fully autonomousmaritime navigation.

Zyvex Technologies: Piranha USV

It’s not the stealthy looking Piranha USVitself that is important about what Zyvexhas to offer to the mobile roboticsindustry, it’s the materials technologyfrom which the hull is manufactured. Thenano material chemistry that is used tomanufacture the inherently strong,lightweight and ultra-long range (2,500+nm) vessel can also be made electricallyconductive in base materials to which it isapplied, including common insulatormaterials such as rubber. Now thepossibilities for the Zyvex carbonnanotube technology (CNT) in unmannedsystems in any domain become unlimited,especially when one considers thatelectrical circuitry can be embedded in theplatform itself even further reducingweight and achieving all of the strength,durability and corrosion resistance thatare achieved by using Zyvex CNT.Piranha, developed on Zyvex fundingalone, makes use of the unmanned controltechnology of an undisclosed partner inthe UAS segment of the industry and avariant has been sold to ‘a private securitycompany’ but, mostly due to the noveltyof the technology, the defense industrialbase has only started to evaluate andincorporate Zyvex CNT for use onestablished military unmanned systems.

DRS: GuardBot

At first glance the glistening black orb ofthe GuardBot looks like an indestructiblebeach ball with opposing eyes. The DRSGuardBot is actually a UGV with a uniqueinterior pendulum locomotion system.The GuardBot can float on water or rollon any surface, including mud, sand orice. It can move autonomously in anydirection, providing full 360 degreecoverage by two roll stabilized cameraspositioned on the two sides. Beachreconnaissance for amphibious landings isthe primary the mission that comes tomind for the GuardBot but the versatilityof this hybrid environment vehicle shouldnot be underestimated.

Clear Path Inexpensive RapidPrototyping Platforms

The Canadaian company Clearpath’sapproach to unmanned systems is toprovide affordable and versatile, modularvehicles to academia, government andindustry for data collection, testing andprototyping. Clear Path systems are aptlydescribed as ‘incredibly customizable.’The Kingfisher M100 is a USV initiallydesigned for environmental and civilengineers who can’t get the data theyneed. An autonomy-ready variant is alsoavailable to researchers who need areliable, easily transportable vessel fortheir work. The Husky A200 UGV wasdesigned for engineers, computer

scientists and researchers who spend toomuch time and money developing UGVprototypes. The Husky A200 was designedto withstand the wear and tear of harshtesting environments and can handle dirt,mud, water, gravel, rocks and snow.

Robots Respond to Disaster

Finally I would like to thank the panelistsand their organizations that participatedin the Robots Respond to Disasterdiscussion that I moderated on August17th. The individuals, their organizationsand their colleagues selflessly rushed theirknowledge and systems to aid in the postearthquake and tsunami disasterassessment, rescue and recovery anddebris removal operations at Fukushima.They did not have to put themselves inharms way but they did, primarily forhumanitarian reasons but with an endresult of further advancing the state ofthe art in rescue and recovery robotics.As one panelist quoted a colleague whiledebating their decisions, “that's whywe’re roboticists”. My heartfelt thanks goto:

The Center for Robot-Assisted Search andRescue (CRASAR) and Dr. Robin Murphy,iRobot and Tim Trainer, QinetiQ NorthAmerica and Bob Quinn, HoneywellDefense and Space and Dr. PrabhaGopinath and The International RescueSystems Institute of Japan and Dr. SatoshiTadokoro.


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24 ITT Crux Generator – Delivering Mobile Power to the Warfighter

Warfighter Needs for On-boardVehicle Power (OBVP)

Over the past 10 years, US ground combatand tactical wheeled vehicles programshave been challenged to meet anexpanded mission in-theater in the MiddleEast and South Asia. Central to thisexpanded mission, is the need to maintainand deploy robust OBVP systems toenable the full suite of available C4ISRand counter-measures to keep soldiersconnected and protected. Current engineand vehicle integrated systems fail toprovide the necessary power to maintainthese systems during forward deployedand mobile operations. This creates ashortfall in functionality due to a need tomake real-time, in the field trade-offs inwhich systems will be active duringmobile operations. To bridge this gap,current fleets include stationarygenerators to delivery local power. Thiscreates a significant logistics burden andsub-optimizes the effectiveness of on-board C4ISR tools while potentiallyexposing soldiers to risks while outside ofprotective vehicles.

To respond to this challenge, the USDepartment of Defense (DoD) is seekinginnovative technologies capable ofdelivering sustainable on-board power

provides 750 Amps of DC at 1900alternator RPM and 1000 Amps of DC at2300 RPM. ITT’s CRUX Generator isspecifically designed as a high powerdensity system that provides commercialand military users with the power outputthey need to meet current and emergingOBVP requirements. Its convenient sizemakes it an easy drop-in replacement forcurrent alternator solutions.

The CRUX Generator has several uniquedesign attributes representing a step-change in alternator technology coupledwith the ability to regulate and deliverreliable, clean power for on-board use.The CRUX Generator can be appliedreadily to US military applicationsincluding the MRAP and JLTV vehicle in aCommercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)configuration. The ITT CRUX Generatorincludes an air-cooled alternator, remoteair-cooled regulator/rectifier unit,alternator pulley, drive pulley and drivebelts for a prime mover and power cablesand control cable harnesses.

Benefit to the Ground Combat andTWV Fleet

IPS CRUX Generator Features � Drop in replacement for alternators

currently fielded on current ground

generation, conversion, and management.As C4ISR functions expand, this powerdemand will increase. Meeting this OBVPdemand is critical to current and futureoperations and ensures enhancedsurvivability for US warfighters andenables information superiority and fullspectrum dominance.

Meeting the OBVP Challenge: ITT’sCRUX Generator

ITT identified OBVP as a critical need forUS military platforms over four years agoand has committed substantial resourcesto achieving a revolutionary advance inalternator technology to deliver neededon-board and mobile power to the USwarfighter. As a leading US defenseprovider to the US military, ITT is uniquelypositioned to bridge the gap betweencommercial innovations and militaryneeds. Over the past four years, ITT hasteamed with leading commercial researchcompanies to achieve a breakthrough inalternator design capable of meeting thepower output objectives for current andfuture US military tactical vehicle fleets.

ITT’s CRUX Generator is a vehiclemounted, air-cooled, 28 kilowattalternator and regulator unit that

ITT Crux Generator – DeliveringMobile Power to the Warfighter


communications.itt.com/comms

Communications solutions for every mission.

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26 ITT Crux Generator – Delivering Mobile Power to the Warfighter

and wheeled vehicles

Compact alternator size and weight,smaller than current 400 or 570 ampalternators � Power at idle: ITT solution nearly

doubles the power output of the OEMalternator below specified Horsepower(HP) at engine idle.

� Ability to meet Network CentricWarfare (NCW) mission with full suiteof current and emerging C4ISR systemscapability for mobile and forwarddeployed forces in theater.

Ability to deliver 1,000 Amperes (Amps) ofon-board power to meet power thresholdobjectives for MRAP and JLTV fleetutilizing a permanent magnet alternatorwith proprietary stator windingconfiguration� Clean reliable power that improves

efficiency, safety, and survivability� Streamline design eliminates a Bus,

failure points, and Operations andMaintenance (O&M) requirements

Robust, efficient, simple design with lowpart count

The ITT CRUX Generator significantlyoutperforms current solutions andexceeds the power output objectivesrecently outlined by Marine Corp SystemsCommand (MARCORSYSCOM) for OBVPsolutions for the MRAP fleet and fullymeets the OBVP requirements of the JointLight Tactical Vehicle (JLTV).

Demonstrated in the Desert

In August 2011, ITT demonstrated theCRUX Generator at the US Marine Corps2011 Expeditionary Forward OperatingBase (ExFOB) which is sponsored by theDemonstration Western Area Research,Test, and Evaluation Center (WARTEC),located at the Marine Corps Air-GroundCombat Center (MCAGCC), TwentyninePalms, CA. Twentynine Palms is the USMCsprimary training base for operations inIraq and Afghanistan and provides anoperating environment that closelyreplicates extreme operationalrequirements experienced by Marinesdeployed in theater. The USMC’s ExFOBdemonstration is in its second year withthe mission of identifying and expeditingnew technologies and systems to improvefuel efficiency and reduce energyconsumption for forward deployedforces. US forces currently convoy fuelinto theater along extended, and at times,exposed supply lines which createsignificant cost, security, and mobilerestrictions for forward deployed forces.Reducing or eliminating the need forextended logistical support is critical forachieving the mission and ensuringoperational agility. The ITT CRUXGenerator was selected for its potential toboth significantly improve vehicle fuelefficiency and reduce or eliminate the

need for towed generators. Morecritically, the system was also selected todemonstrate the ability to rapidly retrofitcurrent tactical vehicles in theater todeliver organic onboard power at engineidle.

For this demonstration, ITT integrated theCRUX Generator onto an International4300 series, DT466 engine commercialvehicle. The system included a custommounting bracket, high-strength belt, andpulley to replicate a system configurationsimilar to the current fleet of MineResistant Ambush Protect (MRAP)vehicles. The system was installed on-sitein less than six hours by two mechanicswith standard tools – effectivelyconverting a commercial box truck to ahigh power generator system. Withimprovements to the CRUX Generator kit,current estimates suggest that this installtime could be reduced significantly. Thistranslates into the potential to ship CRUXGenerator kit units to depots and forwardoperational bases to perform in theaterretrofits without the need for majoroperational disruptions or the need toreturn vehicles to recapitalizationcenters.

During the demonstration, the systemoperated in 110°F heat for four days, forup to 8 hours a day at output levelsranging from 300 to 1,000 amps at engineidle. The system ran on less than a singletank of fuel and generated the up to 4 to5 times the equivalent of power thatstandard high power alternators produceat idle. On day one of the demonstration,the system ran for 8 hours at 300 amps.On the second and third day the system

was increased to 500 amps for 8 hoursand 600 amps for 8 hours respectively.On the final day of testing the output wasincreased to 950 amps for 2 hours andthen pulled back to 500 amps for 1 hour.Finally, the system was pushed toextremes and increased to 1,000 amps for20 minutes and reached a maximum of1150 amps of power output.The final fuel efficiency data has yet to bereleased by the testing representativesfrom the ExFOB, however, the CRUXGenerator was designed with maximumefficiency as a goal, which directlyimpacts total fuel consumption. The CRUXGenerator is more efficient than severalconfigurations of current high poweralternators that produce high amperage.Current ITT models indicate that the CRUXGenerator provides a savings of up to $46per hour in fuel costs while the vehicle issitting idle in comparison to currentlyfielded alternator systems. Moreover, ITTprojects that the CRUX Generator shouldincrease operational range by 7% at 22%less cost.

The ExFOB demonstration successfullydisplayed the potential of the CRUXgenerator to increase onboard powerwhile reducing fuel consumption to meetoperational requirements. Also, theability to field install the system withoutany major changes to the vehicle enginecompartment powerfully demonstratedthe ability to act as a ‘drop-in’replacement and upgrade for currentfleets that are outfitted with highpowered alternators. The CRUX generatoris current in Initial Low Rate Production(LRP) and is being expedited for rapidfielding in 2012.


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28

Complicated, highly bureaucratic andconvoluted with nebulous and overlappingadministrative and enforcementauthorities best describes the current stateof U.S. export regulations and oversight.The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) ofthe U.S. Department of Commerceadministers a complex list of exportcontrolled items but the bewildering arrayof legal entities responsible for enforcingexport controls has resulted in a veritableminefield of legal interpretations andregulations. Ensuring compliance is costlyand time consuming at best to even thelargest and most well-staffed U.S. defenceand dual use equipment, sub systems andcomponents producers.

Until very recently U.S. export controlregulations were loosely enforced but sincetaking office the Obama administration putexport controls under tighter scrutiny,increasing the risks to manufacturers andsellers of being caught in inadvertent orintentional violations of any of the exportcontrol regimes.

But at the same time, early after settling in(August 2009), the administration initiatedplanning to overhaul the country's ColdWar-era system for controlling technologyexports with more centralized andstreamlined processes. As a result, theAdministration launched the ExportControl Reform Initiative (ECR Initiative),which will fundamentally reform the U.S.

The export control reform process is nowclosing in on Phase III. On July 15, 2011, theDepartment of Commerce published aproposed rule that is the next significantstep in the President’s ECR Initiative – thecreation of a framework for controllingmilitarily less significant defense articles,largely generic parts and components, onthe Commerce Control List rather than theUnited States Munitions List.

After reviewing BIS’s Proposed Revisions tothe Export Administration Regulations(EAR) (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-07-15/pdf/2011-17846.pdf ), it is clearthat the proposed changes promise thatcutting the Gordian Knot of current exportcontrol regulations and listings will beneither a simple nor an inexpensiveproposition.

This last phase will demand careful reviewand commentary by industry. Details of thePresident’s Export Control Initiative areavailable at BIS’s export control web site(http://export.gov/ecr/index.asp) whereinterested parties can follow progress andrecent news of the reform initiative.Defense and dual use goods and servicesproducers, both in the US as well as theirforeign competitors, need to closelymonitor these proposals and long overduechanges as they are implemented to ensuretheir organisations adapt to the changingexport controls being implemented in theUSA.

export control system.

With the objective of focusing resources onthe threats that matter most, and to:“better reflect contemporary nationalsecurity and foreign policy objectives,reduce confusion about which items arecontrolled and how, and improve theability of the U.S. Government to monitorand enforce controls on technologytransfers with national securityimplications while helping to speed theprovision of equipment to allies andpartners who fight alongside United Statesarmed forces in coalition operations. Theoverhaul is also aimed at enhancing thecompetitiveness of the U.S. manufacturingand technology sectors by increasingexports and creating jobs.

The Administration’s implementing exportcontrol reform is being accomplished inthree phases. Domestically the politics arenot nearly as high profile as health care,deficit spending and budget reform butthey are perhaps just as important to thedefense and high tech dual use industrialbase and their foreign competitors.Phases I and II of export control reformreconcile various definitions, regulations,and policies for export controls, all thewhile building toward Phase III, which willcreate a single control list, single licensingagency, unified information technologysystem, and enforcement coordinationcenter.


President Obama’s ExportReform Initiative By Len Zuga, Partner TBI


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TO THE UK

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30 The Technology of Voice Biometrics

“If somebody calls you and you don’trecognise the voice – all you know isthat somebody called.”

Today terrorist and criminals hide behindthe anonymity provided by technology orthe simple pay as you go phone, where nocontract is required and phones havealmost become a use once and throwaway item.

In today’s world of global terrorism andserious organised crime a new way ofidentifying targets is required. Thetechnology of Voice Biometrics provides ameans to add value to forensic evidence,intelligence gathering and situationalawareness. It provides a means toidentify, overtly or covertly, a speakerand to associate the telephone and otherrecords to the voice to build theintelligence picture.

For those who don’t know VoiceBiometrics is the representation of thePhysiological information embedded intovoice waves coming from your vocaltract. This means that the air forcedthrough the throat from the vocal chordsand modified by the nasal cavities,tongue and teeth provide a signature thatis unique. They are not modified by youremotional state, the language you use orby colds. If you try to mask your voice bycovering your mouth with a cloth the

Agnitio technology has the means todetect this and the call is tagged forfurther review; additionally if you try toplay a recorded voice this can also bedetected and the call tagged for furtherreview.

For these reasons Voice Biometrics canidentify you no matter what languageyou speak, or channel (GSM, PSTN,Satellite, and VoIP) you use. In real lifeconditions, voice has proven to be as ormore reliable than fingerprints or irisscans and a viable technology foroperational deployments.

Voice Biometrics can be used to answerthe simple questions of, “Who said that?”and “Is that X speaking?”

You could analyze millions of incomingcalls (continuous flow) spotting a list ofvaluable targets for intelligence andsurveillance purpose. You could storethem in a centrally managed database ofall the voice samples and models of yoursuspects (and search it). You coulddistribute them to all your speakersurveillance solutions. You could supportspecial operations providing on the spotidentification and allowing immediateaction when in the field i.e. Asset trackingusing a UAV.

There is more that can be achieved when

Voice biometrics are included inCommand and Control or integratedintelligence systems. Instead of knowingonly which telephone has “called” andwhich phone has been “called” you canstart to identify:

� how many phones a suspect has� track people using their voices; if you

know the geographical location of thephone

� Find clusters of calls with the samespeaker.

� Add voice data to behavioral analysisand risk assessment applications

Of course all that has been mentioned sofar is already being done by somebodysomewhere, but still more is available.Can you imagine all this in an area ofoperations, supporting C-IED operations,providing voice checks at control postsusing handheld devices to help identifythe innocent population and spot theterrorist, this is also available in somecountries where other biometrics are alsostored.

So what do you need in a VoiceBiometric, speaker identificationsolution?

Firstly some means to intercept andrecord the audio from a call; this may be

The Technology of VoiceBiometrics By Iain Robinson, Director, Sales & Business Development Northern Europe, Agnitio

31

number. Additionally, up to 16 calls fromthe targets were located among the first100 calls. This means that even if a targetis changing phones or there is no way toget the phone ID and number, theanalyst, instead of going through 6million calls, can listen to less than a 100of them and these will be the significantcalls.

In Summary, the efficiency of analystswhen spotting speakers whose phonenumber information is not known can bemultiplied by a factor between 60,000 and600,000 times. BS3 can either reducedramatically the cost of Target Spottingor in many cases will simply make theimpossible possible.

Summary

To meet today’s and probably futuredeployments any voice biometrics systemused in lawful or Mass intercept systemswill need to be language, text andchannel independent and providecapabilities to move models aroundcongested military networks that arealready bandwidth constrained. Thesystem will also be required to performfast enough to change the outcome of atactical situation.

Agnitio can help you with this; in live testsAgnitio was able to identify the target inthe top 4 candidates returned from6,000,000 calls over a 24 hour period.

a mass intercept system, an exchange‘butinski’ type device, a simpleapplication on a laptop or a covertmicrophone. You will need to record theaudio in a suitable file format and store itin a simple database with some Metadata. Alternatively systems are availablethat will allow audio streaming andidentification. Any information on thetarget, location, time and picture wouldhelp future analysis. A communicationschannel to pass data from an operationalarea may also be required but notessential as this depends on what youwant to do next.

To meet today’s military needs thesystem performance will be the key toquick decision making. A Voice Biometricspeaker Identification system must beable to search thousands of hours ofaudio in a day, identify a target in-accordance to operational requirementsand return an in-field response inseconds, using the minimum number ofprocessors and the least amount ofpower. You may now be comparingVoice Biometrics with other Bandwidthand computer hungry biometrics such asfacial recognition, you will be pleased tohear that a system exists where thestatistical part of the analysis is less than10Kbytes and the space required to storea model is less than 2Kbytes. All ofwhich means that Voice Biometrics canbe used on small processor devices andthe data passed around bandwidthlimited military communicationssystems.

As for performance Agnitio’s BS3 systemcan check 1000 hours of audio in 24 hoursusing a single processor or something youcan employ 2084 Humans to do, it cancheck 85,000 targets per second(something 2084 humans cannot do) andof course can analyse 42 simultaneouscalls on only one single core processor.

Does it Work?

In a live test almost 6 million callsintercepted in the field were analysedusing BS3. Several targets (5) of nativenon-English speaking population wererandomly selected (added to one Englishspeaker) and a voice model of each wascreated using a few of the calls. Laterthey were compared with the targets andclassified according to the scoresobtained. Scoring and classification forthe targets over the whole 6 million pre-processed calls was done in less than 5minutes.

In every case, 1 to 5 calls from the targetswere located among the first 10 calls. Thismeans that an analyst, instead of goingthrough 6 million calls, would only needto listen to 10 calls to identify the targetand find the telephone number (ornumbers) of the target. They can thenfind the rest of the calls using the phone


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32 The Future of Signals Intelligence

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) is any type ofcommunication or electronic informationthat can be collected through technicalmeans. The sub-elements of SIGINT are:communications intelligence (COMINT);electronic intelligence (ELINT); and, foreigninstrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT)(from notes by Jerry Gideon 2010).

SIGINT was born as an intelligencediscipline in 1800s with the invention ofthe telegraph, and it has been evolvingand gaining momentum ever since. TodaySIGIN is the major player in theintelligence collection world. Theevolution of SIGINT has been affected bythe following factors:1) What is going on in the world2) Advancements in our technology3) Advancements in the our adversaries'

technologies4) Our own politics and policies (and vice

versa, i.e. some of these policies andpolitics are affected by SIGINT)

5) Our foreign policy

If Russians did not launch Sputnik wouldthe US electronic signals intelligence(ELINT) exist? Probably not in the samecapacity as it does today.

If 9/11 never happened, would there beTerrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) and thesubsequent controversy? Difficult to tell,but I hope that policy makers would havefound the way to do something like that inan effective but less intrusive manner.

Cyberspace is taking the central stage inthe world of warfare and intelligencealike. Is Cyber Warfare going to affect theevolution of SIGINT?

Let’s examine the definitions of one of thedisciplines of SIGINT, CommunicationsIntelligence (COMINT), and how it isapplicable to Cyber Space.

COMINT is intelligence derived frommessages or voice information derivedfrom the interception of foreigncommunications.

Cyber Space – a global domain within theinformation environment consisting ofthe interdependent network ofinformation technology infrastructures,including the Internet,telecommunications networks, computersystems, and embedded processors andcontrollers (Mesic, Hura, et.al, 2010)

As one can see, Cyber Space is all aboutcommunications – networks,telecommunications, Internet… and iteven can be argued that embeddedprocessors and controllers are theindirect means of networkedcommunications. So cyberspace itself is afertile ground for COMINT.

Now let’s move onto Cyber Warfare.There are many definitions of CyberWarfare, and the world is yet to come toconsensus what constitutes cyber

warfare, yet it is hard to disagree that atleast a large part of it is taking place incyberspace. Cyberwar is all about seizingcontrol of a network, eavesdropping onit, or causing it to fail (Schneier, 2007).

And that is where the definition is blurredbetween war and espionage. Cyberwarcan take on aspects of espionage, anddoes not necessarily involve open warfare(Schneier, 2007). SIGINT (or more preciselyCOMINT) is practiced, but it is morphedinto a new form of cyber espionage andmore. It has become not just the means ofespionage, but the weapon in its ownright.

Looking inward, into the US Cyberoperations, they are not only defensive innature. According to the Air Force ChiefInformation Officer Lt. Gen. William T.Lord “Information technology allows us tobe a much smaller force, but to beinfinitely more effective,” (Sgt. AmaaniLyle, 2011). The cyber operations emphasisare not only of defense, but onpenetration, exploitation, and attack(Bamford 2008, 333-335), using the meanswhich evolved from COMINT.

So, not only cyber warfare is interrelatedwith SIGINT, it is the child and the futureof SIGINT for the next decade.

But cyberspace itself is just the flavor ofthe decade… there is more amazing stuffto come. Biometrics, bionics, and

The Future of Signals Intelligence By Victoria Loewengart, Partner/Co-Founder at TBI www.insidertalk.net Partner/Co-Founder at AKOTA Technologieswww.akotatech.com


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chemical and bio informatics are loomingon the horizon. More and more researchis being done to merge ‘man andmachine’ – and that will undoubtedlyaffect SIGINT.

How about reading brain signals? Brainactivity produces electrical signalsdetectable on the scalp. Brain-computerinterfaces (BCIs) translate these signals intooutputs that allow users to communicatewithout participation of peripheral nervesand muscles (Wolpaw, J.R , et.al, 2002).

Oh wait… NSA is already doing somethinglike that. One of the extreme examples isthe research conducted by NSA’sorganization, the Center forAdvancement Study of Language (CASL).CASL has been researching the ability ofintelligence analysis to control their ownbrainwaves for more creative and flexiblethinking (Bamford 2008, 328). Controllingown brain waves is not that far off fromreading someone else’s. So maybe thenext generation of SIGINT is BRAININT?Privacy issues will get really ugly. Therewill be new legislature and new privacylaws to deal with it. There also will be anexplosion of ‘privacy’ technologies toprotect one’s thoughts.

On a more plausible note, Measurementand Signature Intelligence (MASINT), theoffspring of SIGINT will rise as a powerfulINT in its own right. It is already used tomonitor chemical and biological warfaresites. In the future it will be used moreand more as the conventional ImageryIntelligence (IMINT) and COMINT will startto succumb to more and moresophisticated denial and deception

techniques (Richelson, 2001).

I am an eternal optimist, and I hope thateventually we will live in much safer andmuch more peaceful world (althoughright now it does not look very

promising). I hope that SIGINT – thetechnology and the know-how will beused for peaceful purposes, maybe formonitoring emissions from space, orpredicting natural disasters and savinglives.

34 European Light Battlefield Vehicle Update

References:Bamford, James. 2008. The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA From 9/11 To The Eavesdropping OnAmerica. New York: Doubleday.Lyle, Amaani, Master Sgt. "Air Force chief information officer discusses way ahead for cyberoperations." U.S.Air Force. April 5, 2011. http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123250085 (accessed May 18, 2011).Bruce Schneier, Schneier on Security, June 4, 2007,http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2007/06/cyberwar.htmlRichard Mesic, Myron Hura, Martin C. Libicki ,Anthony M. Packard, Lynn M. Scott. Air Force Cyber Command(Provisional) Decision Support. RAND PROJECT AIR FORCE, RAND, 2010Richelson, Jeffrey. 2001, “MASINT: The New Kid in Town”, International Journal of Intelligence andCounterIntelligence , 14: 149^192, 2001<o:p></o:p>Wolpaw, J.R. , Birbaumer N, McFarlad D.J. et. al. Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control.Clinical Neurophysiology 113, 6 (June 2002), 767-791 via Communications of the ACM 5/2011 Vol. 54 No5.


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36 Mission Critical Means Mission Critical!

Can you do the job if your computerstops working or if your data is lost?

Introduction

How good is good enough?

Mission Critical Computing in the MilitaryWhen it comes to training and equippingour Soldiers, we have come to demand, aswe should, that they have the very best.The alternative, a weapon that workedmost of the time, is an unacceptableoption to soldiers and therefore, wouldn’tlast long in the field, even if the weaponwas inexpensive and each soldier couldcarry a back-up.

Why would this situation be intolerable? � First, we have an obligation to provide

our soldiers with equipment that willallow them to do their jobs.

� Second, soldiers must have confidencein their systems. They will not usethem if they cannot trust them.

� Finally, the impact on morale wouldbe negative. Soldiers must believetheir equipment will work, when theyneed it, every time.

The military is transforming from an FMbased command and control regime thatdirects ‘fire and maneuver’ in a linearframework to a digital, network centric

architecture that enables Commanders,sensors, shooters, analyst, and plannersto apply all elements of combat powersimultaneously, in real time to a givenoperational problem set. Soldiers can “SeeFirst, Understand First and Act First”(Situational Awareness and SituationalUnderstanding) across the operationalcontinuum, in every dimension, and applyeffects when and where required withregard to time, space and required effect.To accomplish this, today’s militaryoperates an interconnected,interdependent network of sensors andweapons systems that link soldiers andtheir leaders in real time from the tacticalto the strategic levels resulting in anetwork centric force, and computers arethe backbone of that network. Havingevolved from a ‘nice to have’ supportingrole to an integral component of alloperations, computers play a role ineverything soldiers do. They must go withthem, everywhere, operate all the time,never fail and be there when they needthem. These computers must operate inany environment, in every operationalproblem set, across the spectrum ofconflict.

On the digital battlefield, every networkbased system uses computers for control,

the integration of sensors and shootersand communications. The ruggedizationrequirements for systems used on thebattlefield are extremely demanding. Theoperational environment for battlefieldcomputers and displays is uniquelydemanding while the operation of thesesystems must continue regardless ofconditions.

Battlefield Requirements, Anytime –Anywhere

The battlefield computing environment isthe most demanding of all becauseexpeditionary forces have to equipthemselves with systems that will work inany place on earth – in any weatherextreme. This doesn’t just mean handlingthe extremes of hot and cold, but also theextremes of dust, sand, rain, andhumidity; thereby, keeping foreign matterout of the computer and away from itssensitive electronics and storage media.The standard design approaches formeeting temperature extremes, forexample the use of heaters and fans forcooling, present dilemmas when thesealing of the unit is also required to keepwater, dust and sand outside of the box.A battlefield computer requires a fully

Mission Critical Means MissionCritical! By Bill Guyan, VP of Programs and Strategy, DRS Tactical Systems, Inc.

Above: The JV-5 system provides for flexible installation, future-proof computingcapability and functional expansion.


sealed housing that can provide for theheating and cooling necessary forworldwide operation. External fans arevulnerable to the same sand and dust.Liquid cooling has captured the attentionof some, but it presents high cost andmaintenance challenges withoutdelivering any improvement inperformance.

Battlefield Laptops. The laptop computermade its way to the battlefieldunofficially. In the mid-1980s Soldierspacked or carried their laptop to the fieldto support orders preparation and tosatisfy Commanders’ desires for HarvardGraphics presentations – now supplantedby Powerpoint. These initial “battlefieldcomputers” were not mission critical.They were conveniences and “nice tohave”. In the garrison-bound modernarmies of the late 80’s this solutionworked.

The Coalition armies’ experiences in“Desert Shield” of 1990 and the Gulf Warof 1991 changed everything. Theenvironmental challenges of desert sandand heat, combined with the operationalneed for persistent and reliable networkconnectivity and situational awarenessacted as the combined catalyst thatcreated the need for mission-criticalbattlefield computing. Computersbrought to the desert from home stationstopped working. Sand, heat and the talc-

like dust of the desert crippledcommercial computers. As happens, theshort duration and rapid successes of theFirst Gulf War made it easy for armies todiscount lessons learned regardingbattlefield computers. With the notableexception of the US Army’s FBCB2 and theUK Army’s BOWMAN programs, mostprograms in most armies did not changetheir modus operandi. After 9-11, many ofthe same soldiers found themselves in thesame desert – a decade later – still usinglaptops that couldn’t handle theenvironment. Today, given the durationof Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) andOperation Enduring Freedom (OEF)experiences, the coalition armies havedramatically increased operationaldependency on battlefield computing.Mission critical computing on thebattlefield – and in the command post – isincreasingly recognized as a uniquerequirement that most be met to ensurecurrent and future mission success.

Mounted Vehicle Systems

FBCB2/BFTThe US Army’s Force XXI Battle CommandBrigade and Below (FBCB2) and Blue ForceTracking (BFT) Programs are now fieldingthe 5th generation of ultra-ruggedcomputer hardware and displays. Alreadymore than 130,000 systems have beendelivered providing Soldiers and Marines

access to real-time information, allowingfor better command and control decisionmaking and enhanced situationalawareness.

This system features a two-piece hardwarearchitecture: A processor unit (PU) with aremovable 160 GB hard drive; and, a 12.1”rugged touch screen display unit (DU).

The JV-5 vehicle computing systemincludes new technologies such as multi-core processors, increased memory,greater data storage and expansioncapability to allow for future technologyimprovements. These enhancementsprovide the computer systems with bettergraphics processing, data handling andsystem networking capabilities.

Dismountable Vehicle Systems. Ascomputing requirements migrate from thevehicle to the soldier, a new requirementfor “dismountable” rugged computing hasemerged. A dismountable system is onethat is primarily mounted in a vehicle, butmay be removed for soldier use outside ofthe vehicle.

BOWMANThe UK Army’s BOWMAN Program uses afamily of ultra-rugged computers anddisplays developed and produced forGeneral Dynamics by DRS TacticalSystems, Inc. This product line providesmaximum component commonality for

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38 Mission Critical Means Mission Critical!

eased logistics burden and reduced lifecycle costs.

US Air Force Tactical Air ControlParty The US Air Force provides tactical aircontrol party (TACP)personnel to US Army unitsto manage Close AirSupport

(CAS) missions. The USAF has alreadytaken delivery of more than 300 RuggedMilitary Rugged Tablets (MRT) from DRSTactical Systems. These systems featureembedded SAASM GPS and 1.2 Ghz M-Class processors.

US Marine Corps TLDHSThe USMC Tactical Laser

Designation hand-off Systemuses new STRIKELINK

software tomanage joint fires(CAS, Artillery,Naval Gunfire) insupport of Marine

Corps forces. TheUSMC has alreadytaken delivery ofmore than 500MRTs from DRSTactical Systems.These systemsfeature embeddedSAASM GPS and 1.2Ghz M-Class

processors.

US Army Movement Tracking SystemThe US Army provides logistics satellitebased tracking capability tocommanders for asset tracking throughthe Movement Tracking System (MTS)program. For this requirement, DRSTactical Systems has delivered over25,000 Joint Platform Tablet (JPT)MRT computers, docking stationsand peripherals. The JointPlatform Tablet MRT isdesigned with expandedcapacity to easilyupgrade as increasedcapabilities andfuture requirementsemerge. MRTcapabilities includeincreased processingspeed, a removableHard Disk Drive, anemergency alert or“911” button that cansignal an urgentsituation back to thecommand and controlcenter and a NightVision Imaging System(NVIS) capable 10.4”display.

ARMOR – TheSolution for Rugged MobileComputing

DRS Tactical Systems, Inc., a clearindustry leader in the development ofrugged & reliable mission computingsystems, has taken its expertise andapplied it to the challenge of mission-critical computing that is rugged andmobile. DRS has developed andlaunched two new products meant tomeet the mission-critical computingneeds of the soldier – but also of thehomeland security professional.

DRS’ ARMOR product line providesrugged tablet form-factor PC systemsthat are suitable for use in thecommand post, the motor pool, the EMSand fire vehicle, law enforcement, andoutdoor industrial applications. Thesesystems have been tested to meet MIL-STD environmental requirements andcommercial requirements for Ingressprotection (IP).

ARMOR products are available fromDRS, its partners and the GSA catalog.

Soldier SystemsAs computer components becomesmaller and use less power, they

become suitable for use in a systemwhich is meant for soldiers to useprimarily as a hand-held computer,or “Dismounted”. These systems

have typically ranged from PDA-sizedform factor to tablet-form factorsystems that have display screen sizesthat are 4 to 7” diagonally. The searchcontinues for the right technology and

Above: The BOWMAN Scorpion Data Terminal Family features multiple “dismountable”form factors with common components.

Above: Military Rugged Tablet(MRT) now being used by multiplebranches of US Military forces


the right form factor in this category.

Recently, the US Army selected DRSTactical Systems, Inc. for thedevelopment of an ultra-ruggedhandheld device for the U.S. Army’s

Joint Battle Command –Platform (JBC-P) program. As

one of two companiesselected for this contract,

DRS will develop asolution for

dismountedsituationalawarenessrequirements for

Soldiers and

Marines that is interoperable with thecurrent Force XXI Battle CommandBrigade and Below (FBCB2) Blue ForceTracking (BFT) system. The handheldsystem must include an ultra-ruggedcomputing device, software, suite Bsecurity, and support variouscommunications solutions in order toreceive and send friendly force positionlocation and provide communicationcapability to and from Soldiers andMarines.

Future Trends

The soldier of the future will be evermore dependent upon mission-criticalcomputing. Advanced programs likeJoint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) andJoint Battle Command – Platform (JBC-P)all depend on the use of computer anddisplay systems that can work whereversoldiers go. Like boots, a helmet andrifle, the computer is becoming anessential part of every platform –soldier or vehicle.

Command Posts are also migratingtowards more robust computing anddisplay systems. The Army and MarineCorps have already begun to makecommand posts mobile. Capability

requirements for On-The-Move MissionCommand point the way to the future– command posts that are always onthe move. Command posts that dependon computers that can reliably performmission-critical functions whileenduring the demands of extremetemperatures, vibration, shock.

Conclusions

Armies are always asked to makecompromises. Even in times of healthydefense budgets, the search for the“good enough” solution is at the heartof many land force procurementdecisions. As armies and their soldiersdepend more and more on theircomputers, their computers evolve intomission critical equipment – from “niceto have” to “need to have and have towork”. As we become more aware ofthe implications of compromise in thisarena, more and more programs areturning to the use of ultra-ruggedcomputers that are designed formission-critical applications, likeSituational Awareness and MissionCommand. If your life depended on it –If mission success depended on it – Ifyou had a choice, what would you taketo war?

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In a densely vegetated jungle, soldiers arefaced with harsh conditions – visibility isminimal on the ground, and tall treeswith abundant foliage form canopies thatforce out the light of day. On their backs,they carry manpack radios, allowing themto communicate with one anotherthrough the trees and underbrush. Byselecting an alternative mode, they canrelay mission-critical information back tocommand through mobile units or requestsupport from nearby aircraft.

While this may sound like a simplescenario, tactical radio technology didnot always allow for communication inmultiple frequency bands and in severalmodes. The development of multibandradios has increased effectiveness incommunications for militaries around theworld by providing this capability towarfighters. Not only can multibandradios utilize VHF, UHF, and upperfrequency bands, they also deliver greaterpower and range – enabling robust voiceand data connectivity. Appropriate at thebrigade level and below, multiband radiosare a standalone solution with capabilitiesthat make them valuable in a variety ofapplications, including line-of-sight andground-to-air communications, as well as

SATCOM and beyond-line-of-sightscenarios.

In the past, when challenged withcomplex missions, warfighters would haveto carry multiple radios, each dedicatedto a single purpose. Dismounted soldiersare already required to carry significantamounts of equipment and supplies, suchas weapons, ammunition, MREs, batteries,and more. Add additional radios to thatload and the result is a very heavy andbulky rucksack – the weight of which isonly exacerbated by the harsh battlefieldenvironments. However, with multibandradios, forces can carry a singleradio that caninteroperate with allof the others –simply by changingthe mode. Thissubstantially lightensthe burden on theindividual soldier forincreased forceprotectioncapabilities.

Over the past decade, the evolution ofhigh-quality voice encoding and theintroduction of data applications with

existing voice communications hasfurther expanded the capability set of thewarfighter. Today’s militaries use photos,video, and text messages to determine thebest course of action, conduct missions,and establish critical real-time situationalawareness. Although new technology isfrequently available, many militaries donot have the ability to immediatelyimplement it. Often times, considerableinvestments – not only financial but alsoin training and resources –prevent themfrom

40

Multiband Radios Bridge the GapBetween Past, Present and Future By Joseph M. Hertline, Product Manager, Harris Corporation

Multiband Radios Bridge the Gap Between Past, Present and Future 41

being able to upgrade. As a result, legacyradios are still widely deployed aroundthe world.

The combination of new technology andlegacy radios on the battlefield presents achallenge to military forces – how can thedifferent technologies be integrated,ensuring interoperability for thewarfighter? Fortunately, next-generationmultiband radios provide a technologicalbridge to enable interoperability withlegacy radios.

Today’s multiband radios tie togethermultiband and wideband capabilities.With this integrated technology,warfighters have the ability to interfacewith legacy radios – providing a meansfor voice and data interoperability –while also delivering next-generationwideband capabilities for unprecedentedaccess to higher-bandwidth information.In addition, modern multiband radiosoperate on standardized software-definedarchitectures that allow new capabilitiesto be added with reduced developmenttime and cost for military forces.

The addition of wideband capabilities tomultiband radios offers significantbenefits to military forces on thebattlefield. First, it enables adhocnetworking so that troops can stayconnected while on the move in abattlefield environment that lacks theinfrastructure central to commercialcommunication systems. Further, militarysystems often require a high level ofsecurity not satisfied by commercialofferings and wideband radios meet thedemands to maintain confidence forsecure information exchange. Widebandnetworks also provide a bigger pipeline,allowing for more data transmission. Theresult is improved situational awarenessby enabling applications such as full-motion video streaming and positionlocation information over the network.Other wideband capabilities include Voiceover Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephony,video teleconference, file transfer, IPchatting, targeting applications, remotedatabase access, integration with third-

party IP- capabledevices, andmore.

These next-generationmultiband radiosolutions givewarfighters thebest of both

worlds – theyserve as the transitionbetween current andlegacy radio

technologies, but alsoopen the door to future

applications. Today’smultiband radios, such as the

Harris RF-7800M-MP MultibandNetworking Radio (MBNR), allow

militaries to work with the technologythat they have already deployed, andtake it a step further by incorporatingboth multiband and wideband capabilitiesinto a single radio.

Designed for flexibility and portability,the RF-7800M-MP enhances the ability ofmilitary personnel to communicate athigh data rates while on the move. Withcritical next-generation capability, theRF-7800M-MP is a single-channel manpackradio that runs both narrowband andwideband waveforms in the smallest andlightest form factor available to thewarfighter today. Adaptable to meet theneeds of any mission, the RF-7800M-MP iscapable of man-portable, battery-powered; vehicular; or fixed-siteoperation. In addition, the RF-7800M-MPis a software- defined radio that is basedon the Software CommunicationsArchitecture (SCA) standard to allow forrapid deployment of future capabilities

that meet the ever-evolving needs of thewarfighter.

With up to 20 watts of output power, theRF-7800M-MP provides secure voice andhigh-speed, networked data services aton-air rates of up to 3.6 Mbps over anextended frequency range of 30 MHz to2 GHz – a significant increase overexisting products. The RF-7800M-MPprovides high-speed, networked data byusing the Harris Adaptive NetworkingWideband Waveform (ANW2), which usesinnovative, intelligent protocols that donot require the presence of a designatednetwork control station. Instead, eachradio automatically discovers and joins anauthorized network.

Recently, a South American navyequipped its ships with the RF-7800M-MP,as well as its command centers on shore.The adhoc networking capability allowsthe ships to move down the shoreline,


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while the RF-7800M-MP automaticallydiscovers and syncs with the next station.This gives the naval personnel the abilityto extend the network where it otherwisewouldn’t exist, enabling applications suchas video surveillance and real-time dataexchange with existing databases atdistances never before possible. The RF-7800M-MP provides access tomission-critical information at all levels.

The RF-7800M-MP is also an enabler ofHarris’ systems solutions, serving as themobile network backbone. By providing aflexible means to establish a widebandnetwork, the RF-7800M-MP can be utilizedfor high-speed data transmission invarious echelons of the battlefieldarchitecture. It can also be integratedwith commercial equipment such as IPphones, laptops, and more.

U.S. Department of Defense users haveseen considerable success by takingadvantage of the combat-provenwideband networking capability of theHarris Falcon III® AN/PRC-117G tacticalradio system. Widely deployed with morethan 10,000 radios shipped, the AN/PRC-117G is the first wideband manpack radiosystem with a JTRS-certified SCAarchitecture and NSA Type-1 certifiedinformation security.

This fall, Harris will introduce the Falcon IIIAN/PRC-152A, which will offer militariesmultiband and wideband capabilities in ahandheld form factor. This new radio,which builds on the success of the widelydeployed AN/PRC-152(C), will deliver ANW2wideband networking to the soldier level,while enabling narrowbandinteroperability with existing deployedlegacy equipment. NSA Type-1 certifiedHAIPE networking encryption also providesinformation assurance for data security upto the Top Secret level of classification.With the AN/PRC-152A, soldiers at thetactical edge will now have immediateaccess to information and resources forincreased effectiveness and swift missionexecution, along with interoperability withlegacy narrowband radios.

While the world’s military forces are notready – or able – to phase out legacyradios, they also need to expand theirwideband networking capabilities toaccommodate modern communicationsrequirements and advancements.Multiband radios such as the RF-7800M-MP, AN/PRC-152A, and AN/PRC-117G aretransformational in their ability toseamlessly bridge legacy communicationmodes and high-speed, networkedapplications. Whether forces are trudgingthrough jungles, deep at sea, or indesolate desert plains, leaders in theindustry, such as Harris, are developingsolutions to provide warfighters with thetechnology needed to utilize theequipment they already have, and setthem up to take advantage of thecapabilities of the future.

42 Multiband Radios Bridge the Gap Between Past, Present and Future 43BATTLESPACE C4ISTAR TECHNOLOGIES

I N T H E R I G H T P L A C E AT T H E R I G H T T I M E

BATTLESPACE NEWSB R I N G I N G Y O U A L L T H E L AT E S T N E W S

www.battle-technology.com

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44

DRS provides soldier systems that optimize sustainment,

situational awareness, target acquisition, hand-held computing,

communications and network services. All to help give

warfighters an edge. No matter where they are.

Empowering The Warfighter. That’s Go To.

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Don’t forget the next issue will be published

December 2011

If you would like to advertise in the next issue, please contact:

Julian nettlefold

tel/Fax: +44 (0)20 7610 5520

mobile: +44 (0)77689 54766

email: [email protected]

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