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25/02/2014 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23, 2014 Ryan J. Sullivan, M.D. Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard University Disclosures Unfortunately, I have no relevant disclosures to declare. Disclosures I have one irrelevant disclosure.

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Page 1: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Grand Unification:The rationale for combining

immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy

Canadian Melanoma ConferenceFebruary 23, 2014

Ryan J. Sullivan, M.D.

Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard University

Disclosures

• Unfortunately, I have no relevant disclosures to declare.

Disclosures

• I have one irrelevant disclosure.

Page 2: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Disclosures

• I have one irrelevant disclosure.

Beware of agreeing to hike with Michael Smylie…

Objectives (Nov 2013)

• Review preclinical data justifying the combo of BRAF directed therapy and immunotherapy

• Describe the clinical data of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations

• Review ongoing and future trials of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations

Revised Objectives

• Briefly review BRAF/immunotherapy sequencing data

• Review preclinical data justifying the combo of targeted therapy and immunotherapy

• Describe the clinical data of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations

• Review ongoing and future trials of targeted therapy/immunotherapy combinations

Page 3: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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1980 1990 20102000

Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2

An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005

TCGA 2012

We’ve learned that melanoma is driven by genetic changes

Oncogenes in melanoma

Year Target Prevalence Drug1984 NRAS 20% tramentinib, MEK162

2002 BRAF 50% vemurafenib, LGX 818dabrafenib; trametinib, 

MEK162

2005 CKIT 1% imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib

2008 GNAQ/11 1%* selumetinib, ?PKCi

2012 NF1 loss 10% unknown

*(80-90% of uveal)

Page 4: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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X

X

X

X

X

Immune (T‐cell) activation is not as simple as…

Page 5: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Immune (T‐cell) activation is not as simple as…

Pardoll. Nat Rev Cancer 2012

Immune (T‐cell) activation is amazingly much more complex

… yet druggable!

Pardoll. Nat Rev Cancer 2012

Page 6: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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1980 1990 20102000

Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2

An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005

1980 1990 20102000

Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2

An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005

An Era of Hope: 2006 ‐

Ipilimumabvemurafenib

Nivolumab, MK‐3475

Dabafenib, trametinib

2011

An Era of Hope: By subclass

Vemurafenib

Ipilimumab

Immunotherapy:

BRAF mutant:

Page 7: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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2011

An Era of Hope: By subclass

Vemurafenib Dabafenib, trametinib

2013

Ipilimumab

Immunotherapy:

BRAF mutant:

2011

An Era of Hope: By subclass

Vemurafenib

MK‐3475, Nivolumab.

Dabafenib, trametinib

2013

Ipilimumab

Immunotherapy:

BRAF mutant:

2014‐5

2011

An Era of Hope: By subclass

Vemurafenib

MK‐3475, Nivolumab

Dabafenib, trametinib

2013

Ipilimumab

Immunotherapy:

BRAF mutant:

MEK162, LGX818, cobimetinib

2014‐5

Page 8: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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2011

An Era of Hope: By subclass

Vemurafenib

MK‐3475, Nivolumab, other anti‐PD1/PDL1/checkpoint inhibitors.

Dabafenib, trametinib

2013

Ipilimumab

Immunotherapy:

BRAF mutant:

NRAS‐mutant:MEK162, trametinib, CDKi, ERKi

MEK162, LGX818, cobimetinib, ERKi

Other‐mutants:MEKi, PKCi, AKTi, KITi

2014‐5

Is there an ideal sequence of immunotherapy and molecularly 

targeted therapy?

BRAF-directed therapy is as effective before or after immunotherapy

Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press

Response No Response

Total

IT first 17 13 30

MAPKifirst

153 80 233

170 93 263

Page 9: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Ipilimumab does not appear to be as effective following progression on BRAF-directed therapy

Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press

Outcome is better with iplimumabfirst sequence…

Ascierto et al. ASCO 2013

Outcome is better with BRAFi than ipilimumabsequence…

Ascierto et al. ASCO 2013

…though selection bias must be considered

Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press

Page 10: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)

ECOG PS01

Stage IIIC (unres) or M1a/bM1c

Prior therapyNoYes

RANDOMIZE

Arm 1:Ipi q3wks x 4

Arm 2:Vem 960 BID

Ipi

Vem

PD

PI: Mike Atkins

Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)

PI: Mike Atkins

Dabrafenib plus trametinibNivolumab plus ipilimumab

Flaherty et al. NEJM 2012

Wolchok et al. NEJM 2012

Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)

ECOG PS01

Stage IIIC (unres) or M1a/bM1c

Prior therapyNoYes

RANDOMIZE

Arm 1:Ipi/Nivo q 3wks x 4 then nivoq2wks x 42wks

Arm 2:Dab 150 BID, Tram 2 qd

Ipi/Nivo

Dab/Trem

PD

PI: Mike Atkins

Page 11: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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New Paradigm?

Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012

New Paradigm?

Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012

New Paradigm?

Page 12: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012

New Paradigm?

Is there any reason to combine immunotherapy with molecularly 

targeted therapy?

BRAF inhibitor therapy plus immunotherapy 

in BRAF mutant melanoma

Page 13: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Are BRAF inhibitors immunosuppressive?

• BRAF inhibition does NOT affect T cell function, however MEK inhibition impairs proliferation & function

Treatment with BRAFi does not impair overall immune competance; MEKi does.

Boni et al. Cancer Res 2010; Hong et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012

BRAF/MAPK Inhibition Increases Recognition of Melanoma Cells by Antigen‐Specific T Cells

MEK Inhibitor

U0126

BRAF Inhibitor

PLX4720

*

**

*

P<0.05

Boni et al. Cancer Res 2010

Page 14: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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What are the effects of BRAF inhibitors on tumors?

Treatment with BRAFi increases MDI expression in tumors of patients with melanoma

Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013

Treatment with BRAFi increases CD8+ T‐Cell infiltrate in tumors of patients with melanoma

Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013

Page 15: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Treatment with BRAFi reduce immunosuppressive cytokines but increases immuno‐exhaustion

Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013

Cooper et al SMR 2012

Preclinical data predicts synergy of BRAF inhibitor plus anti‐PDL1/PD1 combinations

Clinical trials of BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy

IFN‐a IL2 ACT Ipilimumab nivolumab MK3475 MPDL‐3280A

MEDI‐4736

BRAF inhibitorsVemurafenib (V)Dabrafenib (D)

3 3 1 2* 0 0 1** 0

MEK inhibitorsCobimetinib (C)Trametinib (T)

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Combined T +/‐ D; D +/‐ T

1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1

Ribas et al. NEJM 2013*; Hamid et al. ASCO 2013**

Page 16: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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The combination of vemurafenib and ipilimumableads to significant hepatotoxicity 

Ribas et al. NEJM 2013

6/10 patients enrolled who received the combination had Grade 3 ALT/AST elevation

MPDL3280A + Vemurafenib Preliminary SafetyMPDL3280A 20 mg/kg Q3W + 720 mg vemurafenib BID 

3/3 Patients:• Rash (Gr 3)• AST/ALT elevation (Gr 1-3)• Flu-like symptoms (Gr 1-2)1

• Resolved with vemurafenibhold/reduction

2/2 Active Patients2:• AST/ALT elevation (Gr 3)• Resolved with vemurafenib

hold/reduction• Rash and flu-like symptoms

did not recur

2/2 Active Patients:• AST elevation Gr ≤ 1Patient status:• 1 patient D/C due to PD Cycle 8• 1 patient active (Cycle 12+; CR)

1 2 3 4+

Cycle (Q3W)Treatment Start

1Included fever, headache, sore throat, arthralgia, chills, fatigue  2One patient with PD at 8 weeks1 PR, 1 CR

Hamid et al. ASCO 2013

Summary of BRAF‐inhibition and immunotherapy

• BRAFi lead to:– Increase melanocyte derived antigen expression

– Reduced immunosuppressive cytokine production

– Flooding of CD8+, T‐lymphocytes

– Increased PDL1 expression

• Combined BRAFi/immunotherapy– In vivo synergy in murine models

– Higher than predicted toxicity in two phase I trials of vemurafenib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors

– Many ongoing studies with more planned

Page 17: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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NRAS mutations, MITF, and immunotherapy

MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression 

Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013

MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression 

Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013

Page 18: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression 

Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013

MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression 

Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013

TCGA 2012

Differential patterns of MITF amplification in BRAF and NRAS mutations and NF1 loss

Page 19: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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TCGA 2012

MITF amplification is commonly seen in BRAF mutant melanoma

MITF amplification is never seen in NRAS mutant or NF1 loss melanoma

Melanocyte gene expression from BRAF mutant, MITF amplified cells is more similar to NRAS mutant 

cells than BRAF mutant, MITF non‐amplified

Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013

Page 20: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Mutational Status and HD IL-2

Joseph, Sullivan et al. JIT 2012

NRAS mutation is associated with higher response rate and improved outcome compared to WT/WT

Johnson et al. ASCO 2013

Survival in the setting of immunotherapy:

BRAF vs NRAS mutant 

Page 21: 05Sullivan Grand unification CMC2014 Final · 1 Grand Unification: The rationale for combining immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy Canadian Melanoma Conference February 23,

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Next Steps

1. Determine the mechanism

Next Steps

1. Determine the mechanism

2. Clinical trials

– MEDI‐4736 + trametinib

– MPDL3280A + cobimetinib

Acknowledgments

• MGH– Center for Melanoma

• Keith Flaherty• Donald Lawrence• Rizwan Haq

– Fisher Lab• David Fisher• Rizwan Haq

– Sullivan Lab• Dennie Frederick

• MDACC– Jen Wargo– Zachary Cooper– Mike Davies

• Vanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer Center– Jeff Sosman– Doug Johnson– Christine Lovly

• MSKCC– Rich Carvajal

• MIA– Oliver Klein– Georgina Long

• BIDMC– David McDermott– Alison Ackerman