05sullivan grand unification cmc2014 final · 1 grand unification: the rationale for combining...
TRANSCRIPT
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Grand Unification:The rationale for combining
immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy
Canadian Melanoma ConferenceFebruary 23, 2014
Ryan J. Sullivan, M.D.
Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard University
Disclosures
• Unfortunately, I have no relevant disclosures to declare.
Disclosures
• I have one irrelevant disclosure.
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Disclosures
• I have one irrelevant disclosure.
Beware of agreeing to hike with Michael Smylie…
Objectives (Nov 2013)
• Review preclinical data justifying the combo of BRAF directed therapy and immunotherapy
• Describe the clinical data of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations
• Review ongoing and future trials of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations
Revised Objectives
• Briefly review BRAF/immunotherapy sequencing data
• Review preclinical data justifying the combo of targeted therapy and immunotherapy
• Describe the clinical data of BRAFi/immunotherapy combinations
• Review ongoing and future trials of targeted therapy/immunotherapy combinations
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1980 1990 20102000
Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2
An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005
TCGA 2012
We’ve learned that melanoma is driven by genetic changes
Oncogenes in melanoma
Year Target Prevalence Drug1984 NRAS 20% tramentinib, MEK162
2002 BRAF 50% vemurafenib, LGX 818dabrafenib; trametinib,
MEK162
2005 CKIT 1% imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib
2008 GNAQ/11 1%* selumetinib, ?PKCi
2012 NF1 loss 10% unknown
*(80-90% of uveal)
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X
X
X
X
X
Immune (T‐cell) activation is not as simple as…
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Immune (T‐cell) activation is not as simple as…
Pardoll. Nat Rev Cancer 2012
Immune (T‐cell) activation is amazingly much more complex
… yet druggable!
Pardoll. Nat Rev Cancer 2012
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1980 1990 20102000
Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2
An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005
1980 1990 20102000
Dacarbazine High‐dose Interleukin 2
An Era of Futility: 1975‐2005
An Era of Hope: 2006 ‐
Ipilimumabvemurafenib
Nivolumab, MK‐3475
Dabafenib, trametinib
2011
An Era of Hope: By subclass
Vemurafenib
Ipilimumab
Immunotherapy:
BRAF mutant:
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2011
An Era of Hope: By subclass
Vemurafenib Dabafenib, trametinib
2013
Ipilimumab
Immunotherapy:
BRAF mutant:
2011
An Era of Hope: By subclass
Vemurafenib
MK‐3475, Nivolumab.
Dabafenib, trametinib
2013
Ipilimumab
Immunotherapy:
BRAF mutant:
2014‐5
2011
An Era of Hope: By subclass
Vemurafenib
MK‐3475, Nivolumab
Dabafenib, trametinib
2013
Ipilimumab
Immunotherapy:
BRAF mutant:
MEK162, LGX818, cobimetinib
2014‐5
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2011
An Era of Hope: By subclass
Vemurafenib
MK‐3475, Nivolumab, other anti‐PD1/PDL1/checkpoint inhibitors.
Dabafenib, trametinib
2013
Ipilimumab
Immunotherapy:
BRAF mutant:
NRAS‐mutant:MEK162, trametinib, CDKi, ERKi
MEK162, LGX818, cobimetinib, ERKi
Other‐mutants:MEKi, PKCi, AKTi, KITi
2014‐5
Is there an ideal sequence of immunotherapy and molecularly
targeted therapy?
BRAF-directed therapy is as effective before or after immunotherapy
Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press
Response No Response
Total
IT first 17 13 30
MAPKifirst
153 80 233
170 93 263
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Ipilimumab does not appear to be as effective following progression on BRAF-directed therapy
Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press
Outcome is better with iplimumabfirst sequence…
Ascierto et al. ASCO 2013
Outcome is better with BRAFi than ipilimumabsequence…
Ascierto et al. ASCO 2013
…though selection bias must be considered
Ackerman et al. Cancer 2014. In Press
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Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)
ECOG PS01
Stage IIIC (unres) or M1a/bM1c
Prior therapyNoYes
RANDOMIZE
Arm 1:Ipi q3wks x 4
Arm 2:Vem 960 BID
Ipi
Vem
PD
PI: Mike Atkins
Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)
PI: Mike Atkins
Dabrafenib plus trametinibNivolumab plus ipilimumab
Flaherty et al. NEJM 2012
Wolchok et al. NEJM 2012
Intergroup Study (formerly E4613)
ECOG PS01
Stage IIIC (unres) or M1a/bM1c
Prior therapyNoYes
RANDOMIZE
Arm 1:Ipi/Nivo q 3wks x 4 then nivoq2wks x 42wks
Arm 2:Dab 150 BID, Tram 2 qd
Ipi/Nivo
Dab/Trem
PD
PI: Mike Atkins
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New Paradigm?
Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012
New Paradigm?
Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012
New Paradigm?
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Ribas, Society for Melanoma Research 2012
New Paradigm?
Is there any reason to combine immunotherapy with molecularly
targeted therapy?
BRAF inhibitor therapy plus immunotherapy
in BRAF mutant melanoma
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Are BRAF inhibitors immunosuppressive?
• BRAF inhibition does NOT affect T cell function, however MEK inhibition impairs proliferation & function
Treatment with BRAFi does not impair overall immune competance; MEKi does.
Boni et al. Cancer Res 2010; Hong et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2012
BRAF/MAPK Inhibition Increases Recognition of Melanoma Cells by Antigen‐Specific T Cells
MEK Inhibitor
U0126
BRAF Inhibitor
PLX4720
*
**
*
P<0.05
Boni et al. Cancer Res 2010
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What are the effects of BRAF inhibitors on tumors?
Treatment with BRAFi increases MDI expression in tumors of patients with melanoma
Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013
Treatment with BRAFi increases CD8+ T‐Cell infiltrate in tumors of patients with melanoma
Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013
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Treatment with BRAFi reduce immunosuppressive cytokines but increases immuno‐exhaustion
Frederick et al. Clin Cancer Res 2013
Cooper et al SMR 2012
Preclinical data predicts synergy of BRAF inhibitor plus anti‐PDL1/PD1 combinations
Clinical trials of BRAF/MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy
IFN‐a IL2 ACT Ipilimumab nivolumab MK3475 MPDL‐3280A
MEDI‐4736
BRAF inhibitorsVemurafenib (V)Dabrafenib (D)
3 3 1 2* 0 0 1** 0
MEK inhibitorsCobimetinib (C)Trametinib (T)
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Combined T +/‐ D; D +/‐ T
1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1
Ribas et al. NEJM 2013*; Hamid et al. ASCO 2013**
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The combination of vemurafenib and ipilimumableads to significant hepatotoxicity
Ribas et al. NEJM 2013
6/10 patients enrolled who received the combination had Grade 3 ALT/AST elevation
MPDL3280A + Vemurafenib Preliminary SafetyMPDL3280A 20 mg/kg Q3W + 720 mg vemurafenib BID
3/3 Patients:• Rash (Gr 3)• AST/ALT elevation (Gr 1-3)• Flu-like symptoms (Gr 1-2)1
• Resolved with vemurafenibhold/reduction
2/2 Active Patients2:• AST/ALT elevation (Gr 3)• Resolved with vemurafenib
hold/reduction• Rash and flu-like symptoms
did not recur
2/2 Active Patients:• AST elevation Gr ≤ 1Patient status:• 1 patient D/C due to PD Cycle 8• 1 patient active (Cycle 12+; CR)
1 2 3 4+
Cycle (Q3W)Treatment Start
1Included fever, headache, sore throat, arthralgia, chills, fatigue 2One patient with PD at 8 weeks1 PR, 1 CR
Hamid et al. ASCO 2013
Summary of BRAF‐inhibition and immunotherapy
• BRAFi lead to:– Increase melanocyte derived antigen expression
– Reduced immunosuppressive cytokine production
– Flooding of CD8+, T‐lymphocytes
– Increased PDL1 expression
• Combined BRAFi/immunotherapy– In vivo synergy in murine models
– Higher than predicted toxicity in two phase I trials of vemurafenib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors
– Many ongoing studies with more planned
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NRAS mutations, MITF, and immunotherapy
MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression
Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013
MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression
Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013
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MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression
Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013
MAPK suppresses MITF and MDA expression
Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013
TCGA 2012
Differential patterns of MITF amplification in BRAF and NRAS mutations and NF1 loss
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TCGA 2012
MITF amplification is commonly seen in BRAF mutant melanoma
MITF amplification is never seen in NRAS mutant or NF1 loss melanoma
Melanocyte gene expression from BRAF mutant, MITF amplified cells is more similar to NRAS mutant
cells than BRAF mutant, MITF non‐amplified
Haq, Johnson et al. SMR 2013
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Mutational Status and HD IL-2
Joseph, Sullivan et al. JIT 2012
NRAS mutation is associated with higher response rate and improved outcome compared to WT/WT
Johnson et al. ASCO 2013
Survival in the setting of immunotherapy:
BRAF vs NRAS mutant
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Next Steps
1. Determine the mechanism
Next Steps
1. Determine the mechanism
2. Clinical trials
– MEDI‐4736 + trametinib
– MPDL3280A + cobimetinib
Acknowledgments
• MGH– Center for Melanoma
• Keith Flaherty• Donald Lawrence• Rizwan Haq
– Fisher Lab• David Fisher• Rizwan Haq
– Sullivan Lab• Dennie Frederick
• MDACC– Jen Wargo– Zachary Cooper– Mike Davies
• Vanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer Center– Jeff Sosman– Doug Johnson– Christine Lovly
• MSKCC– Rich Carvajal
• MIA– Oliver Klein– Georgina Long
• BIDMC– David McDermott– Alison Ackerman