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Correctional Issues
Reentry into the Community
Most Inmates Eventually Released into Society
Over three-fourths will be on parole
Parole
▪ Grace or privilege
▪ Contract of consent
▪ Custody
Number of Adults under Parole Supervision, 1980-2007.
Maconochie
Classification procedure
▪ Strict imprisonment
▪ Labor on chain gangs
▪ Freedom within a limited area
▪ Ticket-of-leave or parole with conditional pardon
▪ Full restoration of liberty
Crofton
Progress through prison and ticket-of-leave linked
Parole included a series of conditions
▪ Report monthly to police
United States
Brockway
▪ Elmira Reformatory
Indeterminate sentencing followed by parole
U.S. Board of Parole
Methods of Release from State Prison
Discretionary Release
Mandatory Release
Probation Release
Reinstatement Release
Other Conditional Releases
Expiration Release
Procedure Eligibility ▪ Sentence
▪ Statutory criteria
▪ Conduct prior to incarceration
▪ Often minimum sentence minus good time
▪ Parole board discretion
▪ One-third to one-half of the maximum sentence
Release Criteria Normally include at least eight factors▪ Offense▪ Prior criminal record▪ Attitudes▪ Institutional adjustment/participation/progress▪ History of community adjustment▪ Physical, mental, and emotional health▪ Insight into causes of past criminal conduct▪ Adequacy of parole plan
Release Criteria
Discretionary
▪ Moral judgments
▪ Culpability
▪ Adequacy of sentence
▪ DNA
▪ Legal and ethical issues
Structuring Parole Decisions
Parole guidelines
Three criteria
▪ Substantial observance of institutional rules
▪ Release will not devalue seriousness of offense or promote disrespect for the law
▪ Release will not jeopardize public welfare
The Impact of Release Mechanisms
Shorten a sentence
Encourages plea bargaining
Mitigates the harshness of the penal code
Reduce prison populations
Second Chance Act of 2007 Provides federal grants to states and communities to support reentry initiatives ▪ Employment
▪ Housing
▪ substance abuse
▪ Mental health treatment
▪ Children and family services
Community Supervision
Conditions of release
▪ Abstain from alcohol
▪ Stay away from undesirable associates
▪ maintain good work habits
▪ Do not leave the community without permission
Revocation Parole can be revoked for two reasons▪ Committing a new crime
▪ Violating conditions of parole
In practice▪ Usually requires persistent non-compliance or
▪ Arrest on a serious charge
Supreme Court requirements
Revocation Percentage of Prison Admissions Who are Parole Violators
Parole Officer Surveillance▪ Restriction▪ Enforcement▪ Revocation
Assistance▪ Jobs▪ Families▪ Human service agencies
The Strangeness of Reentry
Changes
Unfamiliar freedomSupervision and Surveillance
Not really free
The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs Education
Money
Job
Drug and alcohol problems
Mental health
Housing
Barriers to Success
Employment
▪ Conviction viewed as untrustworthy ▪ Statutory bars
▪ Expungement
▪ Pardon
Barriers to Success Civil disabilities ▪ Right to vote and hold public office
▪ “War on Drugs”▪ Access to public assistance and food stamps
▪ Living in public housing
▪ Having a driver’s license
▪ Being a foster parent or adopting children
▪ Receiving student loans
Four Factors
Get substance abuse under control.
Get a job.
Develop a support group of family and friends.
Get a sense of “who I am.”
Reentry Courts Judicial supervision Emphasis on involvement of judicial and correctional officials in ▪ Prerelease needs of prisoner▪ Linkages to family▪ Social services▪ Housing▪ Employment