0407 on-farm evaluation of sri in tamiraparani command area, tamil nadu, india
DESCRIPTION
Presenter: T.M. Thiyagarajan Institution: Agricultural College & Research Institute Killikulam, Vallanadu 628 252 Tamil Nadu Presented at: World Rice Research Conference, Tsukuba, Japan Subject Country: Tamil Nadu, IndiaTRANSCRIPT
On-farm Evaluation of SRI in On-farm Evaluation of SRI in Tamiraparani Command Area, Tamiraparani Command Area,
Tamil Nadu, IndiaTamil Nadu, India
T.M. ThiyagarajanT.M. Thiyagarajan
DeanDeanAgricultural College & Research InstituteAgricultural College & Research Institute
Killikulam, Vallanadu 628 252Killikulam, Vallanadu 628 252Tamil Nadu, IndiaTamil Nadu, India
Tamil Nadu
INDIA
Tamil Nadu
Total geographical area 13.0 m ha
Net area sown 5.79 m ha
Gross rice area 2.19 m ha
Annual rice production
Average yield
7.5 m t
3.42 t/ha
Water demand and supply in 2025 for Tamil Nadu
(million ha m)
Total water supply 4.74
Demand for non-agricultural purposes
1.65
Available for agricultural purposes
3.09
Demand for agricultural purposes
Excess demand over supply
3.57 - 4.5515.5-47.9%
System of Rice Intensification
Young seedlingSoft handling
Wider spacing
Weed incorporation Limited water
Experimental ResultsSRI evaluations were begun
in 2001 by TNAU, preceding firstextension to farmers in 2002
Two field experiments on SRI
conducted in India in Tamil Nadu
Location : Wetland experimental areas at Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Experiment I : Wet season (Sept. 2001- Jan. 2002)
hybrid rice CORH-2 (125 d)
Experiment II : Dry season (Feb. - June 2002)
hybrid rice ADTRH-1 (115 d)
Crop establishment factors
P1 Conventional planting: 24-day-old seedlings; single seedling per hill.
P2 Modified SRI planting: in the wet season, 14-day-old single seedling per hill; in dry season, direct wet seeding, 2-3 seeds manually sown, but later thinned to single seedling per hill.
Irrigation factors
I1 Conventional irrigation: irrigating to 5 cm depth one day after disappearance of surface water.
I2 Limited irrigation after crop establishment: irrigating to 2 cm depth after development of surface cracks; in the wet season, limited irrigation up to flowering stage, followed by conventional irrigation during grain filling;
in dry season, limited irrigation till maturity.
Weed management factors
W1 Conventional weeding: in the wet season, weeds were removed by manual weeding (three times); in the dry season, pre-emergence application of herbicide Butachlor, followed by manual weeding (two times).
W2 Weeds mechanically incorporated with a rotary weeder, used crisscross (five times) during the growing season.
Nutrient management factors
N1 Recommended amount of N (150 kg ha-1), P2O (60 kg ha-1), K2O (90 kg ha-1) and Zn in splits applied.
N2 The same as N1, plus green manure (fresh weight 6.25 t ha-1).
Water used for the rice hybrid CORH2 (wet season)
Conventional planting
Modified planting
Conventional
irrigation
Limited irrigation
Conventional
irrigation
Limited irrigation
Total water irrigated (m3 ha-1)
11853 5205 13347 6699
Total number of irrigations
14 9 16 11
Cumulative rainfall during the crop period (m3 ha-1)
3560 3560 3560 3560
Total water used (m3 ha-1)
15143 8765 16907 10259
Water used for the rice hybrid ADTRH1 (dry season)
Conventional planting
Modified SRI planting
Conventional
irrigation
Limited irrigation
Conventional
irrigation
Limited irrigation
Total water irrigated (m3 ha-1)
13406 6213 16634 8419
Total number of irrigations
21 15 25 18
Cumulative rainfall during the crop period (m3 ha-1)
560 560 560 560
Total water used (m3 ha-1)
13966 6773 17194 8979
Grain yield (kg ha-1) of rice hybrid CORH 2 under conventional and SRI
Factors
Conventional seedlings Younger seedlings
Mean Mean Conventional irrigation
Water saving
irrigation
Conventional irrigation
Water saving
irrigation
Weeds removed
N16151 6199 6841 6268 6365
6076N2 6000 6195 5893 5059 5787
Weeds incorporated
N16008 6908 6838 6707 6615
6737N2 6343 6349 7612 7126 6858
Mean 6126 6413 6796 6290
Mean 6269 6543
Factors
Conventional seedlings Direct Seeded
Mean Mean Conventional irrigation
Water saving
irrigation
Conventional irrigation
Water saving irrigation
Weeds removed
N1 6009 5694 6682 6366
6187
6226
N2 6261 5809 6600 6391
6265
Weeds incorporated
N1 6240 6014 6890 6400
6386
6436
N2 6311 6080 6941 6612
6486
Mean 6205 5899 6778 6442
Mean 6052 6610
Grain yield (kg ha-1) of rice hybrid ADTRH 1 under conventional and SRI
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Conventional Planting +Coventional Irrigation
Conventional Planting +Limited Irrigation
Modif ied Planting +Conventional Irrigation
Modif ied Planting +Limited Irrigation
Wat
er P
rod
uct
ivit
y (k
g m
-3)
Wet Season
Dry Season
Labour Productivity (US$)
Management options
Wet season
Dry season
Conventional 3.29 3.46
Conventional planting
Limited irrigation
Conventional weeding
3.55 3.39
Modified planting
Conventional irrigation
Mechanical weeding
4.71 3.85
SRI 4.64 3.91
SRI resulted in higher LAI during grain filling period
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Days after transplanting
Leaf
are
a in
dex
Conventionalirrigation
Modified SRIirrigation
SRI method of planting resulted in higher root volume at panicle initiation, flowering and grain filling stages
0
20
40
60
80
AT PI FF GF
Crop growth stages
Roo
t vol
ume
( cc
pla
nt-1
)
Conventional planting
Modif ied SRI planting
Mechanical weedingConventional weeding
Root growth
Microbial population in rice rhizosphere
Microorganism Conventional SRI
Total bacteria 88 x 106 105 x 106
Azospirillum 8 x 105 31 x 105
Azotobacter 39 x 103 66 x 103
Phosphobacteria 33 x 103 59 x 103
Effect of SRI on crop physiology Wet season (CORH2) Dry season (ADTRH1)
Conventional SRI Conventional SRI
Total Chlorophyll (mg g-1)
2.76 3.20 2.60 3.13
Soluble protein (mg g-1)
8.35 12.62 10.25 11.95
Nitrate reductase (mg NO2g-1 h-1)
12.42 18.11 11.74 16.70
Root CEC (mg 100g-1)
- - 8.40 11.23Cytokinin (pmol g-1)
- - 56.77 72.47
Insects and their damage / population
SRI cultivation
(Mean ± SE)
Conventional cultivation
(Mean ± SE)
t value
Cut worm(% damaged leaves
per seedling)
0.0 ± 0.0
(0.0)
20.4 ± 4.8
(19.1)
16.1**
Thrips(per seedling)
0.5 ± 0.2
(0.9)
6.1 ± 0.5
(2.5)
19.3**
Green leaf hopper
(per seedling)
0.1 ± 0.0
(0.8)
0.4 ± 0.1
(0.9)
14.8**
BPH(per seedling)
0.0 ± 0.0
(0.0)
0.2 ± 0.0
(0.8)
11.5**
Whorl maggot(% damaged leaves
per seedling)
0.8 ± 0.2
(0.9)
9.3 ± 2.6
(9.1)
12.5**
Pest abundance in nursery
Figures in parentheses are transformed values ** significant difference (P<0.001)
Insects and their damage / population
SRI cultivation(Mean ± SE)
Conventional cultivation(Mean ± SE)
t value
Whorl maggot(% damaged leaves
per hill)
17.9 ± 1.9
(18.0)
23.2 ± 2.0
(19.1)
6.6**
Thrips(per hill)
6.6 ± 0.1
(2.2)
20.2 ± 2.0
(4.1)
12.2**
Green leaf hopper(per hill)
0.6 ± 0.1
(1.0)
1.1 ± 0.2
(1.2)
10.7**
BPH(per hill)
1.1 ± 0.2
(1.2)
2.7 ± 0.2
(1.8)
14.4**
Whorl maggot(% truncated leaves
per hill)
5.6 ± 1.8
(5.9)
8.8 ± 1.4
(9.1)
4.5**
Pest abundance in main field
Figures in parentheses are transformed values ** significant difference (P<0.001)
Insects and their damage / population
SRI cultivation(Mean ± SE)
Conventional cultivation(Mean ± SE)
t value
Gall midge(% silver shoot
per hill)
5.0 ± 1.2
(6.8)
11.0 ± 1.5
(19.1)
9.3**
Stem borers(deadheart/white
ear per hill)
11.7 ± 1.3
(15.5)
7.3 ± 1.0
(10.0)
10.1**
Leaf folder(scraped leaves
per hill)
20.3 ± 1.6
(21.7)
6.5 ± 1.0
(11.8)
15.4**
Earhead bug(No. per hill)
0.9 ± 0.1
(1.1)
0.9 ± 0.1
(1.1)
0.4NS
Pest abundance in main field
Figures in parentheses are transformed values
** significant difference (P<0.001)
NS : not significant
Prospects
SRI offers scope for considerable reduction in water use, seed requirements, labour for weeding, with concurrent increase in yield
Evaluation in Farmers’ Fields
The Government of Tamil Nadu approved US$ 30,000 to conduct Adaptive Research Trials (ART) in 100 farmers’ fields in Tamiraparani River Command area in 2003-2004
Locations of ARTs in Tamiraparani Basin
LEGEND
ANICUTS IN THAMBIRA BARANI RIVER BASIN
1.Kodaimalalagian2.Nadhiyunni3. Kannadian4.Arianayakiapuram5. Palavor6. Suthamalli7. Maruthur 8. Srivaigundam
LOCATION OF ART’s
KADAYANALLURSANKARAN KOIL
KALUGU MALAI
KAYATHAR
THENKASI
SHENKOTAI
COURTALLAM
Factors Conventional rice cultivation
SRI
Seedling 21 – 30 days
2-3 seedlings hill-1
14 days
Single seedling hill-1
Planting density
15 x 10 cm
20 x 10 cm
20 x 20 cm
Irrigation 5 cm depth 1 day after disappearance
of ponded water
2.5 cm depth (up to PI : after surface cracks develop in the soil; after PI : 1 day
after disappearance of water)
Weed control Herbicide + hand weeding , or 2 hand
weedings
Rotary weeder (3-4 times)
SRI Training for Extension PersonnelSRI Training for Extension Personnel
SRI Training for FarmersSRI Training for Farmers
SRI Training for FarmersSRI Training for Farmers
SRI Nursery
SRI NurserySRI Nursery
SRI Planting
Rotary weeder useRotary weeder use
SRI nursery
Conventional nursery
Pulling out of seedlings
Conventional SRI
Transport of seedlings
Conventional SRI
Conventional planting
SRI planting
Transplanted field
Conventional
SRI
Conventional weeding
Using rotary weeder
Using cono weeder
Rotary weeder
Cono weeder
Conventionally weeded Mechanically weeded
Conventional irrigation
Water-saving irrigation
Crop growth at different stages
Just transplantedJust transplanted TilleringTillering
MaturityMaturity
SRI farmer showing the difference in no. of panicles to TNAU Vice- Chancellor
Grain yield assessment• All panicles from 5 randomly chosen
areas (1 m2) were harvested from both conventional and SRI plots
• Panicle number and number of grains per panicle were counted
• Grains were separated, cleaned, weighed, and moisture % was estimated
• Yield is reported at 14 % moisture level
GRAIN YIELD UNDER CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
ART Locations
Yie
ld (
kg /
ha)
GRAIN YIELD UNDER SRI PRACTICES
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97
ART location numbers
Yie
ld (K
g / h
a)
Grain yield in conventional practices
3887
8730
5657
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Minimum Maximum Mean
Yie
ld (
kg
/ ha)
Grain yield in SRI practices
4214
10655
7227
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Minimum Maximum Mean
Yie
ld (k
g / h
a)
Benefits of SRI
Nursery is smaller and simpler
Wet land Garden land
Seed requirement is reduced
Conventional : 60 – 75 kg ha-1
SRI : 7.5 kg ha-1
Higher tillering in a reportedly shy-tillering variety (ASD16)
Multiple advantages of using weeder
• No need to use herbicides
• Weed incorporation into soil
• Less labour needed for weeding
• Incorporation of top dressed fertilizer
• Disturbance of the soil’s surface aerates the top horizon
• Promotion of crop growth
Saving of irrigation water = 40 – 50 %
SRI crop resists lodging
Leaves remain green up to harvest
COSTS OF CULTIVATION PER HECTARE
Sl. No.
Practices
Tractor hours @ Rs.
150 / hr
Bullock pair @ Rs.
200 / hr
Men’s Labour
@ Rs. 40 / manday
Women’s Labour
@ Rs. 40 / manday
Cost (Rs.)
Con SRI Con SRI Con SRI Con SRI Con SRI
1. Nursery Preparation 1 - - - 6 3 0.5 5.5 2110 681
2. Main Field Preparation
7.5 7.5 2 2 12 12 - - 2005 2005
3. Manures & Fertilizers
- - - - 7 7 10 10 7254 7254
4. Transplanting - - - - 5 5 55 75 2400 3200
5. Weeding - - - - - 38 80 - 3200 1520
6. Irrigation - - - - 7.5 6 - - 300 240
7. Plant Protection - - - - 2 2 2 2 660 660
8. Harvesting 1 1 - - 12.5 12.5 75 75 3500 3500
Total 9.5 8.5 2 2 52 85.5 222.5 167.5 21,429 19,060
Saving in SRI system over conventional system – Rs. 2,369 (11 %)
Economics of Cultivation (ha-1)
Sl. No.
ParticularsConventional
practicesSRI
practices
1. Income from grains
(Rs. 5.00 / kg)US$ 659 US$ 870
2. Income from straw
(Rs. 0.25 / kg)US$ 49 US$ 63
3. Gross return US$ 708 US$ 933
4. Cost of cultivation US$ 466 US$ 414
5. Net return US$ 242 US$ 519
6. B : C ratio 1.52 2.25
Joint Director of Agriculture (Thanjavur District) :
Initially a strong critic of SRI in 2003 has laid out more than 2000 SRI demo trials in 2004.
Thank YouThank You