0402 supraconductivite general waterloo · 1913: physics nobel prize to professor h. kamerlingh...
TRANSCRIPT
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J.J. Thomson
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Superconductivity: the old and the newA one hundred year voyage of discoveries
André-Marie TremblayDépartement de PhysiqueUniversité de Sherbrooke
http://www.physique.usherb.ca/~tremblay
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André-Marie Tremblay
Commanditaires:
CENTRE DE RECHERCHE SUR LES PROPRIÉTÉS ÉLECTRONIQUES
DE MATÉRIAUX AVANCÉS
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The old
• Looking for what happens to Ohm’s law near absolute zero
• Quantum mechanics
• Looking for an explanation: a series of failures and a triumph
• A first golden age for superconductivity
• The vanishing act
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• The dream of high temperature superconductivity
• 1987: the revolution
The new
• 17 years later, some of the mystery remains
• Strongly correlated electrons
• Lifting the veil. Some of what we did… (Part II)
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The old•Looking for what happens to Ohm’s law near absolute zero
• J.J. Thomson and the electron, october 1897• Drude (1900) proposes a theory of metals• Liquefaction of gases: moving closer to T = 0 K
•What happens to the resistance of metals at T=0? •Propositions: R = 0 or R = infinity.
•The Dutch Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 just liquified Helium, which allows him to reach T = 4K
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History :
1911: Hg (used as a thermometer)
Many elements are superconductors.
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Superconducting elements :
Plomb (Pb) 7.2 KNiobium (Nb) 9.1KLanthane (La) 4.9 KTantale 4.47 KMercure (Hg) 4.15 K
(1er superconducteur découvert - 1911)Étain (Sn) 3.72 KIndium (In) 3.40 KThallium 1.70 KRhenium 1.697 KProtactinium 1.4 KThorium 1.38 KAluminum (Al) 1.175 KGallium 1.10 KGadolinium 1.083 K
(ferromagnetique au-dessus Tc; diamagnetique sous Tc)Molybdenum 0.915 K
Zinc 0.85 KOsmium 0.66 KZirconium 0.61 KAmericium 0.6 KCadmium 0.517 KRuthenium 0.49 KTitane (Ti) 0.40 KUranium 0.20 KHafnium 0.128 KIridium 0.1125 KLutetium 0.1 KBeryllium 0.026 KTungsten 0.0154 KPlatine 0.0019 KRhodium 0.000325 K
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- No resistance to electrical current
- No dissipation of electrical energy into heat (No Joule effect)
A closed superconducting loop transports a current indefinitely
Immediate applications that come to mind:Transmission linesElectromagnets
http://www.nobel.se1913: Physics Nobel Prize
To professor H. Kamerlingh Onnes from Leiden, for his experiments on the properties of matter at low temperature that lead, concommitantlyto the production of liquid Helium.
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The old•Quantum mechanics
- Planck around 1900 and Einstein 1921:Light (wave) sometimes behaves as if it was formed of packets of energy
- de Broglie 1924: Matter sometimes behaves as if it had a wavelength
hν
λ =h
mv- Schrödinger 1926 : Wave equation, - Heisenberg: matrix mechanics- Bohr: complementarity principle- Concept “quantum state"- Allows a detailed understanding of the behavior of matter at theatomic scale (but not superconductivity).
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Physics 1906
THOMSON, Sir JOSEPH JOHN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1856, † 1940:
“recognizing the value of his theoretical and experimental studies of electrical conduction in gases "
Physique 1937
DAVISSON, CLINTON JOSEPH, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, NY, * 1881, † 1958; and
THOMSON, Sir GEORGE PAGET, Great Britain, London University, * 1892, † 1975:
“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals "
An irony of history: paradoxical prizes.
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An electronic microscope of the last century
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The old•The Meissner effect
- 1933: a major discovery for superconductivity.
- W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld find that a superconductor is not only a perfect conductor, it also exhibits perfect diamagnetism.
Perfect diamagnetism is called the Meissner effect
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The old•Looking for an explanation: a series of failures and a triumph
- During 46 years, from 1911 to 1957, superconductivity remains unexplained.
- In 1950 it is the most important problem in theoretical Physics.
- Richard Feynman: « No one is smart enough to explain it »
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Feynman Heisenberg
Bohr Einstein
Fail : F
Fail : F
Fail : F
Fail : F
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The old• BCS theory (1957)
John Bardeen*
Leon Cooper
Robert Schrieffer
Nobel Prize : 1972
Quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale
•John Bardeen : •The only person to receive two Nobel prizes in Physics !!!
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Invention : TRANSISTOR!
W. Shockley, J. Bardeen, W.H. Brattain
Marie Curie:
1903 Physics with H.A. Becquerel
1911 Chemistry (alone)
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Juillet 1977, Wolfeboro, N.H. :
Gordon Research Conference on "Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Superconductors and Superfluids",
John Bardeen
Forest Ranger Bruce Patton
Tony Leggett
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+
++
+
+
++++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ +-
Resistance of a normal metal
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- -
Ingredient #1
Attraction and formation of Cooper pairs
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+
++
+
+
++++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ +- - -- -- -
++ +++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ +
+++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Cooper pairs or
Prelude to supraconductivity
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Ingredient #2Coherence
A spectacular application of coherence: Josephson effect
I = I0 sin (2π φ)dφ / dt = 2eV / h
N.B. - Factor 2 - Standard for the Volt
V
Cooper form "bosons" that all "condense" in the same quantum state. Their wave functions all have the same quantum phase. Electrons are in a single coherent state (Like in a big atom!).
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Physics 1973
The Prize was divided in two
ESAKI, LEO, Japan, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, U.S.A., * 1925; and GIAEVER, IVAR, U.S.A., General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, * 1929 (in Bergen, Norway),
“for their experimental discovery of the tunnel effect in semiconductors and superconductors respectively.”
JOSEPHSON, BRIAN D., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1940: “For his theoretical predictions on supercurrents in tunnel barriers, in particular for the phenomena generally known as Josephson effects. "
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Detection of weak magnetic fields
SQUID "Superconducting Quantum Interference Device"A magnetic field modifies the phase of matter waves. By detecting current oscillations, one can detect very weak magnetic fields.
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Detection of weak magnetic fields : Scanning SQUID microscope
I
B
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Scanning SQUID microscopehttp://www.neocera.com
B I
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The old•A first golden age
- A first golden age for superconductivity began right after the BCS discovery and lasted for about 15 years.
- There was now a conceptual framework to allow people to
1. Make theoretical predictions on the properties of superconductors.
2. Design new experiments.
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Applications : A short list
Technologie MAGLEV : TRAINS MRI 300 appareils vendus pour un total de 600M$
Aujourd'hui: Quelques milliards de $ US.Générateurs électrique - GE
(99% efficacité - 2 fois plus petit que les générateurs basés sur le cuivre) Emmagasiner de l’énergie : “batteries” ---
“Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System” (D-SMES).Hydro-Québec: Qualité de l’onde.
Lignes à transmissionComposants d’ordinateur
Ordinateurs plus rapides -- Nouvelles technologies basées sur le SQUID (Ordi quantique?)Filtres (téléphone cellulaire) - TRWRadars et détection (US : Army et Navy - détection de mines et sous-marins)Plus petits moteurs sont fabriqués pour les bateaux de la NAVY
utilisant des fils et rubans supraconducteurs.Séparation du charbon, Filtration de l’eau
Espace (gyroscope et détecteur IR : bolomètres)
Market projections
$90 billions in 2010 --- $200 billions in 2020 !!!!
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Martin Wood1962
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The old•Vanishing act
- As early as 1970 many researchers had left the field
- Superconductivity is one of the best understood phenomena in all of Physics!
- In 1969, R.D. Parks edits a two volume treatise entitled"Superconductivity"
- One of the authors writing about the book: « It is the last nail in thecoffin of Superconductivity"
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“Psychological barrier” : 77K
Liquid Nitrogen(The most abundant molecule in air!)
MgB2
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The new1987 : the revolution
- January 1986:
Alex Müller and Georg Bednorz at IBM Zurich discover indications of superconductivity in the system Ba-La-Cu-O
-September 1986 issue of de "Zeitschrift für Physik" -(submitted April 17, 86)
"Possibility of high Tc superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system"
- This article is ignored... for good reasons: • transition towards R=0 is not sharp• The Meissner effect is not verified
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1986 : Discovery of superconductivity in the La-Ba-Cu-O system
Tc ~ 30-40K
P. Chu’s group (Houston)Under high pressure : 50K!!!
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- Boston, "Materials Research Society" December 1986
Présentation of Koitchi Kitazawa and Shoji Tanaka from Tokyo convinces everyone.
Madness! These materials are easy to make. In China, India, everywhere everyone is trying.
Loss of sleep. The Nitrogen barrier has become much closer.
- 16 February 1987, Houston:Paul Chu and his group call a press conference to annouce the
discovery of Y-Ba-Cu-OTc = 93 K
The Nitrogen barrier has been crossed ?
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New York: March meeting of the American Physical Society.
-President Neil Ashcroft, (Cornell) hesitates
18 March 1987...
- New York Times title the next day: "The Woodstock of Physics"
- 3000 people until 3 AM
"They began lining up outside the New York Hilton Sutton Ballroom at 5:30PM for an evening session that would last until 3:00 AM"
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1987 : YBa2Cu3O7 93K --- LN2 = 77K ---
Paul Chu : U. of Houston
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
ρxx
(µΩ
-cm
)
T (K)
La1.85
Sr0.15
CuO4
YBa2Cu
3O
7
Pr1.85
Ce0.15
CuO4
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La Sr CuOx x2 4−YBa Cu O2 3 7
Bi Sr CaCu O2 2 2 8Bi Sr Ca Cu O2 2 2 3 10
Tl Ba CuO2 2 6Tl Ba CaCu O2 2 2 8
Tl Ba Ca Cu O2 2 2 3 10
HgBa Ca Cu O2 2 3 8
Composé Tc~36~96
~83~115
~80~120~125
~133Physique 1987BEDNORZ, J. GEORG, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1950; MÜLLER, K. ALEXANDER, Switzerland, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland* 1927: “for the importance of the breakthrough represented by their discovery of superconductivity in the ceramics"
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Why study HTCS ?
1) Spectacular2) How to get higher Tc ? (understand the mechanism)3) applications even at 77K
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χ = -1
Perfect diamagnetism (Shielding of magnetic field)
(Meissner effect)
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Disclaimer:
No harm has been done to animals during this experiment.
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Warning:
The experimentalist could be harmed whenever this experiment fails
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Transmission lines
BiSrCaCuO
Ag
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MAGLEV
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Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)
Research : 1) Higher fields2) New detectors (SQUID)
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- -
+-
+ -
+ -
Type s (n = 1)
Type p (n = 2)
Type d (n = 3)
n=1n=2n=3
Understanding the mechanism --- Where are we ?
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d-wave (n = 3)
n=1n=2n=3
- -
Understanding the mechanism --- Where are we ?
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A more microscopic view
YBa2Cu3O7-δ
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Phase diagram
Damascelli, Shen, Hussain, 2002.
Optimal dopingOptimal doping
n, electron density
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The normal state ( T > Tc ) of high temperature superconductors cannot be explained in the context of the band theory of metals or any of its extensions.
Two great mysteries:
1. The normal state (pseudogap).
2. The origin of the attraction leading to superconductivity (magnetic instead of phononic?)
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Ut
•Size of Hilbert space :
•With N=16, it takes 4 GigaBits just to store the states
4N (N = 16)
µ
Simplest microscopic model for Cu Oplanes.
The « Hubbard model »
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61
H = − X<ij>σ
ti,j³c†iσcjσ + c
†jσciσ
´+ U
Xi
ni↑ni↓
Hubbard model (Kanamori, Gutzwiller, 1963) :
- Screened interaction U- U, T, n (or δ=1-n)- a = 1, t = 1, h = 1
- 2003 vs 1963: Numerical solutions to check analytical approaches
t
t
Ut
Effective model, Heisenberg: J = 4t2 /U
H ij t i,j ci cj cj
ci U i nini
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The Fermi surface
ω
k
π/a−π/a
ω
r
Some basic Solid State Physics
kx
ky
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ePhoton
= E + ω + µ - W k2m
2
k
ph
Photoemission
Measuring « band » properties in d=2
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64
ω
k
π/a−π/a
ω
A(k,ω)
- 4 t
A(k,ω)
+ 4 t
U = 0 A(k,ω)
ω- U/2 U/2
ω
k
π/a−π/a
t = 0
U
-U/2
+U/2
µ
ω
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Part II : some of what we did
PseudogapPairing
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The Fermi surface
Some basic Solid State Physics
kx
ky
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Destruction of the Fermi surfaceStrong coupling pseudogap
• When U is large enough, pseudogap is independent of cluster shape (and size) in CPT.– Short-range effect (few
lattice spacings).– ω=0 scattering largest at
points separated by (π,π)– Scales like t.
Sénéchal, AMT, cond-mat/0308625
Hole-doped systems
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Destruction of the Fermi surfaceWeak-coupling pseudogap
• In CPT – is mostly a
depression in weight – depends on system
size and shape.• Coupling weaker
because better screened U(n). U=4
Sénéchal, AMT, cond-mat/0308625
Electron-doped systems
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• General philosophy– Drop diagrams– Impose constraints and sum rules and try to
satisfy them.• Pauli principle• Conservation laws• Mermin-Wagner theorem
Two-Particle Self-Consistent Approach- How it works
Vilk, AMT J. Phys. I France, 7, 1309 (1997).
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70q0.0
0.4
(0,0) (π,π)(π,0) (0,0) q0
20.0
0.4
0
2
n S ch
(q)
n S sp
(q)
U = 8
U = 8
U = 4
U = 4n = 0.26
n = 0.94n = 0.60
n = 0.45n = 0.20
n = 0.80n = 0.33n = 0.19
n = 1.0n = 0.45n = 0.20
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
U > 0β = 58 X 8
QMC + cal.: Vilk et al. P.R. B 49, 13267 (1994)
Notes:-F.L.parameters
-Self alsoFermi-liquid
(0.0) (π,0)
(π,π)
Proof that it works (comparisons with QMC)
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71
-5.00 0.00 5.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00ω/t
(0,0)
(0, )π
( , )π2
π2
( , )π π4 4
( , )π π4 2
(0,0) (0, )π
( ,0)π
Monte Carlo Many-Body
-5.00 0.00 5.00
Flex
U = + 4β = 5
Calc. + QMC: Moukouri et al. P.R. B 61, 7887 (2000).
Proofs...
TPSC
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(π,π) collective excitations: a possible cause?
Hot spots(large scattering rates)
Armitage et al. PRL 87, 147003 (2001)
( ) ( )22),(Σ′′+Σ′−−
Σ ′′−=
kkA
εωω
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TPSC for electron-doped, 15%
t'=-0.175, t''=0.05n = 1.15β = 40
U = 5.75 U = 6.25
Kyung, Landry, AMT, cond-mat/0205165
U cannot be too large to have three spots!
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AFM correlation length
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Pseudogap temperature and QCP
ARPES to do:when does PG disappearwith increasing T
ξ≈ξth at PG temperature T*, and ξ>ξth for T<T*
supports further AFM fluctuations origin of PG
∆PG≈10kBT* in agreement with optical measurements
QCP?may be masked by 3D transitions
no PG in optics, and there is a PG in ARPESTPSC agrees with ARPES
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Mechanism: A great prediction ?(Kohn-Luttinger mechanism)
d-wave superconductivity induced by antiferromagnetic fluctuations
D. J. Scalapino, E. Loh, Jr., and J. E. HirschP.R. B 34, 8190-8192 (1986).
Béal–Monod, Bourbonnais, EmeryP.R. B. 34, 7716 (1986).
Miyake, Schmitt–Rink, and VarmaP.R. B 34, 6554-6556 (1986)
Kohn, Luttinger, P.R.L. 15, 524 (1965).
Bickers, Scalapino, White P.R.L 62, 961 (1989).
U/t = 4
Recent review by Chubukov, Pines, Schmalian.
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«Magnetic mechanism»
t = 0
t = T
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QMC: symbols. Solid lines analytical. Kyung, Landry, A.-M.S.T.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.00.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7L = 6 U = 0, β = 4
U = 4
χ d
Doping
β = 4 β = 3 β = 2 β = 1
1.00.8
0.60.4
0.20.0
43
21
0.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.75
U = 0 U = 4 U = 6 U = 8 U = 10
dx2-y2-wave susceptibility for 6x6 lattice
χ d x2 -y2
δ
β
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0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.250.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
L = 256
Tc
Doping
U = 4 U = 6
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Armitage et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 147003 (2001)
M.B. MapleMRS Bulletin, June 1990
Electron doped:
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81
T
U/t
A(kF,ω)A(kF,ω)
Uωω
PressureU/t decreases J = 4t2/U increases
t, increases with p
e hWeak vs Strong coupling
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Conclusion to Part II
• Pseudogap in both hole and electron-doped compounds can be understood with a single model, but U is smaller for electron-doped
• At weak to intermediate coupling TPSC allows a rather detailed description of the electron-doped compounds. Both pseudogap and appearance of superconductivity can be understood.
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Conclusion to Part I
•Conventional superconductivity – more than 70 years
Intimately related to the develpment of PhysicsApplications under special conditions (4.2K)
Room temperature superconductivity would be INCREDIBLE !
•New HTC – promising, exciting
A major challenge for Physicist77K for applications is already very good…
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• Steam engine, Watt (1765)• Thermo, Carnot (1824)
• Induction, Faraday (1831)• Induction engine (1880)
• Electron, Thomson (1897)• Television (1940...)
• Quantum mechanics, (1926)• Transistor, (1947)• Computer revolution, m.-el.
(1980)
• Laser, (1960)• CD-ROM (1980-90)
• Superconductivity (1911)• Medical imaging (1980-90)
• Microelectronics and superconductivity
• Quantum computer
Science and technologyThe inseparable....
Conclusion
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Steve Allen
François Lemay
David Poulin Hugo Touchette
Yury VilkLiang Chen
Samuel Moukouri
J.-S. Landry
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Alexis Gagné-Lebrun
Bumsoo Kyung
A-M.T.
Sébastien Roy
Alexandre Blais
D. Sénéchal
C. Bourbonnais
R. Côté
K. LeHur
Vasyl Hankevych
Sarma Kancharla
Maxim Mar’enko
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David Sénéchal A.-M.T.
Michel Barrette
Alain Veilleux
Mehdi Bozzo-Rey
Elix
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Carol Gauthier,analyste en Calculdu CCS en plein machinage d'unnoeud d'Elix2
Un noeud d'Elix2
De gauche à droite: AlainVeilleux, Michel Barrette, Jean-Phillipe Turcotte, Carol Gauthier, Patrick Vachon et le 1er noeud d'Elix
Equipe du CCS devant Elix2. Al'arrière: Patrick Vachon, Minh-NghiaNguyen, David Lauzon, Michel Barrette, Mehdi Bozzo-Rey, SimonLessard, Alain Veilleux. A l'avant: Patrice Albaret, Karl Gaven-Venet,Benoît des Ligneris, Francis Giraldeau. Etait absent de la photo: Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Carol Gauthier, Xavier Barnabé Thériault et Mathieu Lutfy
Elix2 vu de profil
Elix 2, april 2003
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Référence sur la découverte:
"The path of no resistance: The story of the revolution in Superconductivity"
Bruce Schechter (Simon and Schuster, NY 1989)
Remerciements:
Jules Carbotte (McMaster)
Patrick Fournier (Sherbrooke)
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Hyper-fréquences et ultrasons (Poirier)
Infra-rouge – Raman (Jandl)
Déposition laser (Fournier)Transport (Aubin)
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Quand l'électron se décompose:
- Par exemple en d=1, on a déjà prouvé la séparation spin-charge.
- Dans les structures MOSFET en champ magnétique (d = 2)l'électron se sépare en parties de charge 1/3, 1/5 ... (Effet Hall quantique) (Nobel 98)
- Dans un supraconducteur, l'électron se décompose en deuxparties qui sont chacune une combinaison linéaire de particuleet de trou.