04 - through the industrial revolution

Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014

Engineering and Society: Through the Industrial Revolution

Dr. Gershon Weltman

Engineering 183EW, UCLA SEAS

Lecture 4

2Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014

Definition of Technology1

1.1. TechniqueTechnique

“The totality of the means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comfort.”

2.2. CommunicationCommunication

“Systematic treatment of an art. Technical language.”

1Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

The ways in which we do all things and the ways in which we pass these on.

The ways in which we do all things and the ways in which we pass these on.


Broad Historical Timeline0 1000 CE 2000 CE1000 BCE2000 BCE

Egypt &Mesopotamia

GreekEmpire

MedievalPeriod Renaissance

IndustrialRevolution

RomanEmpire

Enlightenment

ChineseEmpire

Technology evolves in terms of complication, adaptation, specialization, persistence and – less frequently than we might think – extinction

Technology evolves in terms of complication, adaptation, specialization, persistence and – less frequently than we might think – extinction


Technology of Egypt and Mesopotamia Domestication of Animals Family and Communal Agriculture “Industrial” Use of Fire Metals and Iron for Weapons, Tools and Utensils Cloth Spinning and Weaving Pottery Spinning and Glazing Structures of Wood, Brick and Stone Wheels for Transport Water Conduits for Irrigation, Drinking and Sewers Writing, Pictures and Models for Communication and

Records

“Agriculture was the basis of the economy, home was the centerof most production and the main source of power was man or beast.”

A.G. Drachmann

“Agriculture was the basis of the economy, home was the centerof most production and the main source of power was man or beast.”

A.G. Drachmann


Technology on a Small Scale…..

Watering a Garden, Egypt 1300 BC

Cuneiform TabletBabylonia, 650 BC


….and on an Immense Scale

Pyramids and Sphinx, Egypt

Portico of Philea Temple, Egypt


Building the Pyramids: Geometry + Sweat

Photograph of pyramid model at Boston Museum of Science

http://www.flickr.com/photos/binkley27/3520522284/


Greek Architecture: “Classical” Aesthetics

http://www.goddess-athena.org/

Greece provided the artistic ideals for the Western WorldThe Parthenon, c480 B.C.E.


Greek Mechanisms

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks

SurveyingInstrument

c100BC

AstrologicalGnomonc100 BC

Astrolabec200 ADArtillery Bow

c375 BC

A surprising amount of science and precision, but the mechanisms were used more for academic study and demonstration than for civil engineering or warfare

A surprising amount of science and precision, but the mechanisms were used more for academic study and demonstration than for civil engineering or warfare


Roman Engineering Mechanical Power Transmission

Gearing Screws and Screw Drives Force Pumps and Applications

Concrete Construction of Arches, Vaults & Domes Long Distance Aqueducts Permanent Roads Ship Building and Shipping Military Technology:

Cross Bow Catapult

City Planning

In contrast to the Greeks, less science for its own sake and more relatively simple but very practical technologies for civil engineering and for warfare

In contrast to the Greeks, less science for its own sake and more relatively simple but very practical technologies for civil engineering and for warfare


Roman Technology for Daily Life….

Temple of ApolloPhoto Restored

Temple of Apollo Pompeii, c. 79 CE Current Ruins


…. for Popular Occasions….The Coliseum in Rome, 70 AD, Photo Restored


….for Water Delivery….

Roman Aqueduct


….and for Land Travel1

Paving Slabs Stones & Gravel

Trench

Foundation

1http://history.smsu.edu/jchuciak


The Roman Empire: All Road Lead to Rome

“The Romans are known to history as great engineers. Partly this is due to the monumentality of their construction…

(but) partly too it is owing to their organizational abilities. It is perhaps in this last category that the Romans truly excelled.”

A.G. Drachman The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity, 1963

“The Romans are known to history as great engineers. Partly this is due to the monumentality of their construction…

(but) partly too it is owing to their organizational abilities. It is perhaps in this last category that the Romans truly excelled.”

A.G. Drachman The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity, 1963

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/ancientfilm


Roman Organization: The Western Template

Standardized Cities Consistency: Throughout the Roman Empire Infrastructure: Housing, public buildings, commerce,

entertainment, education, water distribution, sewage disposal, Governance: Security, laws and courts

Unified State Politics and Military: Centrally coordinated, widely applied Transportation: Goods moved by land and sea Communication: Over road networks and by signals Social Stratification: Politicians, landowners, lawyers, doctors,

engineers, soldiers, artisans, tradesmen, slaves, etc. Common Culture: Dispersed both coercively and voluntarily


Chinese Technology: 2000 BCE to 1000 CE

Agriculture Seed Drill (~2000 BC) Row Cultivation and Intensive Hoeing (~2000 BC) Chain Pump for Irrigation (~100 CE)

Industry and Warfare Paper for Clothing, Armor and Writing (~200 CE) Blast Furnace and Steel (~300 CE) Printing with Fixed Type (~600 CE) Gunpowder (~850 CE) Compass (~1000 CE)

Construction Suspension Bridge (~100 CE) The Great Wall of China (~700 BC to 1500 CE)

Most of these great inventions did not appear in Europe until thevery late Medieval Period or the early Industrial Revolution. Why?

Most of these great inventions did not appear in Europe until thevery late Medieval Period or the early Industrial Revolution. Why?

4000 year old noodlesexcavated in northwestern China, Nature 10/13/05


Europe’s Not-So-Dark Ages (500-1450 CE)

Church Centered Feudal Social Structure

Enhanced Roman Technology Asian & Arabian Influences

Agricultural Surpluses Emerging Capitalism

Great Civic Cathedrals Beginning of “Invention”

Medieval Society:


Medieval Technology: Improved Horse Power

1000 1250 1500 750 500

Horse Power• Horse Shoes• Breast Strap• Horse Collar• Stirrup

Heavy Plow


The European Mounted Knight

Long Lance

Metal Armor

Saddle, Girthand Stirrups

Societal Effects:• Armor Over Infantry• Enhanced Military Strength• Feudal Funding Structure• Need for Counter Tactics


The Anti-Knight: English Longbow

Armor piercing capability

1000 arrow/second volleys

First fielded 1000 to 1300 Decisive at Agincourt (1415) in

English defeat of French army

Shifted power to Yeomanry

All able-bodied Englishmen armed and trained

Supplanted in turn by firearms

Image from http://www.history-magazine.com/longbow.html


Later Medieval Technology: Power & Tools

1000 1250 1500 750 500

Transportation:• Whippletree• Sprung Carriage• Canal Locks• Ship Building• Rudder

Industry & Energy:• Tidal Mill• Wind Mill• Percussion Drill• Compound Crank• Cams• Wheeled Plow• Glass Mirrors• Eye Glasses• Horizontal Loom

Arabic NumbersPaper Arabic NumbersPaper

BlastFurnace


Renaissance Technology: Modernity Begins

1500 16001400

Printing:• Moveable Type• Metal Molds• Oil-based Ink Armaments:

• Hand Gun• Artillery• Mortar

Mechanical Clock

Industry:• Iron and Steel• Gold and Silver• Glass• Coal Mining

Spring Watch

Personification: Leonardo da Vinci

Personification: Leonardo da Vinci


Leonardo and the European Renaissance

The Renaissance Man Individualism Versatility Technology, Science & Art Publication and Discussion

1452–1519• Painter• Sculptor• Architect• Engineer• Scientist


The Enlightenment: Philosophy

Leonardo Da VinciNicolas Copernicus

Francis Bacon

1500

1600

1700

1800

The Idea of Progress

God’s Words & God’s Works

Observation vs. Revelation

John Locke

Rene Descartes

Christopher Columbus

Universal Morals

Deism & Nature’s God• Nature’s laws are public, not private and inscrutable• Belief is a matter of evidence, not of choice • People are free and equal in nature • Government is a agreement among people, not a revelation


The Enlightenment: Philosophy

Leonardo Da VinciNicolas Copernicus

Francis Bacon

1500

1600

1700

1800

The Idea of Progress

God’s Words & God’s Works


The Rule of Reason

John Locke

Thomas Jefferson Ben Franklin

David Hume

Rene Descartes

George Washington

Christopher Columbus

Universal Morals


The Enlightenment: Science

Leonardo De Vinci

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

Nicolas Copernicus

Allesandro Volta

Francis Bacon

Gottfried Leibnitz

1500

1600

1700

1800

James Watt Thomas Newcomen

Robert Boyle - Robert Hooke

Luigi Galvani


Science-Based Technology

Rene Descartes

Formal Mathematical Structure of the World

Experimentation and Demonstration


Industrial Revolution: Precision, Power, Science1800 19001700

Machine Tools:• All-Iron Lathe• Screw Cutter• Micrometer

NewcomenSteam Engine

WattSteam Engine

Metallurgy:• Wrought Iron• Steel• Cast Iron


Self-Contained Steam Power

Newcomen Steam Engine (~1712)

Watt Steam Engine (~1765)

Critical Improvement


Rotary Motion from Steam

Watt rotary engine, c1785

Albion Mills, London

Albion Mills Fire,

Images from: oldbookillustrations.com; bankside.wikipedia; ICONS.A Portrait of England;


Interchangeable Parts (1800-1850)

“The American System” Eli Whitney (Cotton Gin)

proposes new system 1798 contract for 10,000 rifles

from interchangeable parts Whitney fails but U.S. Army

bails him out The Consequences

U.S small arms industry listens, but no one else in U.S. does

England enthusiastically adopts the methodology

England shows off at 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition

Other countries rush to catch up

32Copyright Gershon Weltman, 2014 William Rosen “The Most Powerful Idea in the World,” Random House, New York, 2010

Stephenson “Rocket” (1829): A Summary

CottonCargo

CoalFuel

SteamPower

PATENTS ON INNOVATIONS!

Manufactured& Engineered


Steampunk Clock (2010) Steampunk Guitar (2008)

Steam = Fascinating Power

Live Steamers at Griffith Park, Los Angeles


Machine Tools:• All-Iron Lathe• Screw Cutter• Micrometer

Iron Working:• Wrought Iron• Steel• Cast Iron

Industrial Revolution: Changing the World1800 19001700

Transportation:• Suez Canal• Trans-US Railroad• Balloon Flight

Communication:• Photography• Telephone• Wireless Radio

Trans-Atlantic Cable

NewcomenSteam Engine

InterchangeableParts

Telegraph

OttoGas Engine

Industry/Agriculture:• Steam Carriage• Steam Railway• Steam Ship• Powered Factories• Combine Harvester• Powered Cotton Gin

WattSteam Engines

AutomobileElectricalBattery


Production of Interchangeable Parts

U.S. Colt Company arms factory showing lines of leather belt-driven machine tools making interchangeable parts for Colt revolvers and rifles


Rise of the Industrial City

Syracuse, New York

South Chicago, Illinois


Electricity and Communication

Voltaic Cell, 1800

Henry Telegraph, 1837

Morse Telegraph, 1838


Worldwide Communication Networks

Laying the Trans-Atlantic Cable1857 - 1866


Trans-Continental Railroad

The last rail is laid, 1867


Interconnecting Waterways: Suez Canal

European engineering and local labor connect shipping East to West in 1869


Lighter Than Air Flight

Civil War Reconnaissance Balloon

© 2012 Microsoft

The goal of manned flight is achieved at last, albeit on semi-controlled balloons


Photography and Sound Recording

For the first time society has accurate records of things as they are now, and – most important – of things as they used to be many years ago

For the first time society has accurate records of things as they are now, and – most important – of things as they used to be many years ago

Civil War Photograph (1862) http://www.flickr.com/photos/7735968@N08/3239688199/

Edison Phonograph (1877)http://www2.hu-berlin.de/humboldt-forum/kabinette/forum/

Edison Kinetoscope (1897)

http://www.yahoo.images.com


“Telegraphy Without Wires”

Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)

Early Crystal Radio Receiver, ~1898


Electricity and Motion

1881 Griscom Motor

1890 Edison Motor


Individual Powered Transport: Electrical

1884 Electric Carriage

1896 Electric Dog Cart


Nicolaus August Otto’s 1887 Patent

http://www.loreley.com/otto-museum/

Gasoline Engine


Individual Powered Transport: Gasoline

1888 Benz Gas Motor Car

1885 Daimler Gas Motorcycle


Individual Powered Transport: Pedals

The “Ordinary” Bicycle (1880s)


Bicycle’s Effectson Society

Women held records in racing over both long and short distances and in touring activities. Their revealing bicycling costumes and aggressive sporting behavior contradicted many current societal standards.

• Affordable Mobility• Demand for Roads• Skills of Mechanics• Role of Women


The Safety Bicycle (c1895)“The Dursley-Pedersen was the Rolls-Royce of its day, combining

a fully triangulated frame with fine materials and impeccable workmanship.” The High-Tech Bicycle, 1982

Experience with this type of refined bicycle technology provided valuable training for such innovators as the Wright brothers and Henry Ford

Experience with this type of refined bicycle technology provided valuable training for such innovators as the Wright brothers and Henry Ford


Societal Reaction: Contrary Voices

Satires of ‘Progress’ Jonathan Swift (1726), “Gulliver’s Travels,” False tastes in learning Voltaire (1759), “Candide,” Follies of modern optimism Samuel Butler (1871), “Erehwon,” Dangers of machine society

Anti-Technology Attitudes Luddism (~1811): Workers fight displacement by machine John Henryism (~1870): Workers fight dehumanization by machine Restorationism (~1900): Hand made counters machine made


Luddism: Fear of Job Displacement

In 1811, the first threatening letters from General Ned Ludd and the Army of Redressers were sent to employers in Nottingham. Workers, upset by wage reductions and the use of un-apprenticed workmen, began to break into factories at night to destroy the new semi-automated machines that the employers were using. In a three-week period over two hundred weaving frames were destroyed. To help catch the culprits, the Prince Regent offered £50 to anyone "giving information on any person wickedly breaking the frames.”


John Henryism: Fear of Dehumanization

John Henry said to his captainNow a man ain’t nothin’ but a man,And before I’m gonna letYour steam drill beat me down,I’ll die with this hammer in my hand,I’ll die with this hammer in my hand.


Restorationism: Losses from Mechanization

William Morris is driving force from England

Objective is to counter the ‘mechanization’ of society

Value of personalized design and craftsmanship

Europe and USA included Home products as well as

home architecture Anticipates designs of

Art Deco and Modernism

Arts & Crafts Movement


Restorationism Today: Return to the Past

Real Victorian HouseLos Angeles

Angelino Heights 1890

Replica Victorian HouseLos Angeles

Chatsworth 1990

Others choose Renaissance Times, Medieval Times, Classical Times, etc.Others choose Renaissance Times, Medieval Times, Classical Times, etc.


By the end of the 19th Century….

Energy Sources = Coal, Wood, Petroleum Portable Power = Steam, Electrical, Oil, Gas Manufacturing = Interchangeable Parts, Factories Mass Transport = Shipping Lines, Railways Personal Transport = Bicycles, Cars Communication = Telephone, Film, Records, Radio Agriculture and Food = Combines, Mills, Refrigeration Military = Rapid-Fire Guns, Armored

Vehicles World Society = Colonialism, Industrialized vs. Not,

Restricted Democracy & Rights Role of Engineering = Recognized Worldwide Importance

… Most, but not all, of the essential components for the Modern World… Most, but not all, of the essential components for the Modern World

04 - through the industrial revolution

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