*OutlineCellular Level of OrganizationCell theoryCell sizeProkaryotic CellsEukaryotic CellsOrganellesNucleus and RibosomeEndomembrane SystemOther Vesicles and VacuolesEnergy related organellesCytoskeletonCentrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

*Cell TheoryDetailed study of the cell began in the 1830s A unifying concept in biologyOriginated from the work of biologists Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-9States that:All organisms are composed of cellsGerman botanist Matthais Schleiden in 1838German zoologist Theodor Schwann in 1839All cells come only from preexisting cellsGerman physician Rudolph Virchow in 1850sCells are the smallest structural and functional unit of organisms

*Organisms and Cellsd.c.b.a.50m140 mCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.a: Geoff Bryant/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: Courtesy Ray F. Evert/University of Wisconsin Madison; c: Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service; d: Courtesy O. Sabatakou and E. Xylouri-Frangiadak

*Sizes of Living Things10 m1 m0.1 m1 cm1 mm100 nm10 nm1 nm0.1 nmmousefrog egghuman eggmost bacteriavirusproteinatomantelectron microscopelight microscopehuman eyehumanblue whalechloroplastrose1 km100 m100m10m1mplant and animal cellsaminoacidostricheggCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Cell SizeCells range in size from one millimeter down to one micrometer Cells need a large surface area of plasma membrane to adequately exchange materials.The surfaceareatovolume ratio requires that cells be small Large cells - surface area relative to volume decreases Volume is living cytoplasm, which demands nutrients and produces wastesCells specialized in absorption utilize membrane modifications such as microvilli to greatly increase surface area per unit volume

*Surface to Volume RatioOne 4-cm cube96 cm2192 cm2384 cm264 cm364 cm364 cm31.5:13:16:1Eight 2-cm cubesSixty-four 1-cm cubesTotal surface area (height width number of sides number of cubes)Total volume (height width length number of cubes)Surface area: Volume per cube (surface area volume)Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Microscopy Today: Compound Light MicroscopeLight passed through specimenFocused by glass lensesImage formed on human retinaMax magnification about 1000XResolves objects separated by 0.2 mm, 500X better than human eye

*Compound Light Microscopeeyeamoeba, light micrographlight raysocular lensobjective lensspecimencondenser lenslight sourcea. Compound light microscope85m Robert Brons/Biological Photo ServiceCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Microscopy Today: Transmission Electron MicroscopeAbbreviated T.E.M.Electrons passed through specimenFocused by magnetic lensesImage formed on fluorescent screenSimilar to TV screenImage is then photographedMax magnification 1000,000sXResolves objects separated by 0.00002 mm, 100,000X better than human eye

*Transmission Electron Microscopeelectron sourceelectron beamb. Transmission electron microscopespecimen200 nmpseudopod segment, transmission electronmicrographobservation screenor photographic plateelectromagneticobjective lenselectromagnetic condenser lenselectromagnetic projector lens M. Schliwa/Visuals UnlimitedCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Microscopy Today: Scanning Electron MicroscopeAbbreviated S.E.M.Specimen sprayed with thin coat of metalElectron beam scanned across surface of specimenMetal emits secondary electronsEmitted electrons focused by magnetic lensesImage formed on fluorescent screenSimilar to TV screenImage is then photographed

*Scanning Electron Microscopeamoeba, scanning electron micrographelectron gunelectron beamelectromagneticcondenserlensesscanning coilfinalcondenserlenssecondaryelectronsspecimenelectrondetectorc. Scanning electron microscope500mTVviewingscreen Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Microscopy Today: Immunofluorescence Light MicroscopeAntibodies developed against a specific proteinFluorescent dye molecule attached to antibody moleculesSpecimen exposed to fluorescent antibodiesUltra-violet light (black light) passed through specimenFluorescent dye glows in color where antigen is locatedEmitted light is focused by glass lenses onto human retinaAllows mapping distribution of a specific protein in cell

*Microscopy Today: Confocal MicroscopyNarrow laser beam scanned across transparent specimenBeam is focused at a very thin planeAllows microscopist to optically section a specimenSections made at different levelsAllows assembly of 3d image on computer screen that can be rotated

*Microscopy and Amoeba proteuseyeamoeba, light micrographamoeba, scanning electron micrographlight raysocular lensobjective lensspecimencondenser lenslight sourcea. Compound light microscopeelectron gunelectron beamscanning coilspecimenc. Scanning electron microscopeelectron sourceelectron beamb.Transmission electron microscopespecimen85m200 nm500mpseudopod segment, transmission electronmicrographelectromagneticcondenserlensesfinalCondenserlenssecondary electronsobservation screenor photographic plateelectromagneticobjective lenselectromagnetic condenser lenselectromagnetic projector lenselectron detectorTVViewingscreena: Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service; b: M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; c: Kessel/Shih/Peter Arnold, Inc. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Microscopy and Cheek CellsBright-field. Lightpassing through thespecimen is broughtdirectly into focus. Usually,the low level of contrastwithin the specimeninterferes with viewing allbut its largest components.Bright-field (stained).Dyes are used to stainthe specimen. Certaincomponents take upthe dye more than othercomponents, and thereforecontrast is enhanced.Differential interferencecontrast. Optical methodsare used to enhancedensity differences withinthe specimen so thatcertain regions appearbrighter than others. Thistechnique is used to viewliving cells, chromosomes,and organelle masses.Phase contrast. Densitydifferences in thespecimen cause light raysto come out of phase.The microscope enhancesthese phase differences sothat some regions of thespecimen appear brighteror darker than others. Thetechnique is widely usedto observe living cells andorganelles.Dark-field. Light is passedthrough the specimen atan oblique angle so thatthe objective lens receivesonly light diffracted andscattered by the object.This technique is used toview organelles, whichappear quite bright againsta dark field.25m25m25m30m30mCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.(Bright field): Ed Reschke; (Bright field stained): Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Differential, Phase contrast, Dark field): David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

*Prokaryotic CellsLack a membrane-bound nucleusStructurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells (which have a nucleus).Prokaryotic cells are placed in two taxonomic domains:Bacteria ArchaeaLive in extreme habitatsDomains are structurally similar but biochemically different

*The Structure of Bacteria Extremely small - 11.5 m wide and 26 m long Occur in three basic shapes: Spherical coccus, Rod-shaped bacillus, Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible). Cell Envelope includes:Plasma membrane - lipid bilayer with imbedded and peripheral protein Form internal pouches (mesosomes)Cell wall - maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by peptidoglycan Glycocalyx - layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell wall Well organized and resistant to removal (capsule)

*The Structure of Bacteria spirillumcoccusbacillusspirocheteCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*The Structure of Bacteriaphospholipid bilayerprotein moleculesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*The Structure of BacteriaInclusion body:stored nutrients forlater useMesosome:plasma membranethat folds into thecytoplasm andincreases surface areaRibosome:site of protein synthesisNucleoid:location of the bacterialchromosomePlasma membrane:sheath around cytoplasmthat regulates entranceand exit of moleculesCell wall:covering that supports,shapes, and protects cellGlycocalyx:gel-like coating outsidecell wall; if compact, calleda capsule; if diffuse, calleda slime layerConjugation pilus:elongated, hollowappendage used forDNA transfer to otherbacterial cellsFimbriae:hairlike bristles thatallow adhesion tothe surfacesFlagellum:rotating filament presentin some bacteria thatpushes the cell forwardCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.Escherichia coli

*The Structure of Bacteria Cytoplasm & AppendagesCytoplasmSemifluid solutionBounded by plasma membraneContains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes. Nucleoid is a region that contains the single, circular DNA molecule.Plasmids are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNAAppendagesFlagella Provide motilityFimbriae small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surfaceSex pili rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell

*Eukaryotic CellsDomain Eukarya includes:ProtistsFungiPlantsAnimalsCells contain:Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNASpecialized organellesPlasma membraneMuch larger than prokaryotic cells Some cells (e.g., plant cells) have a cell wall

*Hypothesized Origin of Eukaryotic Cellschloroplast3. Cell gains mitochondria.4. Cell gains chloroplasts.mitochondrionDNAOriginal prokaryotic cell1. Cell gains a nucleus by theplasma membrane invaginating and surrounding the DNA with a double membrane.2. Cell gains an endomembrane system by proliferation of membrane.Animal cell has mitochondria,but not chloroplasts.Plant cellhas both mitochondriaand chloroplasts.photosyntheticbacteriumaerobicbacteriumCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Eukaryotic Cells: OrganellesEukaryotic cells are compartmentalizedThey contain small structures called organellesPerform specific functions Isolates reactions from othersTwo classes of organelles:Endomembrane system:Organelles that communicate with one anotherVia membrane channelsVia small vesiclesEnergy related organellesMitochondria & chloroplastsBasically independent & self-sufficient

*Plasma Membranephospholipid bilayerprotein moleculesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Cell Fractionation and Differential CentrifugationCell fractionation is the breaking apart of cellular componentsDifferential centrifugation:Allows separation of cell partsSeparated out by size & densityWorks like spin cycle of washerThe faster the machine spins, the smaller the parts that are settled out

*Cell Fractionation and Differential CentrifugationGrind cellsCentrifuge cells atdifferent speedsspeed of 600 gfor 10 minnucleiin sedimentmitochondria and lysosomesin sedimentribosomes and endoplasmicreticulum in sedimentsoluble portionof cytoplasmspeed of 100,000 gfor 60 minspeed of 15,000 gfor 5 minCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Animal Cell Anatomy*not in plant cellsPlasma membrane:outer surface thatregulates entrance andexit of moleculesphospholipidproteinCytoskeleton: maintainscell shape and assists movementof cell parts:Actin filaments: proteinfibers that play a role in change of shapeCytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organellesIntermediate filaments:protein fibers that provide stability of shapeMicrotubules: proteincylinders that move organellesVesicle: small membrane- bounded sac that stores and transports substancesCentrioles*: shortcylinders of microtubulesof unknown functionCentrosome: microtubuleorganizing center thatcontains a pair of centriolesLysosome*: vesicle thatdigests macromoleculesand even cell partsNucleus: command center of cellRough ER: studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteinsRibosomes: particles that carryout protein synthesisGolgi apparatus: processes, packages,and secretes modified proteinsPeroxisome: vesicle that is involved in fatty acid metabolismSmooth ER: lacks ribosomes, synthesizeslipid moleculesEndoplasmic reticulum:protein and lipid metabolismMitochondrion: organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP moleculesPolyribosome: string of ribosomes simultaneouslysynthesizing same proteinNucleolus: region that producessubunits of ribosomesChromatin: diffuse threadscontaining DNA and proteinNuclear envelope: double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleusCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Plant Cell Anatomy*not in animal cellsNuclear pore: permits passage ofproteins into nucleus and ribosomalsubunits out of nucleusRibosomes: carryout protein synthesisNucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomesChromatin: diffuse threads containingDNA and proteinNuclear envelope: double membrane withnuclear pores that encloses nucleusRough ER: studdedwith ribosomes thatsynthesize proteinsSmooth ER: lacksribosomes, synthesizeslipid moleculesEndoplasmicreticulum: proteinand lipid metabolismGolgi apparatus: processes,packages, and secretesmodified proteinsCytoplasm: semifluid matrix outsidenucleus that contains organellesPeroxisome: vesicle thatis involved in fatty acidmetabolismCentrosome:microtubule organizingcenter (lacks centrioles)Nucleus: command center of cellPlasma membrane: surroundscytoplasm, and regulates entranceand exit of moleculesCell wall*: outer surface that shapes,supports, and protects cellGranum*: a stackof chlorophyll-containingthylakoidsin a chloroplastChloroplast*: carriesout photosynthesis,producing sugarsMiddle lamella:cements together theprimary cell walls ofadjacent plant cellsCell wall of adjacent cellMicrotubules: protein cylindersthat aid movement of organellesMitochondrion: organellethat carries out cellularrespiration, producingATP moleculesActin filaments: protein fibersthat play a role in movement ofcell and organellesCentral vacuole*: large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressureCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*NucleusCommand center of cell, usually near centerSeparated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelopeConsists of double layer of membraneNuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasmContains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasmChromatin contains DNA of genes, and proteinsCondenses to form chromosomesChromosomes are formed during cell division Dark nucleolus composed of rRNAProduces subunits of ribosomes

*Anatomy of the Nucleusnuclear poreNuclear envelope:inner membraneouter membranechromatinnucleoplasmnuclearporenucleolusphospholipidnuclearenvelopeCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock

*RibosomesAre the site of protein synthesis in the cellComposed of rRNAConsists of a large subunit and a small subunitSubunits made in nucleolusMay be located:On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it rough), orFree in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes

*Nucleus, Ribosomes, & ER4. An enzyme removes the signal peptide.proteinenzymesignal recognition particle (SRP)ER membranereceptorEndoplasmicreticulum (ER)Lumen of ERCytoplasmsignal peptideribosomemRNAmRNAribosomal subunitsnuclear poreNucleusmRNADNASRP5. Ribosomal subunits andmRNA break away. Theprotein remains in the ERand folds into its final shape.3. SRP attaches to receptor (purple);a channel opens; and thepolypeptide enters ER..2. Signal recognitionparticle (SRP) bindsto signal peptide.1. mRNA is leaving thenucleus and is attachedto the ribosome; proteinsynthesis is occurring.Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*Endomembrane SystemSeries of intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell Restrict enzymatic reactions to specific compartments within cellConsists of:Nuclear envelopeMembranes of endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVesiclesSeveral typesTransport materials between organelles of system

*Endomembrane System:The Endoplasmic ReticulumA system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope Rough ERStudded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic sideProtein anabolismSynthesizes proteinsModifies and processes proteinsAdds sugar to proteinResults in glycoproteinsSmooth ERNo ribosomesSynthesis of lipidsSite of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storageForms transport vesicles

*Endoplasmic Reticulumnuclear enveloperibosomes0.08mroughendoplasmicreticulumsmoothendoplasmicreticulumCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

*Endomembrane System:The Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusConsists of 3-20 flattened, curved sacculesResembles stack of hollow pancakesModifies proteins and lipidsReceives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)Packages them in vesiclesPrepares for shipment in v Packages them in vesicles from trans (or outer face)Within cellExport from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

*Golgi ApparatusGolgi apparatus0.1msacculessecretionNucleuscis facetrans facetransportvesicletransportvesicleCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224

*Endomembrane System: LysosomesMembrane-bound vesicles (not in plants)Produced by the Golgi apparatusContain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly acidic Digestion of large moleculesRecycling of cellular resourcesApoptosis (programmed cell death, like tadpole losing tail)Some genetic diseasesCaused by defect in lysosomal enzymeLysosomal storage diseases (Tay-Sachs)

*Lysosomeslysosomemitochondrionperoxisome fragmenta. Mitochondrion and a peroxisome in a lysosomeb. Storage bodies in a cell with defective lysosomesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.a: Courtesy Daniel S. Friend; b: Courtesy Robert D. Terry/Univ. of San Diego School of Medicine

Animation*Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the Normal or Slide Sorter views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

*Endomembrane System: SummaryProteins produced in rough ER and lipids from smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.The Golgi apparatus modifies these products and then sorts and packages them into vesicles that go to various cell destinations.Secretory vesicles carry products to the membrane where exocytosis produces secretions.Lysosomes fuse with incoming vesicles and digest macromolecules.

*Endomembrane System: A Visual SummaryproteinenzymelipidsecretionribosomeNucleuslysosomecontains digestive enzymesthat break down worn-outcell parts or substancesentering the cell at theplasma membranetransport vesicleshuttles lipids to variouslocations such as theGolgi apparatussmooth endoplasmicreticulumsynthesizes lipids andalso performs variousother functionsincoming vesiclebrings substances into thecell that are digested whenthe vesicle fuses with alysosometransport vesicleshuttles proteins tovarious locations such asthe Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatusmodifies lipids and proteinsfrom the ER; sorts themand packages them invesiclessecretory vesiclefuses with the plasmamembrane as secretionoccursrough endoplasmicreticulumsynthesizes proteins andpackages them in vesicles;vesicles commonly go tothe Golgi apparatusplasmamembraneCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*PeroxisomesSimilar to lysosomesMembrane-bounded vesiclesEnclose enzymesHoweverEnzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in cytoplasm (instead of ER)Active in lipid metabolismCatalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2ToxicBroken down to water & O2 by catalase

*PeroxisomesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service100 nm

*VacuolesMembranous sacs that are larger than vesiclesStore materials that occur in excessOthers very specialized (contractile vacuole)Plants cells typically have a central vacuoleUp to 90% volume of some cellsFunctions in:Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste productsDevelopment of turgor pressureSome functions performed by lysosomes in other eukaryotes

*VacuolesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.100 nm Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service

*Energy-Related Organelles:Chloroplast StructureBounded by double membraneInner membrane infoldedForms disc-like thylakoids, which are stacked to form granaSuspended in semi-fluid stromaGreen due to chlorophyllGreen photosynthetic pigmentFound ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast

*Energy-Related Organelles: ChloroplastsMembranous organelles (a type of plastid) that serve as the site of photosynthesis Captures light energy to drive cellular machineryPhotosynthesisSynthesizes carbohydrates from CO2 & H2OMakes own food using CO2 as only carbon sourceEnergy-poor compounds converted to energy-rich compoundssolar energy + carbon dioxide + water carbohydrate + oxygenOnly plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting photosynthesis

*Energy-Related Organelles: ChloroplastsBound by a double membrane organized into flattened disc-like sacs called thylakoidsChlorophyll and other pigments capture solar energyEnzymes synthesize carbohydrates

*Chloroplast Structuredouble membraneouter membraneinner membranegranathylakoid spacethylakoid membranestromaa.b.500 nmCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University

*Energy-Related Organelles: MitochondriaSmaller than chloroplastContain ribosomes and their own DNA Surrounded by a double membrane Inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted (folds) to form cristae. Matrix Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymesBreak down carbohydrates Involved in cellular respirationProduce most of ATP utilized by the cell

*Mitochondrial Structurecristaematrixa.b.200 nmdouble membraneouter membraneinner membraneCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter

*The CytoskeletonMaintains cell shapeAssists in movement of cell and organellesThree types of macromolecular fibersActin FilamentsIntermediate FilamentsMicrotubulesAssemble and disassemble as needed

*The Cytoskeleton: Actin FilamentsExtremely thin filaments like twisted pearl necklaceDense web just under plasma membrane maintains cell shapeSupport for microvilli in intestinal cellsIntracellular traffic controlFor moving stuff around within cellCytoplasmic streamingFunction in pseudopods of amoeboid cellsPinch mother cell in two after animal mitosisImportant component in muscle contraction (other is myosin)

*The Cytoskeleton: Actin Filament OperationPATPtailheadmembranemyosinmoleculesADP +actin filamentCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*The Cytoskeleton: Intermediate FilamentsIntermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubulesRope-like assembly of fibrous polypeptidesVary in natureFrom tissue to tissueFrom time to timeFunctions:Support nuclear envelopeCell-cell junctions, like those holding skin cells tightly together

*The Cytoskeleton: MicrotubulesHollow cylinders made of two globular proteins called a and b tubulinSpontaneous pairing of a and b tubulin molecules form structures called dimersDimers then arrange themselves into tubular spirals of 13 dimers aroundAssembly:Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)Most important MTOC is centrosomeInteracts with proteins kinesin and dynein to cause movement of organelles

*The Cytoskeleton: Microtubule Operationvesicle moves, not microtubulekinesin receptorvesiclekinesinATPCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*The Cytoskeletonb. Intermediate filamentsc. MicrotubuleschameleonCharapeacockactin subunitfibroussubunitstubulindimera. Actin filamentsCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.a(Actin): M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images

*Microtubular Arrays: CentriolesShort, hollow cylindersComposed of 27 microtubulesMicrotubules arranged into 9 overlapping tripletsOne pair per animal cellLocated in centrosome of animal cellsOriented at right angles to each otherSeparate during mitosis to determine plane of divisionMay give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella

*Cytoskeleton: Centriolesone centrosome: one pair of centriolestwo centrosomes: two pairs of centrioles200 nmone microtubule tripletempty centerof centrioleCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.(Middle): Courtesy Kent McDonald, University of Colorado Boulder; (Bottom): Journal of Structural Biology, Online by Manley McGill et al. Copyright 1976 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center

*Microtubular Arrays: Cilia and FlagellaHair-like projections from cell surface that aid in cell movementVery different from prokaryote flagellaOuter covering of plasma membraneInside this is a cylinder of 18 microtubules arranged in 9 pairsIn center are two single microtubulesThis 9 + 2 pattern used by all cilia & flagellaIn eukaryotes, cilia are much shorter than flagellaCilia move in coordinated waves like oarsFlagella move like a propeller or cork screw

*Structure of a FlagellumBasal bodyFlagellumshaftSpermBasal body cross sectiontripletsFlagellum cross section25 nm100 nmThe shaft of theflagellum has a ringof nine microtubuledoublets anchoredto a central pair ofmicrotubules.dyneinside armsdyneinside armcentralmicrotubulesouter microtubuledoubletradial spokeThe side armsof each doubletare composedof dynein, amotor molecule.plasmamembraneThe basal body of a flagellum hasa ring of nine microtubule tripletswith no central microtubules.In the presence ofATP, the dynein sidearms reach out totheir neighbors,and bending occurs.ATPCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.(Flagellum, Basal body): William L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service

*Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

*ReviewCellular Level of OrganizationCell theoryCell sizeProkaryotic CellsEukaryotic CellsOrganellesNucleus and RibosomeEndomembrane SystemOther Vesicles and VacuolesEnergy related organellesCytoskeletonCentrioles, Cilia, and Flagella

Sylvia S. Mader Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or displayPowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology InstructorBIOLOGY10th Edition

*Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4: pp. 59-84Inclusion body:stored nutrients forlater useMesosome:plasma membranethat folds into thecytoplasm andincreases surface areaRibosome:site of protein synthesisNucleoid:location of the bacterialchromosomePlasma membrane:sheath around cytoplasmthat regulates entranceand exit of moleculesCell wall:covering that supports,shapes, and protects cellGlycocalyx:gel-like coating outsidecell wall; if compact, calleda capsule; if diffuse, calleda slime layerConjugation pilus:elongated, hollowappendage used forDNA transfer to otherbacterial cellsFimbriae:hairlike bristles thatallow adhesion tothe surfacesFlagellum:rotating filament presentin some bacteria thatpushes the cell forward*not in plant cellsPlasma membrane:outer surface thatregulates entrance and exit of moleculesCytoskeleton: maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts:Nucleus:Endoplasmic reticulum:

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and FunctionSlide #*Chapter 04Cell Structure and FunctionBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderBiology, 9th ed,Sylvia MaderCell Structure and 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