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Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization

Chapter Outline

Parts of a CellThe Plasma Membrane

Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Organelles

Nucleus

Protein Synthesis

Normal Cell Division

Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer

Notes

I. Parts of a Cell

A. Objective:Name the three main parts of a cell.

B. Plasma membrane

C. Cytoplasm

D. Organelles

II. The Plasma Membrane

A. Objectives:

1. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.

2. Explain the concept of selective permeability.

3. Define the electrochemical gradient and describe its components.

Page 1 of 17Human Anatomy and Physiology I (SC481)



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B. Introduction

1. Fluid mosaic model - See Figure 3.2

2. The Lipid Bilayer

a) Phospholipid Notice the arrangement of the phospholipids in

the cell membrane in Figure 3.2.

b) Cholesterol - Notice the location and purpose of cholesterol in

the cell membrane.

C. Functions of Membrane Proteins

1. Just read this section and look at Figure 3.3 on page 64.




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D. Membrane Fluidity

1. Many of the phospholipids and the proteins rotate and move around

within their half (same layer) of the bilayer.

2. Cholesterol makes the membrane strong at normal body

temperature and more fluid in cold temperatures.

E. Membrane Permeability

1. Objectives:

a) Be able to define this selectively permeable.

b) Indicate that types of molecules that can pass through the lipid

bilayer and the types of molecules that cannot.

c) Describe how ions and large, uncharged polar molecules are

able to pass through a plasma membrane.

F. Gradients Across a Plasma Membrane

1. Objectives:




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a) Define concentration gradient.

b) Define electrical gradient.

c) Define membrane potential.

d) Define electrochemical gradient.

III. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

A. Passive and Active Processes - The difference between passive

processes and active processes is ___________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

B. Kinetic Energy Transport

1. Diffusion

a) Movement down the concentration gradient What does it

mean when someone says that substances that diffuse move

down the concentration gradient? Read this section in order to

gain a greater understanding of the principle of diffusion.

b) Read the section that describes the various factors that

influence the rate of diffusion across plasma membranes.

2. Diffusion Through the Lipid Bilayer




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a) Objective:What kinds of substances are able to diffuse freely

through the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes? (You dont need

to list the substances; rather, be able to give the properties that

they possess.)

3. Diffusion Through Membrane Ion Channels

a) Objectives:What types of substance pass through membrane

ion channels? Why are they not able to pass through the lipid

bilayer?




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4. Osmosis

a) Objectives:

(1) Define osmosis.

(2)

b) Osmosis is the net movement of a _________________through

a selectively permeable membrane. In living systems, the

solvent is _____________, which moves by osmosis across

plasma membranes from an areas of

_________________________ to an area of

________________________. Fill in the blank in this sentence.

c) Osmosis occurs only when a membrane is permeable to water

but is _________________________________________.




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d) Osmotic pressure What is the relationship between the

concentration of solutes in a solution and the solutions osmotic

pressure?

e) Tonicity Define each of the terms below.

(1) Isotonic solution

(2) Hypertonic solution

(3) Hypotonic solution




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C. Transport by Transporter Proteins

1. Facilitated Diffusion

a) Objective:

(1) What characteristics do substances possess that must

pass through a plasma membrane through the process of

facilitated diffusion?

(2) Describe the process of facilitated diffusion. (See the

second paragraph in this section in the textbook.)




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D. Active Transport

1. Objectives:

a) What distinguishes active transport from kinetic energy

(passive) transport?

b) Describe the difference between primary active transport and

secondary active transport.

2. Active transport involves pumping substances againstthe

concentration gradient.

3. Primary Active Transport The energy that is used to move the

substances against the concentration gradient comes from ATP.

The Na+/K+ pump expels sodium ions (Na+)to the outside and brings potassium ions

(K+) into the cell.

4. Secondary Active Transport

a) The energy that is used to move the substances against the

concentration gradient comes from the flow of either Na+

or H+

down their concentration gradient and through a pump that




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moves a different substance against the concentration gradient.

Think of how a water wheel works the flow of water down over

the wheel turns the wheel and provides energy.

b) The process of secondary active transport indirectly uses theenergy of ATP because ATP is used by a different pump that is

used to maintain the concentration gradient of either Na+

or H+.

c) Go to http://tinyurl.com/27q23m to see an animation

d) Symporters

e) Antiporters

5. Transport in Vesicles

a) Objectives:

(1) Define vesicle. endocytosis, and exocytosis.

(2) Describe the process of receptor-mediated

endodcytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis.

Endocytosis


http://tinyurl.com/27q23mhttp://tinyurl.com/27q23m


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IV. Cytoplasm

A. Objectives:

1. Define cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.

B. Organelles

1. The Cytoskeleton

a) Objective:Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton.

2. Centrosome

a) Objective:Describe the purpose of the centrosomes.

b) The centrosome consists of two parts: two centrioles and the

region around them. The centrioles play a role in producing the

mitotic spindle, which are used during cell division.

3. Flagella and Cilia

a) Objectives:

(1) Describe the structure of flagella and the purpose of

flagella.

(2) Describe the structure of cilia and the purpose of cilia.

4. Ribosomes

a) Objectives:

(1) What do ribosomes look like?

(2) What is the purpose of ribosomes?

(3) Where are free ribosomes located?




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(4) What is the purpose of the ribosomes that are attached to

the endoplasmic reticulum?

5. Endoplasmic reticulum

a) Objectives:

(1) Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.

What is the structural difference between the round ER

and the smooth ER?

6. Golgi complex (apparatus)

a) Objectives:

(1) Describe the appearance of the Golgi complex.

(2) Be able to identify the function of the Golgi complex.

7. Lysosomes

a) Objectives:

(1) What is found inside of lysosomes?

(2) Be able to identify the three functions of lysosomes.

8. Proteasomes

a) Objective:What is the purpose of proteasomes?

9. Mitochondria

a) Objectives:

(1) What is the purpose of mitochondria?

(2) Be able to identify the structure of mitochondria.




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b) Structure - Outer membrane and inner membrane; inner

membrane is arranged into a series of folds called cristae

(KRIS - tee). Central cavity enclosed by the inner membrane

and the cristae is called the matrix.

c) Function The mitochondria are the main sites for

____________________________________

d) The breakdown (catabolism) of nutrient molecules occur on the

surface of the cristae. The generation of ATP is the result of

these catabolic reactions. Oxygen is needed in order for these

chemical reactions to occur.

e) Active cells such muscle, liver and kidney tubule cells have large

number of mitochondria.

V. Nucleus

A. Objectives:

1. Identify the name of the double membrane that separates the

nucleus from the cytoplasm.

2. Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus (plural,

nucleoli).

3. Define each of the following terms: chromosome, chromatin,

nucleosome, histones, linker DNA, and chromatid.

VI. Protein Synthesis

A. Objectives:

1. Define transcription.

2. Describe the purpose of RNA polymerase.

3. Define translation.




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VII. Normal Cell Division

A. Introduction

1. Objectives:

a) Define somatic cell.

b) Define mitosis and cytokinesis.

c) Define meiosis.

2. Somatic cell division - Mitosis and cytokinesis

3. Reproductive cell division - meiosis and cytokinesis

B. Somatic Cell Division

1. Objectives:

a) Define homologous chromosomes.

b) Define the term diploid.

c) Know that somatic cells are diploid cells.

2. Interphase

a) Objective:

b) During interphase the cell ___________________________...

Complete this sentence - see your textbook.

c) Chromosomes are not visible during interphase.




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3. Mitotic phase

a) Two sets of chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei.

b) Prophase

(1) Objectives:

(a) Describe what happens to the chromatin fibers during

prophase.

(b) Describe what a centromere is.

c) Metaphase

(1) Objective:Describe the position of the chromosomes

during metaphase.

d) Anaphase

(1) Objective:What happens to the chromosomes during

anaphase?

e) Telophase

(a) Objective:What happens to the chromosomes during

telophase?

4. Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis

C. Reproductive Cell Division

1. Introduction

a) Objectives:

(1) Where does meiosis occur?

(2) Define gamete.




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(3) Know that meiosis produces gametes.

(4) Define haploid.

(5) Know that gametes are haploid.

(6) Describe the basic events that occur during meiosis I and

during meiosis II.

VIII. Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer

A. This material will not be covered in class nor are there any objectives

over the material. But if you are planning on going into a medical field,

Id encourage you to read this section.

B. Introduction

1. Tumor = Define this term.

2. Malignant and benign tumors - What do these two terms mean?

C. Growth and Spread of Malignant Tumors

1. Hyperplasia = Define this term.

2. Metastasis = Define this term.

3. What cancer cells do to surrounding normal tissues Indicate what

cancer cells do to surrounding tissues.

D. Causes of Cancer

1. Carcinogen = Define this term.

2. Viruses

3. Oncogenes = Define this term.




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4. Inactivation or mutation of anti-oncogenes (tumor-suppressing

genes)

E. Treatment of Cancer - The following methods are used alone or in

combination for treating cancer.

1. Chemotherapy

2. Radiation

3. Surgery

4. Hyperthermia (high temperature)

5. Immunotherapy (promotion of the body's own immune system)



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