02 incident prevention

8/20/2019 02 Incident Prevention

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1

Incident Prevention

Safety And Health Officer

Certificate Course



2

Learning Objectives

• To define what is incident

• To explain the causes of incident & role

of management control

• To explain 3 theory on accident

causation

• To list the cost involved in an incident

© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be

reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.



3

Scope

• Principles of loss prevention

• Causes of incidents

• Incidents and productivity

• Approach to loss prevention





4

Principles of

Incident Prevention

1. Incident prevention is an essential partof good management

2. Management and workers must fullycooperate

3. Top management must lead in

organising safety





5

Principles of

Incident Prevention

4. There must be an OSH policy

5. Must have organisation andresources to implement the OSHpolicy

6. Best available knowledge andmethods must be applied





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What Is An Incident?

• An incident is:

– An unexpected, unplanned event in a

sequence of events

– That occurs through a combination of

causes

– Which result in:

• Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,

• Damage to property,

• A near-miss,

• Any combination of these effects. © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




7

Why Prevent Incidents?

• Legal

• Human Rights

• Business





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Causes of Incidents





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Types of Incidents

• Cause immediate injury or damage toequipment or property:

– A forklift dropping a load

– Someone falling off a ladder

• That occur over an extended period:

– Hearing loss – Illness resulting from exposure to

chemicals© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




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Early Theory of Accidents

(Heinrich (1930's))

Ancestry/socialenvironment

Fault of a person

Unsafeact/condition

Accident

Injury© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




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Heinrich’s

Five Stage Sequence Ancestry/social

environment

Fault of a person

Unsafeact/condition

Accident

Injury© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




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Accident Causation Model

(1974)





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•Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions•Personal Factors•Environmental Factors

Unplanned Incident

The Three Basic Causes of

Accidents

UnsafeCondition

Unsafe Act

Direct Causes

Indirect causes

ACCIDENTPersonal Injury,

Property Damage

Basic Causes





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Lack of Management Control

• Management responsible for: – Selection of workers

– Machinery and equipment

– System of work – Information, training and Instruction

– Supervision, etc

• The accident prone worker is a falseapproach. It is like blaming the victim

instead of the perpetrator© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




15

Multiple Cause of Accidents

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory

Cause A(Poor lighting)

Cause B(Not look where going)

Cause C

(Wood in walkway)

Accident(Trip)





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Fall From a Defective Ladder

– Why was the defective ladder notidentified during normal inspection?

– Why did the supervisor allow itsusage?

– Didn't the injured employee knew it

should not be used?





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Fall From a Defective Ladder

– Was the employee well trained?

– Was the employee reminded not touse the ladder?

– Did the superior examine the jobfirst?





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Trip Although Warned in

Dark Walkway

– Was there a necessity for that personto walk in that area or was there asafer route

– If the person was not in a hurry

would they have been more awareof their surroundings and avoidedthe wood





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Trip Although Warned in

Dark Walkway

– If the area was better lit would the

person have avoided the wood

– Could the wood have been

removed





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The Accident Pyramid

TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975

400 Near misses

80 Property

50 First aid

3 Lost days

1 Fatal / Serious injury





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Accepted Accident Theory

• Multiple Causation Theory – A single unsafe act or condition may or

may not cause an accident but both

are caused by lack of managementcontrol

• Bird Loss Causation Model – In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of

quality control





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Accepted Accident Theory

• Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative

– Blaming victim and lack system thinking,continual improvements, upstream

control and worker participation





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Productivity Aspect of OSH





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Direct Vs. Indirect

Incident Cost Iceberg

It is estimated that

for every $1 in directincident costs, thereare anywhere from$4 to $11 in indirector “hidden” costs

Indirect Costs

Direct

Costs





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The Hidden Costs

1. Product andmaterial damage

2. Plant and building

damage3. Tool andequipmentdamage

4. Expenditure on

emergency5. Fines6. Legal costs

7. Investigation time8. Supervisors time

diverted9. Clerical Effort10.Overtime working11.Temporary labour12.Loss of expertise /

experience supplies13.Clearing site14.Production delays

Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs





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Incident Prevention Costs

• DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machineguards)

• OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE,etc.)

• SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (healthsurveillance, audits etc)





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Cost- Benefit Analysis of Control

Measures

• Compare specific incident costs withcost of specific improvement beingsuggested





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Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety

Management

• All injuries and occupational illnesses arepreventable

• Management is directly responsible fordoing this

• Safety is a condition of employment

• Training is required© 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be




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Management

• Safety audits and inspections must becarried out

• Deficiencies must be corrected promptly

• All unsafe practices, incidents and injuryaccidents will be investigated





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Management

• Safety away from work is as important assafety at work

• Incident prevention is cost-effective; thehighest cost is human suffering

• Employees must be actively involved





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Summary

• Incident in the workplace is largely causedby lack of management control

• “If you think safety is expensive, try

accidents” • Implement an appropriate company policy

• Control OSH risk

• Put a management system in place

• Promote Occupational Safety and Health



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