02 go_np2004_e02_0 gsm coverage planning-102.pdf

GSM Coverage Planning

When you have completed this course you should be able

to:

·Grasp coverage planning process

·Grasp link budget process and factors that impact it

·Grasp ZTE link budgets of various series equipment

·Grasp meanings of common propagation models

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Contents

1 Overall Thought of Coverage Planning & Step Description .................................................................. 1

1.1 Aims .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Steps .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2.1 Confirm the Size and Scope of the Area to Be Covered ........................................................ 1

1.2.2 Confirming Coverage Level Requirement and Coverage Probability .................................... 2

1.2.3 Link Budget of Uplink/Downlink Power Balance ................................................................. 8

1.2.4 Propagation Model Selection and Parameter Correction ....................................................... 8

1.2.5 Cell Radius Estimation ........................................................................................................... 9

1.2.6 Size Estimation (Coverage) .................................................................................................. 10

1.2.7 Site Layout ........................................................................................................................... 12

1.2.8 Coverage Simulation ............................................................................................................ 13

1.3 Prompt for Key Points ..................................................................................................................... 13

2 Descriptions of Various Parameters in Link Budget ............................................................................. 15

2.1 Mainstream Equipment ................................................................................................................... 15

2.1.1 Mainstream Equipment ........................................................................................................ 15

2.1.2 Carrier Frequency/Set-top Output Power ............................................................................. 16

2.1.3 Combiner .............................................................................................................................. 19

2.1.4 Networking Combiner Modes and Corresponding Losses of Various Main Equipment ..... 28

2.1.5 Coverage Enhancement Technique ...................................................................................... 39

2.2 MS Transmission Power ................................................................................................................. 41

2.3 Sensitivity ....................................................................................................................................... 42

2.3.1 BTS Receiver Sensitivity ..................................................................................................... 42

2.3.2 MS Receiver Sensitivity ....................................................................................................... 45

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2.3.3 Gain of TMA to BTS Receiver Sensitivity ........................................................................... 45

2.4 Feeder, Jumper and Connector ........................................................................................................ 48

2.4.1 Without Tower Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 48

2.5 Antenna ............................................................................................................................................ 50

2.5.1 BTS Antenna Gain ................................................................................................................ 50

2.5.2 BTS Antenna Height ............................................................................................................. 50

2.5.3 MS Antenna Gain ................................................................................................................. 51

2.5.4 MS Antenna Height .............................................................................................................. 52

2.5.5 Diversity Gain ....................................................................................................................... 52

2.6 Margins ............................................................................................................................................ 52

2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading (Fast Fading) Margin ................................................................................. 52

2.6.2 Shadow Fading (Slow Fading) Margin (Log-normal Fading Margin).................................. 53

2.6.3 Interference Margin .............................................................................................................. 59

2.6.4 Body Loss ............................................................................................................................. 59

2.6.5 Building Penetration Loss ..................................................................................................... 59

2.6.6 Car Penetration Loss ............................................................................................................. 60

2.7 Recommended Minimum Required Level and Design Level .......................................................... 60

2.7.1 900M ..................................................................................................................................... 60

3 Link Budget ............................................................................................................................................... 63

3.1 Link Budget Process ........................................................................................................................ 63

3.1.1 Downlink Budget .................................................................................................................. 63

3.1.2 Uplink Budget ....................................................................................................................... 63

3.1.3 Equivalent Maximum Allowed Path Loss ............................................................................ 64

3.2 Link Budget Tool V3.3 (Promoted for Use) .................................................................................... 64

3.3 Link Budget Tool V3.2.X (Not Promoted from Now on) ................................................................ 64

3.3.1 Tool Structure........................................................................................................................ 65

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3.3.2 Precautions ........................................................................................................................... 69

4 Common Propagation Model & Its Parameter Values ......................................................................... 71

4.1 Okumura-Hata Model ..................................................................................................................... 71

4.1.1 Applicable Scope .................................................................................................................. 71

4.1.2 Propagation Loss Formula ................................................................................................... 71

4.1.3 Various Correction Factors ................................................................................................... 72

4.2 Cost231model ................................................................................................................................. 76



4.2.3 Various Correction Factors ................................................................................................... 77

4.3 Common Expression of Okumura-Hata and COST231 Model ....................................................... 77



4.3.3 Common Correction Factors ................................................................................................ 77

4.4 Standard Universal Model (AIRCOM Expression Formula) .......................................................... 78



4.4.3 Propagation Model Parameter Value .................................................................................... 79

5 Precautions for Coverage Simulation ..................................................................................................... 85

5.1 Consider Coverage Probability ....................................................................................................... 85

5.2 Do Not Consider Coverage Probability .......................................................................................... 86

6 Recommendations on Project Operation ............................................................................................... 87

6.1 Adopt V3.2.1 Method for New Project ........................................................................................... 87

6.2 Adopt V3.1.2 Method for Old Continuous Project ......................................................................... 87

6.3 Maximum Difference between Two Versions ................................................................................. 87

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1 Overall Thought of Coverage Planning & Step Description

1.1 Aims

Under the precondition that the required coverage level and coverage probability are

satisfied and via uplink/downlink power balance link budget and cell radius estimation,

the coverage planning aims to estimate the site size that satisfies the coverage

requirement, lay out sites the via information such as ground object information in the

electronic map, building highlight in Google Earth and layout sites of existing sites,

and to coverage simulation authenticate site layout result via coverage simulation

where conditions permit, thereby ensuring coverage planning rationality.

1.2 Steps

On the whole coverage planning includes the following several steps:

Confirm the size and scope of the area to be covered

Confirm coverage level requirement and coverage probability

Uplink/downlink power balance link budget

Calibration and selection of propagation model parameter

Cell radius estimation

Size estimation (in the aspect of coverage)

Site layout

Coverage simulation

Below is introduction to every link.

1.2.1 Confirm the Size and Scope of the Area to Be Covered

Confirming the size and scope of the area to be covered is the precondition for

coverage planning, so it is necessary to do our best to do a good job in documentation

in the material collecting period.


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The coverage area is mainly demonstrated by Polygon. Classifying and conducting

area statistics on different wireless environment coverage areas by defining the

boundary and attribute (DU/MU/SU/RU) of polygon are the basic input conditions for

size estimation.

There are several methods for getting Polygon in various wireless environments:

To be provided by customer. Relatively mature carrier usually provides in his tender

documents the Polygon necessary to be covered according to the local conditions

before releasing his tender documents, such as Hunch. In this case, it is necessary to

conduct subsequent coverage planning according the Polygon defined by the customer.

Collect information before bidding. For annual key project, it is necessary to push the

market department and the local representative office put in human power and

resources in advance, collect and reserve Polygon and population distribution

information to form Polygon base so that network planning can be conducted in the

possible earliest time when the project is kicked off. Collection means includes buying

the latest local electronic map (planet format) and combining it with GE, instructing

local employees to draw Polygon or buying population distribution situation and zone

area of various zones or organizations such as local design institutes, third party

consultation companies or collecting information about network sizes of other local

carrier. Kick off outsourcing in advance, which shall determine coverage areas of

various grades via survey and consulting electronic map.

1.2.2 Confirming Coverage Level Requirement and Coverage Probability

Confirming the level and coverage probability required by the customer is the primary

condition for link budget and radius estimation. This can be handled in two cases:

1. If the customer definitely puts forward the required level and coverage

probability n the tender documents or makes definite answers to them in his

clarifications, we take the level required by the customer as the acceptance

level and calculate design level according to it.

2. If the customer does not put forward them in the tender documents, or does not

clarify them, or that it is directive bidding, it is necessary for us to provide level

value and coverage probability recommendation. At this time, the acceptance

level should keep consistent with the calculated minimum required level,

thereby calculating design level.

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The following are definitions of acceptance level, design level and minimum required

levels.

1.2.2.1 Minimum Required Level

The minimum level needs to satisfy MS receiving sensitivity, and usually in the

network design it is also necessary to reserve certain margin to offset (compensate)

Rayleigh Fading, interference and body loss in wireless environment. If indoor and

in-car coverage is required, it is also necessary to consider building penetration loss

(BPL) and car penetration loss (CPL), so as to ensure the conversation experience of

indoor or in-car subscriber. The receiving end needs to reach the minimum level

requirement, that is, the minimum level requirement necessary for maintaining normal

conversation in a real case (outdoor/indoor/in-car). The minimum required level is

impacted by wireless environment and is mainly related to the average building

penetration loss of indoor subscribers in different environments.

Usually it is possible to calculate it with the following formula:

SSmin_req (outdoor) = MSsen + RFmarg + IFmarg + BL MS outdoor

Where,

SSmin_req Signal Strength of Minimum Require Minimum required level

MSsen MS sensitivity MS receiving sensitivity

RFmarg Rayleigh Fading Margin Fast fading margin

IFmarg Interference Margin interference margin

BL Body Loss Body loss

CPL Car Penetration Loss Car penetration loss

BPL Building Penetration Loss Building penetration loss

1.2.2.2 Design Level

Besides the various above-mentioned margins, it is also necessary to add additional

margins on SSmin_req to process the impact of slow fading on coverage probability. In

planning, it is necessary to consider these factors and consider coverage level and

coverage probability. We call the level value at this time design level, SS design.

The formula to calculate design level is:


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SS design (outdoor) = SSmin_req(outdoor) +LNFmarg MS outdoor

Where,

LNFmarg Log-normal Fading Margin Slow fading margin

1.2.2.3 Acceptance Level

When cell planning is completed, it is necessary to use network measure means to

conduct reasonable verification. The aim is to measure the receiving level and estimate

whether this level value can satisfy the expected coverage KPI index. This index is

closely related to wireless environment, the expectations of different wireless

environment for target coverage KPI should be different. We call such coverage KPI

expectation acceptance level. Generally speaking, the customer defines in acceptance

level in the tender documents (but it is not necessary to put forward definite phrase

“acceptance”). Common expressions are as follows:

DU: 70dBm@95%

MU: 75dBm@95%

SU: -80dBm@95%

RU: 85dBm@95%

Highway: -87dBm@90%

Note: The expression before @ is acceptance level, and the expression after @ is the

required coverage probability (generally it is area coverage probability).

When the customer has defined acceptance level, it is possible to get the design level

by directly adding the shadow fading margin on the acceptance level. When the

customer has not clarified the acceptance level, we may believe that acceptance level

SS acceptance is equal to the minimum required level SSmin_req in various

corresponding environments.

The formula is:

SSacceptance=SSby_operator

Where,

SSby_operator is the acceptance level required the operator.

Or, the formula is:



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SS acceptance (outdoor) = SSmin_req (outdoor) MS outdoor

SS acceptance (in-car) = SSmin_req (in-car) MS in-car

SS acceptance (indoor) = SSmin_req (indoor) MS indoor

In the DT process of the coverage acceptance procedure, it is recommended to adopt

car top antenna to avoid introducing extra body loss and car loss. Of course, it is also

necessary to consider loss compensation when car top antenna is introduced, such as

the loss of feeder that connects the antenna and the mobile phone, and the gain of car

top antenna. In acceptance, if we do not adopt car top antenna, it is necessary to

consider car loss and body loss.

It is necessary to note that , here the expressions such as “MS outdoor”, “in-car”, and

“indoor” only refer to the names of the target level values determined by behaviors of

different subscribers in different wireless environments, which are descriptive

vocabulary, and they do not stand for measurement sites. For example, “indoor is

-70dBm” does not mean that requiring to measure the level in indoor area and get the

level of -70dBm, instead it should be understood that, to satisfy the conversation need

of indoor subscriber, outdoor (at street level) measure level needs to reach -70dBm

(considering mainly the indoor building penetration loss). Here the expression Indoor

has no further meaning, and can be replaced by many other words, such as ”good

coverage”, “perfect”, “class 1”, and “1”. In the same analysis, the meanings of the

words such as “deep indoor”, “in-car” are so too.

1.2.2.4 Calculation of Several Levels

Case 1: When the customer has not definitely put forward acceptance level.

Outdoor

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level

A Receiver sensitivity Y Y Y

B Fast fading margin Y Y Y

C Body loss Y Y Y

D Interference margin Y Y Y

E Building penetration

loss N N N

F Car loss N N N

G Slow fading margin N Y N


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H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D H=A+B+C+D+G H=A+B+C+D

Indoor

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level



C Body loss Y Y Y



Loss Y Y Y

F car loss N N N


H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D+E H=A+B+C+D+E+G H=A+B+C+D+E

In-car

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level



C Body loss Y Y Y



loss N N N

F Car loss Y Y Y


H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D+F H=A+B+C+D+F+G H=A+B+C+D+F

Case 2: When the customer has definite put forward the acceptance level.

Outdoor

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level

A Receiver

sensitivity Y Y Y


C Body loss Y Y Y

D Interference

margin Y Y Y



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E Building

penetration loss N N N

F Car loss N N N

G Slow fading

margin N Y N

H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D H= value defined by

customer + G

Value defined by

customer

Note: When the customer has put forward acceptance level value, we get design level by directly

adopting the value defined by the customer + slow fading margin. At this time it no long

demonstrates minimum required level.

Indoor

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level

A Receiver

sensitivity Y Y Y


C Body loss Y Y Y

D Interference

margin Y Y Y

E Building

penetration loss Y Y Y

F Car loss N N N

G Slow fading

margin N Y N

H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D+E H= Value defined by

customer + G

Value defined by

customer




In-car

No. Parameter

SSmin_req

Minimum

required level

SSdesign

Design level

SSacceptance

Acceptance level

A Receiver

sensitivity Y Y Y


C Body loss Y Y Y

D Interference

margin Y Y Y

E Building N N N


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penetration loss

F Car loss Y Y Y

G Slow fading

margin N Y N

H Calculation result H=A+B+C+D+F H= Value defined by

customer + G

Value defined by

customer




1.2.3 Link Budget of Uplink/Downlink Power Balance

Link budget of uplink/downlink power balance refers to estimating the system

uplink/downlink coverage capability by reviewing various factors in the path for

system uplink/downlink signal propagation, and getting the maximum path loss

allowed by the link under the precondition that a certain quality is ensured.

We respectively assess the maximum path losses allowed by uplinks/downlinks, and

adopt the lower one as the final maximum path loss, and take this as the path loss in

estimating coverage radius.

Various parameters relating to link budget are described in detail in the following

chapter.

Currently link budget tool mainly includes two: LinkBudget.exe tool and excel tool.

LinkBudget.exe tool needs license support.

1.2.4 Propagation Model Selection and Parameter Correction

Currently the common propagation model is the standard macro cell model, which

belongs to empirical model, and mainly adopts the universal model applied in

AIRCOM and CNP. It originates from Okumura-Hata model and COST231 model, and

adds more environment parameters on this basis, enabling the model to describe the

real environment more precisely.

For micro cell the best way is to adopt the ray track model, and currently in the industry,

the relatively universal one is Volcano model. However, ray track model has a very

high requirement for the precision of the electronic map (it is required that the

precision is at least 5 m and streets and buildings are clearly described), and its

calculation speed is extremely slow, so it is rarely used in large-sized projects.



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The propagation features of each country, each region, each landform and each relief

are different. For each country and each region, it is recommended to correct out the

propagation model suitable for this area via CW test (continuous wave test). Otherwise,

it may result in the case that the deviation between the estimated radius and the real

one is too big. It is generally believed that, for a relatively reasonable model to be

compared with the real test data of CW, the Mean Error is 0, and Standard Deviation <

= 8dB.

Seen from the status quo, to correct a set of propagation model for each country and

each region, it is necessary to input huge resources such human resource and material

resource. And various projects are different in their respective urgencies, so they have

different requirements for the precision of the propagation model. Currently there are

two main measures: One is that, for large or key project, it is recommended to push the

market department and local representative offices to input resources and start

outsourcing in advance before the project is kicked off and correct the propagation

model for the local area in detail, and complete documentation in network planning

department and network optimization department. The second is, for general project or

when the project is urgent in time, and there is no reserve in the local area, it is

advisable to select, from the documented propagation model base, the model whose

environment is the same or similar, and apply it into the project.

It is worthwhile to note that the corrected propagation model only reflects the change

of the median level of the local signal propagation, and combines Clutter offset and

Clutter Through km/dB to characterize the contribution of each ground object to the

median of signal level and the impact of each ground object on the median of signal

level, and it cannot reflect coverage probability. If it is necessary to reflect coverage

probability, it is also necessary to consider shadow fading margin. In CNP, relative to

AIRCOM, it is possible to reflect coverage probability via adding Coverage Probability

graphic layer and Coverage Subcell graphic layer.

1.2.5 Cell Radius Estimation

In the preceding two steps, one gets the maximum path loss allowed by

uplink/downlink; the other succeeds in correcting the reasonable model that can reflect

the local wireless signal propagation. The following step is to inversely deduce the cell

coverage radius.

This process is relatively simple, and the formula is as follows.


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Lb=k1+k2lgd+k3Hm+k4lgHm+k5lgHb+k6lgHbLgd+k7*diffraction + clutter Loss

We know Lb, various K value parameters in model, Hm (MS height), Hb (BTS antenna

height), it is only necessary to inversely deduce d (the distance between BTS and Ms,

km). At this time, d is the estimated radius (R) and is unit is km.

It is necessary to note that:

1. In link budget tool, it is impossible to combine with electronic map, so it is

impossible to consider the impact of various ground objects on median level

(Clutter Loss) in real case, nor to consider the impact of diffraction caused by

topographic relief. So in conducting link budget and estimating the radius, we

generally only consider the impact of 6 parameters, namely, k1~ k6, and do not

list k7 and Clutter in the table. But it does not mean that k7 and Clutter are

unimportant; on the contrary, these two parameters, k7 in particular, have a

huge impact on coverage, especially in foothill area and mountain area where is

relatively big topographic relief.

2. In submitting propagation model parameters to the customer, or conducting

simulation in the real case, it is necessary to set k7. If propagation model is

corrected, it is also necessary to set the corresponding Clutter offset and Clutter

Through km/dB.

3. There may be deviation between the radius in simulation and the one calculated

in link budget, mainly the deviation is relatively big in mountain area, and

generally in plain area the deviation should be within 100m~200m.

4. If uplink in link budget is limited, there is also a certain deviation between

coverage simulation result and link budget result. It is mainly due to the fact

that simulation only calculates downlink path loss without considering uplink

path loss. The case will appear that the radius in simulation is bigger than the

estimated result of cell radius in link budget.

5. For the configurations, meanings and impacts of k7 and Clutter, see

“Simulation FAQ”.

1.2.6 Size Estimation (Coverage)

When the coverage radius of the typical level in every kind of environment

(DU/MU/SU/RU/Road) is obtained, it is necessary to calculate the area covered by a



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single site. The formula is:

● Omni site

S single site = 2.6 x R^2

● Directional site

S single site = 1.95 x R^2

When we get S single site, we use divide the area of each Polygon by the area

of the corresponding single site, and we get the number of the sites within this

Polygon.

By adding up the numbers of the sites within all Polygons, it is possible to get

the site size of the whole network.

For directional site, the cell radius is R (the side length of regular hexagon is 1/2R).

The area of each regular hexagon is 3 x sqr t (3) R*R/8, and the area of three regular

hexagons in one three-sector base station is 9 x sqrt (3) R*R/8, which is approximately

equal to 1.94856*R*R. Reserve two digits after the decimal point, and the coverage

area of one three-sector base station is 1.95*R*R.

In the network with ideal cell topology, the distance between two three-sector

directional sites is 1.5R.


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For omni site, the cell radius is R (the side length of the regular hexagon is R).

The area of each regular hexagon is 6 x sqrt (3)*R*R/4, which is approximate equal to

2.598076*R*R. Cancel the two digits after the decimal point, and the coverage area of

one omni cell is 2.6*R*R.

In the network with ideal cell topology, the distance between two omni sites is about

1.73R.

1.2.7 Site Layout

When the network size is obtained, in the next step it is necessary to lay these sites out

into each Polygon. There are two methods:

1. Automatic site layout and manual adjustment

When Polygon is drawn, it is advisable to use automatic site layout tool to

complete automatic site layout. The principle of automatic site layout is based

on the coverage radius of the set cell, and to draw grid within Polygon. The

sites laid out with the automatic site layout tool are evenly distributed in

various Polygons.

Currently the self-developed tool APSTool (Automatic Plotting Site Tool) can

support automatic site layout and use license to control the use authority. Later

we integrate this tool into planning simulation soft CNP.

Currently the automatic site layout tool supports:

For vacant network, it is advisable to lay sites according to ideal cell.

Import the sites of the existing network and combine the sites of the automatic



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site layout result and the existing network sites by defining certain combination

rules, and use the existing resources of existing networks.

Analyze abnormal sites, list all sites that break the rules and are within too short

distance, and implement automatic association of maps to facilitate engineers to

adjust some sites.

Of course, one of the input conditions of automatic site layout tool is Polygon. Without

this input, automatic site layout cannot be implemented.

Manual site layout

Manually lay out sites in plan area, and workload increases obviously. For project short

of Polygon, it is only possible to lay out sites manually.

1.2.8 Coverage Simulation

Import site layout result into AIRCOM or CNP simulation software and conduct field

intensity coverage simulation. Because the simulation software considers the factors in

the electronic map such as topographic relief, the simulated coverage map and the

coverage radius of the single site may be somewhat inconsistent with the radius

estimated in link budget. Reasonably adjust some sites whose coverage is obstructed by

landform or whose coverage is too big due to landform so as to meet coverage index.

One of the conditions for simulation is that it is necessary to have electronic map in

3-dimensional Planet format without which simulation cannot be done.

1.3 Prompt for Key Points

1. If the required receiving level is directly appointed by the carrier, in link budget

it is only necessary to consider shadow fading margin, and all other margins

can be ignored. At this time, the receiving level defined by the customer is

thought to be sufficient to ensure reliable reception for end subscribers, and in

planning, it is only necessary to consider shadow fading margin to ensure

coverage probability.

2. If the required receiving level is not appointed, instead it is calculated

according to receiving sensitivity (our recommended value), in link budget, it is

necessary to consider all margins on the basis of the sensitivity in order to

ensure reliable reception.


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3. In coverage simulation, if we use AIRCOM and need to reflect coverage

probability, we need to consider slow fading margin on EiRP (or PA value). For

example, when the size of the pre-sales bidding project is estimated and its sites

are also laid out, it is necessary t o consider the coverage of the corresponding

coverage probability. If CNP simulation is used, it is unnecessary to consider

the slow fading margin on PA, it is possible to bet coverage subcell graphic by

setting std dev of various clutters, target coverage probability and target edge

coverage level (acceptance level). The graphic layers displayed by various

colors in the graph are the coverage ok graphs of the corresponding subcell

layers.

4. In coverage simulation, if it is unnecessary to reflect coverage probability, it is

no longer necessary to consider any margin on the basis of EiRP (or PA value).

For example no margin needs to be considered in CW test propagation

correction, and the comparison between the path test of the existing network

and simulation result (when it does not reflect coverage probability)

5. Propagation model correction is very necessary, propagation model

documentation and base establishment are equally important, and it is necessary

to push many departments to jointly concern with it. Automatic tool for

propagation model selection is developed in CNP road map so that it is possible

to select from the propagation model base the propagation model similar to the

current environment.

6. Drawing Polygon is the precondition for automatic site layout tool.

7. In simulation, it is necessary to consider k7. The algorithm for the effective

height of BTS antenna is recommended to set to be Relative or Slop.

Particularly, in the environment where there are mountains and hills with

relatively large ups and downs of landforms, it is necessary to adopt Relative or

Slop algorithm. Propagation mode correction tool in CNP can correct the K

value of regular models and it can also provide the effective height of BTS

antenna and the diffraction algorithm that most comply with this environment.

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2 Descriptions of Various Parameters in Link Budget

Uplink/downlink power balance link budget plays a key role in estimating size as well

as one of the technical points with which customers are concerned most. To facilitate

you to operate and understand it and to unify the output, we have successively

developed two sets of link budget tools: Excel-based link budget tool programmed with

VBA macro, and exe tool (recommended to use) developed on the basis of the former.

Chapter 2 describes in detail the meanings of various parameters in link budget, and

precautions in the setup.

2.1 Mainstream Equipment

2.1.1 Mainstream Equipment

Link budget tool contains the mainstream equipment of ZTE in three periods, namely,

V2 series, 8000 series and SDR series. S8001in 8000 series is Pico base station,

generally to satisfy indoor coverage, the current link budget tool does not contain (it is

mainly due to the fact that macro cell model is not applicable to indoor signal

propagation prediction).

V2 equipment is no longer promoted in bidding, use 8000 series and SDR series base

stations as much as possible when there is no special requirement or when equipment is

not appointed.

Product Series BTS TYPE

SDR series

RU02

RU60

R8860

8000 series

B8018

B8112

M8202

M8206

V2 series

BTS V2

OB06

BS30


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BS21


1. The difference of carrier frequency output powers of different mainstream

equipment and carrier frequency configuration factors cause different set-top

output powers for each type of equipment under each type of combiner mode,

having a relatively big impact on link budget. Before conducting link budget, it

is necessary to firstly confirm with the International Market Department the

equipment promoted in various scenarios for this bidding, and get the latest

parameters of the equipment and unify the standard in order to avoid the

inconsistency between the link budget parameter and the equipment actually

used.

2. For the link budget of bidding project, calculate according to the equipment

actually selected and the nominal index.

3. For the link budget of the existing network, when the set-top output power is

actually measured, fill in set-top output power according to the real conditions.

If no actual measurement is conducted, then calculate according to nominal

index.

4. For the nominal index parameters of the specific equipment, refer to PD or the

quick-finding manual for product index. Download PD and quick-finding

manual for the latest product index in the equipment materials of GSM product

material server, and it is also advisable to pay attention to materials released via

mails.

2.1.2 Carrier Frequency/Set-top Output Power

The following is a list showing the carrier frequencies/set-top output powers of various

main equipment types, pay attention to the descriptions in the remark.

Equipment

Type

TX POWER

Remark GMSK(Voice,

CS1~CS4,MCS1~MCS4) 8-PSK(MCS5~MCS9)

RU02 45w (set-top power) 28w (set-top power)

Set-top power is related to carrier frequency

configuration. It is applicable when the

number of carrier frequencies in each cell is

smaller than 4. When it is bigger than 2 carrier

frequencies, it needs to pass a combiner, and



17171717

its loss is 3dB. It supports

DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC technology. It is dual

density carrier.

RU60 60w (set-top power) 40w (set-top power)

Set-top power is related to the number of logic

carrier frequencies configured on each RRU. It

supports DDT/FWDR/IRC technology, but

does not support DPCT. It is multi-density

carrier.

R8860 60w (set-top power) 40w(set-top power)

Set-top power is related to the number of logic

carrier frequencies configured on each RRU. It

supports DDT/FWDR/IRC technology, but

does not support DPCT. It is multi-density

carrier.

B8018 60w (carrier frequency

output power)

40w (carrier frequency

output power)

Set-top power is related to cell carrier

frequency configuration, combiner selection

and whether to add antenna. It supports


density carrier.

B8112 60w (carrier frequency

output power)

40w( carrier frequency

output power)

Set-top power is related to cell carrier


and whether to add antenna. It supports


density carrier.

M8202 30w (set-top power) 19w(set-top power)

M8202 has no Combiner (without built-in or

external one), set-top output is always 30w

(GMSK)/19w (8PSK), and does not support

DPCT, and it only supports DDT/FWDR/IRC.

t is dual density carrier.

M8206 30w (set-top power) 18w (set-top power)

M8206 has external combiner ECU and

considers ECU loss when it is necessary to

combine paths. In DPCT, ECU is introduced to

synthesize power in ECU, and then return it to

the CMB within the carrier frequency for

phase detection. At this time, ECU loss is no

longer calculated. M8206 supports

DPCT/DDT/FWDR/IRC. It is dual density

carrier.


18181818

BTSV2

850M/1800M/1900M:

60W (EDGE carrier

frequency)

40w (non-EDGE carrier

frequency)

900M/EGSM:

60W (EDGE carrier

frequency)


frequency)


frequency)

All are carrier frequency

output power

40w (EDGE carrier

frequency)


output power

Set-top output power is related to cell carrier


and whether to add antenna. It does not

support coverage enhancement technique.

EDGE carrier frequency power is 60w. There

are still two other carrier frequencies that do

not support EDGE, and their output powers are

respectively 40w and 80w. Where, only

GSM900M has the power of 80w, and other 3

frequency bands, namely, 850M, 1800M, and

1900M do not have.

OB06

850M/1800M/1900M:

60W (EDGE carrier

frequency)


frequency)

900M/EGSM:

60W(EDGE carrier

frequency)


frequency)


frequency)


output power

40w (EDGE carrier

frequency)


output power

Set-top power is relate to cell carrier frequency

configuration, combiner combination and

whether to add antenna. It does not support

coverage enhancement technique. EDGE

carrier frequency power is 60w. There are still

two other carrier frequencies that do not

support EDGE, and their output powers are




1900M do not have.

BS30

900M/EGSM:

2W (used as indoor

coverage )

40W

1800M:

2W (used as indoor

coverage )

20W


output power

900M/EGSM:

2W (used as indoor

coverage )

40W

1800M:

2W (used as indoor

coverage )

20W


output power

There is 1 carrier frequency for each cabinet of

BS30. In indoor coverage, the carrier

frequency output power is 2w. In outdoor

coverage, carrier frequency output power is

40w (900), 20w (1800).



19191919

BS21

850M/1800M/1900M:

60W (EDGE carrier

frequency)


frequency)

900M/EGSM:

60W(EDGE carrier

frequency)


frequency)


frequency)


output power

40w (EDGE carrier

frequency)


output power

Set-top power is relate to cell carrier frequency

configuration, combiner combination and

whether to add antenna. It does not support

coverage enhancement technique. EDGE

carrier frequency power is 60w. There are still

two other carrier frequencies that do not

support EDGE, and their output powers are




1900M do not have.

2.1.3 Combiner

2.1.3.1 Combiner Loss List

Loss of combiner unit used on SDR series equipment:

In adopting RU02 (or RU02 + RU02A) to configure the cell to be S4, it is necessary to

pass Combiner within TPAU unit (recorded as COM here), and the combiner loss is

3dB (those of 900M and 1800M are all 3dB).

Loss of combiner used in V3 series equipment:

Combiner (900M) Loss (dB)

CDUG 4.4

CEUG 3.5

CENG 5.3

CENG/2 5.3

ECDUG 1

ECU 3.5


CDUD 4.6

CEUD 3.6

CEND 5.5

CEND/2 5.5

ECDUD 1

ECU 3.5


20202020

Loss of combiner used in V2 series equipment:


CDUG 4.4

CEUG 3.5

ECDUG 1


CDUD 4.6

CEUD 3.6

ECDUD 1

2.1.3.2 NCDU

(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal structure connection diagram

NCDU port description:

TX1-2: TX port connecting DTRU

ETX: Output port connecting built-in/external combiner

RX1-4: RX port connecting DTRU

ERX1-2: Connect NCEU and NCEN to expand the quantity of carrier frequencies of

single cell.

According to different operation frequency bands, NCDU is divided into NCDUG

(900M frequency band) and NCDUD (1800M frequency band). NCDU module has

built-in combiner and directly provides external antenna interface.



21212121

2.1.3.3 NCEU

(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram

NCEU port description:

OTX1-2: ETX port connecting NCDU

ERX1-2:ERX port connecting NCDU



According to different operation frequency bands, NCEU can be divided into NCEUG

(900M frequency band) and NCEUD (1800M frequency band). NCEU mainly

functions to expand TX and RX port quantity. ERX1/2 and OTX1/2 respectively

connect to the splitter that splits one path into two and the combiner that combines two

paths into one. When it is used together with CDU unit, it is possible to conveniently

expand the capacity of B8018, B8112 base station from S444 to S888.


22222222

2.1.3.4 NCEN

(a) is front panel diagram, and (b) is internal connection diagram.

NCEN port description:

OTX1-2: ETX port connecting NCDU

ERX1-2: ERX port connecting NCDU



According to different operation frequency bands, NCEN can be divided into CENG

(900M frequency band) and CEND (1800M frequency band). The main advantage of

NCEU module lies in its ability to implement quick capacity expansion. All carrier

frequency modules are connected to NCDU via NCEN. ERX1/2 port and OTX1/2 port

butt the corresponding RX/TX ports of NCDU. Via combined application, it is possible

to implement the case in which 12 carrier frequencies in one cell use only one pair of

antenna and feeder.

When quantity of carrier frequencies is 5~6 carrier frequencies, it is advisable to use

NCEN/2 + CDU Bypass to reduce combiner loss and to balance the power at the same

time. The difference between NCEN/2 and NCEN is that NCEN contains two splitters,

each of which splits one route into four routes while NCEN/2 contains two splitters,

each of which splits one route into two routes. The diagram for the internal connection



23232323

of NCEN/2 is shown in the figure below.


24242424

2.1.3.5 NECDU


NECDU port description:

ITX: TXcom port connecting DTRU

RX1-2:RX port connecting DTRU

RXD1-2: RX div port connecting DTRU

According to different operation frequency bands, NECDU is divided into NECDUG

(900 frequency band) and NECDUD (1800 frequency band). NECDU module is the

special combiner/splitter module when the base station adopts DPCT and 4 way

diversity reception technology. In the module, there are only one set of duplexer and

two way receiving splitter units. It is possible to conveniently to enable 2 carrier

frequencies to implement 4 way diversity receptions. For heavily configured site, in

order to implement DPCT and 4 way diversity reception technology, it is necessary to

use NCDU to replace NECDU in order to provide more diversity reception ports.



25252525

2.1.3.6 NMCDU


NMCDU port description

ITX: TXcom port connecting DTRU or output port connecting built-in combiner


RXD1-2: RX div port connecting DTRU

According to different operation frequency bands, NMCDU is divided into NMCDUG

(900M frequency band) and NMCDUD (1800M frequency band). The module has a

built-in duplexer and 2 way receptions, it is possible to use one NMCDU module to

implement diversity reception. This combiner is designed specially to meet the

demands of co-frame networking of dual frequency network. By using NMCDU, single

rack of B8018 base station can configure a maximum of S222 (frequency band 1) +

S444 (frequency band2); and single rack of B8112 base station can configure a

maximum of S222 (frequency band 1) + S222 (frequency band 2). If the carrier needs

further expansion, it is necessary to adopt NCDU to replace NMCDU. Additionally,

NMCDU can also be used to deploy and implement DPCT and FWDR enhancement

coverage technology.

2.1.3.7 ECU

ECU is combiner extension module, which is passive module. It is mainly used to

conduct extension configuration and provide external combiner function, and is used in

the cases such as DPCT and indoor coverage. ECU is external combiner unit and is


26262626

used according to real configuration and installed at the bottom of RTU. The figure

below shows its internal structure:

ECU includes ECDU and ECGU, which can be used in the following two

configurations.

● ECGU: 824 MHz~960 MHz frequency range

● ECDU: 1710 MHz~1990 MHz frequency range

The figure below shows the ECU external structure.

ECU External Interface Description

Interface ID Description

COM0 Connect to antenna or load port

COM1

ANT0 Connect to RTU

ANT1



27272727

MON Connect to RTU

LOAD Connect to COM0 or COM1

● Through combination, the signals of the two ports of ANT0 and ANT1 are

output from COM0 and COM1. According to site type configuration

requirement, COM0 and COM1 can select to connect antenna or load port.

● MON port can conduct coupling on the output power of COM0 port and send it

to RTU for detection.

● LOAD provide absorption load.

2.1.3.8 EFU

EFU is external filter unit. It consists of two filters with the same index, installed on

the back of base station RTU. It receives via the antenna two ways diversity signals

with the same frequency band, at the same time, it interferes with signals beyond the

signal frequency band and suppresses spurious radiation. Use it according to real

configuration. The external filter is applied in S1/1 site or in the case in which it is

necessary to increase diversity antennae.

The figure below shows the exterior structure of the filter.

EFU External Interface Description

Interface ID Interface Model Description

ANT0 N model connector Connect to antenna

ANT1

RX0 TNC model connector Connect to RTU

RX1


28282828

2.1.4 Networking Combiner Modes and Corresponding Losses of Various Main Equipment

2.1.4.1 B8200 + RU60

S1/1/1-S6/6/6 (do not use DDT and FWDR)

For single sector with 6TRX sites or less, RF configuration and connection are

completely different, it is necessary to configure 3 pieces of RU60 modules for both,.

For base band, according to the TRX quantity, it is necessary to configure one UBPG it

is below S4/4/4, and to configure two pieces of UBPGs when it exceeds 12 TRX. The

figure below shows the connection of RU60 antenna and feeder. In the configuration,

the total set-top output power of each cell is 60W, and the power is equally shared by

various TRXs.

For example, there are 1 RRU and 3 carriers for each cell, the set-top output power of

each carrier is 60/3 = 20w.

S7/7/7-S12/12/12 (do not use DDT and 4-way transmission diversity)

When the sinle sector exceeds 6 carrier frequencies, it is necessary to configure two

RU60 modules for each cell. In terms of base band, the quantity of base band boards is

still determined according to carrier frequency quantity. When each cell has two pieces



29292929

of RU60, it is still necessary to have a duplex bipolarization antenna, and the two

pieces of RU60 are bridged via extension RX interface. The set-top output power of

each RU60 maintains 60W, which is equally shared by various TRXs. The specific

antenna connection is as follows:

S1/1/1-S6/6/6 (use DDT + FWDR)

When transmitting and receiving diversity technology is adopted, each cell must be

configured with two pieces of RU60, at the same time, it is also necessary to have two

duplex bipolarization antennae. The same signal transmitted by two pieces of RU60 is

logically thought to be in the carrier frequency. At this time, the quantity of base band

boards needs to be calculated according to the quantity of physical carrier frequencies.

For example S4/4/4 under DDT+FWDR mode should calculate and configure base

bands according to 24TRX. The connection of antenna and feeder under this mode is

shown in the figure below:


30303030

Additonally, the configuration principle of dual frequency networking is the same as

that of the single one. The difference is that each RU60 module can only support one

frequency band, so the dual requency cell needs at least two RU modules. For example,

for GSM900S222 + GSM1800S222, it is necessary to configure one RU60-900 and

one RU60-1800 for each cell. If it is necessary to share the antenna and the feeder, it is

also necessary to configure external bandwidty combiner.

2.1.4.2 B8200 + RU02 (RU02A)

1. Configure via RU02

● Single RU02 supports S2 configuration (does not use DDT or FWDR), and the

set-top output is 45w (GMSK).



31313131

● RU02 supports 4 diversity reception S2 configuration and the set-top output is

45w (GMSK).

TX 1TX 2PA1 PA2

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_OUT1

RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

IN1

IN2

OUT

TX 1TX 2

TDUP

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX22

LNA_

RX21

RX_OUT1

RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

Note: In the figure above, for RU02 module, only TDUP module is drawn, which is necessary for schematic diagram, and

it does not mean this module has a special structure or other module. There are similar cases in the following figures, see


32323232

them.

● Single RU02 supports S2 configuration (uses DDT and FWDR), and its set-top

output is 45w (GMSK).

RU02 has only two antenna ports, so it is necessary to input another two diversity

receivers from other modules. Under 4 diversity S1 configuration, it is necessary to add

one RU02 unit to implement another 2 ways of diversity reception. At this time, it is

advisable to adopt delay transmission diversity technology to improve the downlink

quality of the 2 ways of transmission, or the two ways of transmission can adopt DPTC

mode, and upon power combination, output large power to improve downlink quality.

TX 1TX 2PA2 PA1

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_OUT1

RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

IN1

IN2

OUT

TX 1TX 2PA2 PA1

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_

OUT

1RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

IN1

IN2

OUT

● S2 configures 4 diversity receivers + DPCT, and its set-top output power is 80w

(GMSK).



33333333

TX 1TX 2PA2 PA1

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_OUT1

RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

TX 1TX 2PA2 PA1

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_

OUT

1RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

● S4 (does not use DDT and FWDR), and its set-top output power is 22.5w

(GMSK).


34343434

TX 1TX 2PA2 PA1

TPAUTDUP

RPDC

LNA_

RX11

LNA_

RX12

LNA_

RX21

LNA_

RX22

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

RX_OUT1

RX_OUT2

RX_IN1

RX_IN2

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

PA2 PA1

TPAU

RPDC

TTRU

RX1

RX2

RX3

RX4

TX_OUT

RX_IN1

RX_IN0

TX1

TX2

TX1

TX2

COM

TX_OUT

Networking is conducted via RU02A.

There is no antenna and feeder interface on RU02A panel, and as compared with RU02,

its interior has one TDUP module less. So it is impossible to conduct separate

networking configuration for RU02A.

RU02A processes base band signals and conversion of RF signals. It does not have

antenna and feeder port, so it is impossible to conduct separate configuration for

RU02A. When it is unnecessary to implement 4 way diversity reception, or when it

combines with RU02 to expands its capacity from S2 to S4 or when it forms S4 with

RU02 for use , the set-top output power is 22.5w (GMSK). In this mode, S4 is

configured via two RU02, it is possible to reduce a part of the cost and lowers power

consumption.



35353535

2.1.4.3 B8200+R8860

B8200 + R8860 implements remote radio head, which is called BBU + RRU form. It is

advisable to install it near the antenna in order to save feeder loss.

The calculation method of R8860 set-top output power is the same as that of RU60,

and no further description is provided here.

BBU+RRU can be applied in special scenarios such as indoor areas in buildings,

tunnels, high-speed railways and highways.

2.1.4.4 B8018

One cabinet of B8018 can support a maximum of 18 carriers, configures a maximum of

S666, supports the cascade of 3 cabinets, and supports a maximum of S18/18/18


36363636

configuration.

For the specific configuration, see “ZXG_DCI_060302_V601_0705 ZXG10 B8018

Configuration Guide.doc”.

TRX Number Solution 850/900 1800/1900 Remark

1 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

2 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

CDU 4.4 4.6

3 CDU 4.4 4.6

4 CDU 4.4 4.6

5 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

CDU(BYPASS)+CENU 6.3 6.5

6 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2


7 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

8 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

9~12

CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

3 pairs of

antennae/cell,

and increases

antenna cost

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1 2 pairs of

antennae/cell

13~18

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

3 pairs of

antennae/cell,

2-level combiner

CDU+CEU+CENU 13.2 13.7

2 pairs of

antennae/cell,

and set-top at this

time is only about

2w.

2.1.4.5 B8112

One cabinet of B8112 supports a maximum of 12 carriers, configures a maximum of

S444, supports the cascade of 3 cabinets, and supports a maximum of S12/12/12

configurations.

For the specific configuration, see “ZXG_DCI_060303_V601_0705 ZXG10 B8112




37373737

TRX

Number Solution 850/900 1800/1900 Remark

1 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

The same as 8018

2 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

CDU 4.4 4.6

3 CDU 4.4 4.6

4 CDU 4.4 4.6

5 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2


6 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2


7 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

8 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

9~12 CDU+CENU 9.7 10.1

It supports a

maximum of

S12/12/12

2.1.4.6 M8202

Each cabinet of M8202 has 2 carriers, supports the maximal cascade of 3 cabinets, and

supports a maximum of S2/2/2 configuration.

M8202 does not support combiner (without built-in or external one), so it does not

support DPCT.

M8202 set-top output is always 30w (GMSK)/19w (8PSK).

Each TRX has RX/TX and separate RX diversity reception channel, so it supports the

case that the 2 carrier frequencies in one cabinet are divided into two cells, S11.

For specific configuration, see “ZXG_DCI_060305_V601_0706 ZXG10 M8202


2.1.4.7 M8206

M8206 is modular base station. In principle, for site type S11, S111 or omni site O1,

O2 site type, it is recommended to use DPCT. For site type S22, S222, it is not

recommended to use DPCT (carrier frequency is doubled), and record set-top 30w

(GMSK). For S444 type configuration, it is not recommended to use DPCT, and if it is

necessary to reach set-top power 30w (GMSK), the number of antennae configured


38383838

should be doubled, otherwise, set-top power is 13w.

For indoor coverage, generally receiver diversity is not necessary. For outdoor

coverage, generally receiver diversity is necessary.

Configuration

Type

Enhancement

Technique

CTU

Quantity RTU Quantity

ECU

Quantity

EFU

Quantity

Antenna

Quantity

Set-top

Output

Power

O1 - 1

1 (single carrier

frequency

module)

0 0 1 30

O1 DPCT 1 1 1 0 1 53

O1 DDT/receiver

diversity 1 1 0 0 2 30

O1 DPCT/4diversity

reception 1 1 0 1 4 53

O2 - 1 1 1 0 1 13.5

O2 Receiver diversity 1 1 0 0 2 30

O2 DPCT 1 2 2 0 2 53

O2 DDT/receiver

diversity 1 2 2 0 2 13.5

O4 receiver diversity 1 2 2 0 2 13.5

O4 4 way receiver


S111 - 1

2 (1 single

carrier

frequency

module)

0 0 3 30

S111 DDT/receiver


S111 DPCT 1 3 3 0 3 53

S11 - 1 1 0 1 4 30

S22 - 1 2 2 0 2 13.5

S22 Receiver diversity 1 2 0 0 4 30

S222 - 1 3 3 0 3 13.5

S222 Receiver diversity 1 3 0 0 6 30

S444 Receiver diversity 2 6 6 0 6 13.5

For specific configuration, see “ZXG_DCI_060304_V611_0809 ZXG10 M8206




39393939

2.1.4.8 BTSV2 TRX Number Solution 850/900 1800/1900

BTS V2 1 CDU 4.4 4.6

CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

2 CDU 4.4 4.6

CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

3 CDU 4.4 4.6

4 CDU 4.4 4.6

5~12 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

2.1.4.9 OB06 TRX Number Solution 850/900 1800/1900

OB06 1 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

CDU 4.4 4.6

2 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

CDU 4.4 4.6

3 CDU 4.4 4.6

4 CDU 4.4 4.6

5 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

6 CDU+CEU 7.9 8.2

2.1.4.10 BS30

BS30 needs to deduct 1dB duplexer loss.

2.1.4.11 BS21 TRX Number Solution 850/900 1800/1900

BS21 1 ECDU 1 1

2 CDU(BYPASS) 1 1

4 CDU 4.4 4.6

2.1.5 Coverage Enhancement Technique

2.1.5.1 DPCT

Dual Power Combining Transmission (DPCT), namely, two transmitters send out the

same burst pulse at the same time, and forms via combiner one carrier in form, thereby

getting the maximum transmitting gain of 3dB. The nominal gain of DPCT to downlink

is 2.5dB.

DPCT and DDT in the following paragraph cannot be used at the same time.


40404040

When DPCT technology is adopted, the carrier frequency quantity needs to be doubled,

and single site cost is increased. However, in term of network size, it is possible to

reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with uplink coverage

enhancement technique TMA, or FWDR, IRC.

2.1.5.2 DDT

Downlink delay diversity transmission refers to the case in which two transmitters send

the same signal within a short delay, and the two transmitters are used as one “virtual

transmitter”, and mobile phone terminal receives the two signals which carry the same

information and completely different interference noises, and conducts diversity

processing to strengthen downlink signals. Time domain delay value can be set at

OMC client with step-length being 0.125, and the maximum step-length can reach ± 5

fields. It can get the maximum signal gain of 3dB. The nominal gain of DDT to

downlink is 3dB. DDT and DPCT cannot be used at the same time.

When DDT technology is adopted, the carrier frequency quantity needs to be doubled,

and single site cost is increased. However, in term of network size, it is possible to

reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with uplink coverage

enhancement technique TMA, or FWDR, IRC.

2.1.5.3 FWDR

FWDR (Four Way Diversity Receive) technology, namely, each transmission channel

has 4 ways of diversity reception, and relative to common 2 way diversity, FWDR

brings an additional gain of 2~5dB. Generally we get the uplink gain of 2dB. At this

time, the general 2 way diversity gain 3dB is also calculated together, that is, the real

diversity gain is 5dB.

FWDR requires 4 pairs of antennae for each cell, and the cost of antenna and feeder of

the single site has doubled. However, in terms of the whole network size, it is possible

to reduce the quantity of sites. It is usually used together with downlink coverage

enhancement technique DDT, DPCT or jumper or combiner.

2.1.5.4 IRC

In all received signals, select from the RX of DTRU the signal with the largest power.

The comparison results are generated in DTRU and are combined into relatively large

received signals for further demodulation. That is the maximum ratio combination

technology MRC.



41414141

IRC (Interference Rejection Combining) function can be thought to be a kind of more

advanced diversity reception function, which can improve the quality of uplink signal

and gain. Via software combination, it is possible to improve C/I gain by 11dB and to

get the gain of 5-6dB in typical urban area. IRC requires two way receiving antennae

(receiver diversity), and we get generally 3dB for IRC gain.

The following table sums up how the current SDR, V3 and V2 equipment support the

above four coverage enhancement techniques.

Equipment

Type DPCT DDT IRC FWDR

RU02 Y Y Y Y

RU60 N Y Y Y

R8860 N Y Y Y

B8018 Y Y Y Y

B8112 Y Y Y Y

M8202 N Y Y Y

M8206 Y Y Y Y

BTSV2 N N N N

OB06 N N N N

BS30 N N N N

BS21 N N N N

2.2 MS Transmission Power

According to GSM protocol, MS transmission power is specified according to different

Classes:

Power

Class

GSM 900 Nominal

Maximum output

power

DCS 1800

Nominal Maximum

output power

PCS 1900

Nominal Maximum

output power

1 - - - - - - 1 W (30 dBm) 1 W (30 dBm)

2 8 W (39 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm)

3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)

4 2 W (33 dBm)

5 0.8 W (29 dBm)

Currently most mobile phones in the market support 4 types of GSM900 terminals, 2W

(33dBm).

The terminal that supports DCS1800 is Type 1, 1W (30dBm).


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In conducting link budget, do not consider power control. Calculate according to the

standard that the maximum transmission power of GSM900 MS is 33dBm, and the

maximum transmission power of GSM1800 MS is 30dBm.

2.3 Sensitivity

2.3.1 BTS Receiver Sensitivity

2.3.1.1 Definition of Receiver Sensitivity

Receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum signal power that the receiver input end

must reach in order to ensure that signals can be successfully detected and decoded (or

to maintain the necessary FER).

2.3.1.2 Calculation of Receiver Sensitivity

The formula for calculating receiver sensitivity is:

Sin (dBm) = hot noise power + system noise coefficient + signal to noise ratio

Where,

1. Sin (dBm) is receiver sensitivity.

2. The formula for calculating hot noise power is K*T*BRF (dBm).

● K is Boltzmann constant (W/Hz/K) and it is equal to 1.381 x 10-23

W/Hz/K.

● T is temperature (K). Room temperature is 290K.

● BRF is RF carrier bandwidth (Hz), which is 200000Hz.

Hot noise power = 10 x log (1.381 x 10-23

W/Hz/K x 290K x 200000Hz x 1000mW/W)

= -121 dBm

System noise coefficient NF

When the signal passes the receiver, the receiver adds noise to the signal, and noise

coefficient is a method for measuring the added noise. In value, it is equal to input

signal to noise ratio divided by output signal to noise ratio. The formula is:

input

out

SNRF

SNR= (2.2.1-1)

It characterizes the degradation degree of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) after signal



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passes the system, the ideal scenario is the system has no additional noise, and it only

amplifies input signal and noise at the same time, and at this time, F＝1. However in a

real case, this scenario cannot happen. In active network, the noise increases due to the

gain just as the signal does and there are also additional hot noise and shot noise

generated by active components

For passive network whose attenuation is L, noise is kTB, and output signal changes

into 1/L of the input. According to the definition in formula (2.2.1-1), at this time, the

noise coefficient is L. So after the signal passes the system, SNR degrades, F>1.

Generally we, we habitually use dB to express this coefficient, namely

10logNF F= (2.2.1-2)

It is usually the case that we want to the noise coefficient of the whole system when we

know the noise feature of the component. The figure below provides a typical cascade

system diagram, which F, G respectively stand for the noise factor, gain and bandwidth

of various parts. In this way, the noise coefficient of whole system is:

321 1

1 1 2

1

1 11 n

n

i

i

F FFF F

G G GG

−

=

− −−= + + + +

∏L (2.2.1-3)

From this formula it is easy to see that the first noise coefficient has the largest impact

on the whole noise coefficient, so in receiver, the first one tends to be low noise

amplifier (LNA).

In formula (2.2.1-3), denominator

1

1

n

i

i

G−

=

∏ can actually be seen as the total gain of

the preceding n-1 ones (here G is not converted into dB).

In ZTE GSM_BTS receiving system, noise coefficient is approximately NF (dB) =

2.5.Where, the noise coefficient of the front end duplexer + LNA is 2, and its gain is

19.2. The noise coefficient of the back end receiver is 10.

Eb/No (dB): Minimum signal to noise ratio required in demodulation. For GMSK, it


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should not be bigger than 9dB. Eb/No of ZTE GSM system can reach 7dB.

To sum up the above, BTS receiver sensitivity=-121+2.5+7=-111.5dBm.

2.3.1.3 BTS Receiver Sensitivity List

The following table shows the nominal the static receiver sensitivities of various

products. In link budget, calculate according to static nominal sensitivities.

BTS TYPE 850M 900M/EGSM 1800M 1900M

RU02 -112 -112 -112 -112

RU60 -112 -112 -112 -112

R8860 -112 -112 -112 -112

B8018 -112 -112 -112 -112

B8112 -112 -112 -112 -112

M8202 -112 -112 -112 -112

M8206 -112 -112 -112 -112

BTS V2 -110 -110 -110 -110

OB06 -110 -110 -110 -110

BS30 -110 -110 -110 -110

BS21 -110 -110 -110 -110

The following table shows the BTS receiver sensitivities under static, TU50 no SFH,

HT100 no SFH and RA250 no SFH conditions that are provided by the R&D

Department. Where, the R&D Department has not provided GSM1800 static receiver

sensitivity, and here calculate it according to GSM900 temporarily.

GSM900 GSM1800

Static

TU50

no

SFH

HT100

no SFH

RA250

no SFH Static

TU50

no SFH

HT100

no SFH

RA250

no SFH

TCH/FS -112 -104 -104 -104 -112 -104 -104 -104

PDTCH/CS1 -113.5 -104 -103 -104 -113.5 -104 -103 -104

PDTCH/CS2 -111.5 -100 -99 -101 -111.5 -100 -99 -101

PDTCH/CS3 -110.5 -98 -96 -98 -110.5 -98 -94 -98

PDTCH/CS4 -105 -90 * * -105 -88 * *

PDTCH/MCS1 -111.5 -102.5 -102 -103 -111.5 -102.5 -101.5 -103

PDTCH/MCS2 -111 -100.5 -100 -100.5 -111 -100.5 -99.5 -100.5

PDTCH/MCS3 -110 -96.5 -95.5 -92.5 -110 -96.5 -94.5 -92.5

PDTCH/MCS4 -107.5 -91 * * -107.5 -90.5 * *

PDTCH/MCS5 -104 -96.5 -95 -96 -104 -95.5 -93 -96

PDTCH/MCS6 -103 -94 -91 -91 -103 -94 -85.5 -91



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PDTCH/MCS7 -100.5 -89 -86** -87** -100.5 -87 * -87**

PDTCH/MCS8 -98.5 -84 -81.5** * -98.5 -86.5** * *

PDTCH/MCS9 -97.5 -80 * * -97.5 -83** * *

2.3.2 MS Receiver Sensitivity

MS receiver sensitivity is the minimum signal power necessary to be reached in order

to ensure that signal can be successfully detected and decoded.

Generally MS static receiver sensitivity is required to be -102dBm.

The following table shows the nominal indices of the MS receiver sensitivities under

static, TU50 no FH and TU50 idea FH conditions with reference to those of other

manufacturers. GSM900 GSM1800

Static TU50/TU50 idea FH Static TU50/TU50 idea FH

Voice -102 -102

CS1 -102 -102/-102 -102 -102/-102

CS2 -102 -98/-99 -102 -98/-98

CS3 -102 -96/-97 -102 -96/-96

CS4 -99 -89/-89 -99 -86/-86

MCS1 -104 -102.5/-103 -104 -102.5/-103

MCS2 -104 -100.5/-101 -104 -100.5/-101

MCS3 -104 -96.5/-96.5 -104 -96.5/-96.5

MCS4 -101.5 -91/-91 -101.5 -90.5/-90.5

MCS5 -98 -93/-94 -98 -93.5/-93.5

MCS6 -96 -91/-91.5 -96 -91/-91

MCS7 -93 -84/-84.5 -93 -81.5/-80.5

MCS8 -90.5 -83/-83 -90.5 -80/-80

MCS9 -86 -78.5/-78.5 -86 n.a/n.a

Like voice, in calculating data service, including the corresponding MS receiver

sensitivity in the calculation, thereby getting the minimum required level and design

level.

2.3.3 Gain of TMA to BTS Receiver Sensitivity

Tower amplifier includes two types: One-way tower amplifier (uplink, it is usually

called TMA) and two-way tower amplifier (uplink/downlink, usually called Booster).

Generally in a project, TMA is often used.


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TMA is a network equipment that improves receiving performance of the base station

by adding, at the front end of receiving system of the base station, namely, close to the

lower part of the antenna, a low noise and high linearity amplifier used to amplify

uplink signals to improve the level gain of the base station uplink. In technical

principle, TMA improves receiver system sensitivity of the base station by lowering the

noise coefficient of the receiver system of the base station. TMA improves the uplink

receiver sensitivity at the edge of coverage area, can effectively enlarge the uplink

receiving range of the base station and improves uplink/downlink balance.

Like TMA, Booster can lower the noise coefficient of the receiving end on uplink and

improve base station receiver sensitivity. As a power amplifier is added on downlink, it

can also improve downlink coverage.

The general performance parameters of TMA are as follows:

Parameter Index

Gain 12dB

TMA noise coefficient 1.6dB

Insertion loss 0.5dB

When TMA is introduced, it is necessary to increase bias T connector. This bias T

connector functions to isolate direct current within RF path and to isolate RF within

direct current path. Direct current is input from power distribution unit input and is

conveyed via coaxial cable to antenna/tower amplifier, and to supply power to low

noise amplifier. T connector insertion loss is 0.3dB.

Additionally, when TMA is introduced, it is necessary to increase two Din connectors

and a piece of 1/2 soft jumper (usually 2m), which are used to connect the main feeder

cable and tower amplifier. The loss of the two Din connector is 2 x 0.05dB. The loss of

2m 1/2 soft jumper is calculated to be 2m x 1/2 jumper per meter loss.

According to formula 2.2.1-3, it is possible to calculate the system noise coefficient

when TMA is added and when TMA is not added.

Suppose:

The base station noise coefficient = 2.5dB, and it is 1.7783 when it is converted into

non-dB.

The noise coefficient (before TMA is added) of feeder connector is equal to feeder

connector loss (before TMA is added) = 3dB, and it is 1.99526 when converted into



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non-dB.

Feeder connector gain (before TMA is added) is the reciprocal (non dB) of the loss,

0.501187, namely, dB calculation -3dB.

The noise coefficient of feeder connector (when TMA is added) is equal to feeder

connector loss (when TMA is added) = 3+0.3+0.05 x 2 +0.1 = 3.5dB, and is 2.23872

when converted into non dB.

Feeder connector gain (when TMA is added), is the reciprocal (non dB) of loss, and is

0.446684, namely, dB calculation -3.5dB.

TMA noise coefficient1.6dB is 1.44544 when converted into non dB.

TMA gain 12dB is 15.8489319 when converted into dB.

All take antenna port as reference points.

When TMA is not added

Regard BTS and feeder (containing connector) as one cascade system. For uplink, the

first level is feeder and the second level is BTS. At this time, the equivalent noise

coefficient of antenna port is calculated according to the following formula (include

them all according to non dB value):

NF1 = feeder loss when TMA is not added + (BTS noise coefficient-1)/feeder gain

when TMA is not added

Then,

NF1=3.54813

When converted into dB for expression, then

NF1=5.5dB

When TMA is added

Regard BTS, feeder (containing connector) and TMA as one cascade system. For

uplink, the first level is TMA, and the second level is feeder and the third level is BTS.

At this time, the equivalent noise coefficient of antenna port is calculated according to

the following formula (include them all according to non dB value):

NF2= TMA noise coefficient + (the feeder loss when TMA is added -1)/TMA gain +

(BTS noise coefficient-1)/(feeder gain when TMA is added *TMA gain)


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Then,

NF2=1.63353

If converted into dB for expression, then

NF2=2.131278dB

Noise coefficient gain to the system when TMA is added

TMA Contribution = NF1-NF2=5.5-2.131278=3.368722dB

It can be seen from the above calculation process that:

The gain obtained by using tower amplifier is related to the following several factors:

feeder cable loss, amplifier gain, amplifier noise coefficient, base station noise

coefficient. The bigger the feeder cable loss is, the bigger the amplifier gain is; the

smaller the amplifier noise coefficient is, the bigger the base station noise coefficient is;

and the bigger the function of using tower amplifier to improve the whole system noise

coefficient is. Contrarily, the smaller the gain of improving the whole system noise

coefficient is.

Additionally, it is necessary to note that: Tower amplifier mainly functions to improve

uplink coverage, but in fact it is an active component which objectively increases

interference with downlink, equivalent to increasing downlink load and reducing the

real capacity of downlink. In link budget, downlink needs to increase 0.5dB insertion

loss generated by introduction of TMA.

In the system, tower amplifier is not suitable for use in the environment of urban area

or dense city area. TMA is suitable for use in suburban area, vast rural areas and on

highways.

2.4 Feeder, Jumper and Connector

2.4.1 Without Tower Amplifier

The cables leading out set-top box are all installed with DF connectors and DM

connectors are installed at both ends of the soft jumper.

Jumper

Set-top—discharger (indoor jumper), top of main feeder— antenna (outdoor jumper)



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For the sake of simplification, the length of this part of jumper is generally 5m by

default.

The following table shows the typical loss value of every 100 m jumper:

Feeder Type 850/900 1800/1900 Unit

1/2 jumper 11.2 16.6 dB/100m

Note: The feeder cable loss of every 100 m jumper listed here is all based on the SPEC

of Hansen product. There may be a difference between the loss here and that of feeder

cable produced by other manufacturers, and the loss in a real case prevails. It is the

same in the following.

Main feeder

Generally it is advisable to use 7/8’’feeder cable. But when feeder loss is bigger than

3dB, it is recommended to use thicker feeder cable to reduce feeder loss. In terms of

cost influence, it increases feeder cable cost of single site, but in terms of network size,

it is possible to reduce the quantity of sites.

In consideration of the fact that a part of main feeder leads to the equipment room in

usual conditions, so it is advisable to get antenna height + 5m for the length of the main

feeder.

The following table shows the typical loss value of every 100 m main feeder:

Feeder Type 850/900 1800/1900 Unit

7/8’’ Feeder 3.88 5.75 dB/100m

1-1/4’’ Feeder 2.77 4.16 dB/100m

1-5/8’’ Feeder 2.29 3.47 dB/100m

Fiber 0 0 dB/100m

Connector

2 DM connectors of indoor jumper, 2 DM connectors of outdoor jumper, 2 pieces of

7/8 main feeder DF connectors, a total of 6

For the loss of each connector, various frequency bands all get 0.05dB/piece, and when

tower amplifier is not added, the total connector loss is 0.3dB.

Discharger

0.2dB (DM/DF connectors at both ends are included).


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2.5 Antenna

2.5.1 BTS Antenna Gain

Determine BTS antenna gain according to BTS antenna model selection principle.

Area Antenna Gain (dBi)

Dense urban 15.5~17

Urban area 15.5~17

Suburban area 17~18

Rural area 18~20

Highway or long and narrow valley 18~20 (narrow beam)

High mountains and hills 17~18

For GSM1800, to maximize 1800M coverage, it is advisable to select the antenna

whose gain is 1~2dB bigger than 900.

For dual frequency network, it is advisable to select dual frequency antenna to save

antenna installation space. At this time, pay attention to whether the parameters of the

dual frequency antenna can meet the requirement of the two frequency bands, and it is

necessary to consult the SPEC of this antenna.

2.5.2 BTS Antenna Height

Determine BTS antenna height according to BTS antenna model selection principle.

The general principle is:

Wireless Environment Recommended Height (m)

DU 25

MU 30

SU 35

RU 45

Road 45

The antenna height here refers to the height from the center point of the antenna panel

to the ground.

If it is roof tower or bole, the antenna height = the height from the center point of the

antenna panel to the house top surface + building height.

If it is ground tower, the antenna height = the height from the center point of the

antenna panel to the ground.



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The antenna height calculated here should be in fact understood to be absolute height.

In simulation, it is advisable to consider landform (height) information and calculate

relative height. For the difference between the relative height and absolute height, see

“Simulation FAQ”.


Network planning can only provide antenna height but cannot provide the type and

height of the tower, so it is necessary for the International Market Department to make

a comprehensive consideration. Especially it is necessary to consider the height

required by micro wave at the same time.

The antenna height in link budget is an absolute value while relative value is used in

the simulation, so there is surely a difference between the coverage radius in simulation

and that of link budget. It is particularly obvious in hill and mountain areas where there

are relatively large ups and downs of landforms. If the customer requests to provide the

reasons, it is advisable to make explanations from this aspect.

2.5.3 MS Antenna Gain

If it is general mobile network, in using mobile phone terminal, then MS antenna gain

is generally 0.

If it is WLL network, the scenarios should be considered in two cases:

If the terminal of WLL network is the same as general mobile phone, it is also a phone

with mobility, and MS antenna gain is 0.

If the terminal of WLL network is a fixed station, then the antenna gain of a fixed

station is not 0. Generally speaking, if it is the indoor antenna of a fixed station, the

gain is generally about 2dBi. If it is the outdoor antenna of a fixed station, the gain is

generally 9~12dBi. It is necessary to clarify it in the planning.

In addition to the fact the gain of WLL indoor antenna and that of WLL outdoor

antenna are different, there are also others things that call for attention. When we adopt

indoor antenna, in calculating minimum required level, we need to deduct building

penetration loss and handle it according to indoor conditions.

When we adopt outdoor antenna, in calculating minimum required level, we do not

deduct building penetration loss and handle it according to outdoor conditions.


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2.5.4 MS Antenna Height

If it is general mobile network, in using mobile phone terminal, then MS antenna

height is generally thought to be 1.5m.

It is WLL network, it is necessary consider it in two cases:

1. If the terminal of WLL network is the same as general mobile phone, it is also a

mobile phone with mobility, and then MS antenna height is generally thought to

be 1.5m.

2. If the terminal of WLL network is a fixed station, heights for fixed station

antenna are different. Generally speaking, if it is the indoor antenna of the fixed

station, the antenna height is also generally about 1.5m. If it is the outdoor

antenna of the fixed station, the antenna height is generally 3m~10m. It should

be firstly clarified before planning.

2.5.5 Diversity Gain

The diversity gain here refers to 2 way diversity gain, as 2 way receivers bring uplink

gain. If it is 4 way diversity receptions, it is necessary to add FWDR gain on this 2 way

diversity gain.

Generally diversity gain gets 3dB.

2.6 Margins

2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading (Fast Fading) Margin

Rayleigh fading refers to the case in which multi-path interference is caused on the

ground and standing wave field is formed due to the fact that propagation is reflected

by spurious bodies (mainly human-made buildings) or natural barriers (mainly trees)

within 50~100 wavelengths around the mobile station. When the mobile phone passes

this standing wave, the received signals undergo short fading with a relatively large

fluctuation of field intensity. The features of this kind of fading comply with Rayleigh

distribution, so it is called Rayleigh fading and it is also called fast fading.

Under the impact of multi-path effect, it is the receiving level necessary for reaching

the voice quality when there is only the internal noise of receiver. The introduced

addition volume is called fading margin.



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Generally speaking, 3dB is obtained for voice and data.

2.6.2 Shadow Fading (Slow Fading) Margin (Log-normal Fading Margin)

Due to the impact of buildings and topographic relief and landform, the obstruction of

these barriers causes electromagnetic shadow effect, resulting in the intensity fading of

received signals, which is called shadow fading. The probability intensity distribution

of this kind of fading complies with lognormal distribution, so it is also called

Log-normal Fading.

Generally speaking, the propagation model can only describe the change of the local

mean value of the signal level. That is to say, at this time, the coverage probability at

the cell edge is 50%. To ensure that base station covers the cell edge with a certain

probability, the base station must reserve certain transmission power to overcome

shadow fading, and the reserved power is shadow fading margin.

The calculation of shadow fading margin is related to several factors: Edge (area)

coverage probability, standard variance and path loss coefficient.

2.6.2.1 Coverage Probability

In the figure below, X stands for base station and the little black dot stands for mobile

phone.

We review the receiving level value of a certain point near the base station, and by

conducting statistics on this value within a period of time, it is possible to get a series

of level values, and then we seek the mean value X0 and the standard deviation sigma.

If our measure data is sufficient, we can get the following curve:


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Where, the horizontal coordinate is level value and the vertical coordinate is the

proportion that this level occupies. When the level value is x0, the proportion it

occupies is the largest, and the sum of the percentages of all points should be 1.

We set a threshold value Xthresh, and when the level value of this point is bigger than

Xthresh, we think this point is “covered”.

Suppose Xthresh>X0, we get the coverage probability of this point by adding the

percentages to which the level values in the shadow correspond.

It can be known by analysis that,

When the mobile phone is relatively near to base station, X0 > Xthresh, and the

coverage probability is relatively big, >50%

When the mobile phone is relatively far from the base station, X0<Xthresh, the



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coverage probability is relatively small, <50%

If there is a point X0 = Xthresh, the coverage probability is 50%

For every point on the circumference, we can get its coverage probability value in the

same way. Here we suppose the coverage probability of every point on the

circumference is the same, and we can make an irregular circumference. The

probability of site on the circumference whose level value is bigger than Xthresh is the

edge coverage probability.

The probability of the points of the whole area within the circumference whose level is

bigger than Xthresh is area coverage probability.

2.6.2.2 Calculation of Shadow Fading Margin

Suppose that the coverage probability of each point on the circumference we have

drawn is 50%, namely, every point on the circumference X0 = Xthresh (solid line).

There is another circumference, whose edge coverage probability is 75% (dash line).

Edge Reliability:50%

Edge Reliability:75%

It can be known from the above analysis that, X0 > Xthresh, and for shadow fading

margin whose edge coverage probability is 75％, X0-Xthresh.


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According to Jake’s Single Cell Equation

Where,

Px0 (R) is edge coverage probability.

Xthresh-X0 is the shadow fading margin that reaches this edge coverage probability.

Sigma is the standard variance of shadow fading.

When Fade Margin = Xthresh-X0=0, Px0(R) = 50%.

It is possible to get the correspondence relation as shown in the figure below:

Px0(R)=1/2－1/2erf((Xthresh－X0)/(sigma*sqrt(2)))



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2.6.2.3 Conversion between Edge Coverage Probability and Area Coverage Probability

The relation between area coverage probability and edge coverage probability is shown

in the formula below:

Where,

1/2-1/2erf (a) in the yellow background is in fact edge coverage probability.

Fu=1/2-1/2erf(a)+1/2exp((1-2ab)/b^2)*[1+erf(ab-1)/b]

a=(Xthresh－X0)/(sigma*sqrt(2))


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n is path loss coefficient, its value is 3~4, and the value is generally 3.5.

Generally speaking, under the same condition, area coverage probability is bigger than

edge coverage probability. To understand it in physics, for measuring within cell

coverage scope and measuring at cell edge, the probability of reaching the same

Xthresh based on plane is a surely bigger.

Area coverage probability can be quantified, and the method is to conduct drive test

within the cell coverage scope, and count the probability of various points on the drive

test line whose level value is bigger than Xthresh.

Relatively speaking, edge coverage probability cannot be quantified. So generally

carriers take area coverage probability as design conditions.

In network design, it is necessary to consider the requirement for edge (area) coverage

probability, so it is necessary to calculate shadow fading margin according to Jack

formula.

2.6.2.4 Quick-finding Table for Common Shadow Fading Margin

Below is a quick-finding table for shadow fading margin when the path loss coefficient

is 3.5 in general condition.

Area Type Area Coverage

Probability

LNFmarg (dB)

Dense Urban Sigma=10dB 75% 1

85% 5

90% 7.7

95% 11.7

99% 19

Medium Urban Sigma=8dB 75% 0

85% 3.3

90% 5.5

95% 8.7

99% 14.7

Suburban +Rural +Road

Sigma=6dB

75% 0

85% 1.6

90% 3.4

95% 5.9

99% 10.5



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2.6.3 Interference Margin

We know that one of the essential elements of calculating receiver sensitivity is the

signal to noise ratio, namely, the ratio between signal and noise, which is expressed as

C/N here. When there is frequency multiplex, receiving power had to cope with both

noise and interference, which is expressed as C/(N+I). In network design, it is

necessary to consider interference margin.

Interference margin is related to frequency multiplex and system load. GSM system is

a typical interfered and limited system. Co-frequency and adjacent-frequency

interferences caused by unavoidable frequency multiplex can be reduced by using

technologies such as frequency hopping, dynamic power control and DTX, but it is still

impossible to completely eliminate them. So it is recommended to consider 3dB

interference margin in designing network.

In link budget of voice and data services, we get 3dB for interference margin.

2.6.4 Body Loss

Body loss refers to the loss caused signal block and absorption due to the fact that

handheld phone is very close to human body. Body loss depends on the position of the

mobile phone relative to human body. When handheld phone is at the waist and

shoulders of the user, the field intensities of its received signals respectively lower by

4~7dB and 1~2dB as compared with the case in which antenna is several wavelength

away from human body.

In link budget of voice service, its value is generally 3dB. In link budget of data service

conducted with data card, its value is 0dB.

2.6.5 Building Penetration Loss

Building penetration loss refers to the attenuation undergone by radio wave when it

passes the external structure of a building, which is equal to the difference between the

field intensity median of the outdoor area of the building and that of the indoor area of

the building.

Building penetration loss is close related to building structure, types and sizes of doors

and windows, and building floors. Penetration loss varies with the change of the

heights of building floors.

The higher the frequency band is, the stronger the radio wave penetration capability is,


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but the weaker the radio wave diffraction capability is. The indoor radio wave can be

seen as the sum of penetration component and diffraction component.1800M

penetration capability is stronger than that of 900M, but its diffraction capability is

lower than that of 900M. Part of the signal of 1800M entering the indoor area

penetrates out through the wall, leading to uneven distribution of signals in indoor

space, showing a very big difference of signal levels in the same position. So generally

we reserve more building penetration losses for 1800M.The penetration loss value of

1800M is generally about 5dB bigger than that of 900M in area of the same class.

Area Classification 900M loss (dB) 1800M loss (dB)

Dense urban area 18~22 23~27

General urban area 15~20 20~25

Suburban area and

rural area

10~15 15~20

2.6.6 Car Penetration Loss

Car loss is generally 6~8dB.

2.7 Recommended Minimum Required Level and Design Level

When the customer has not definitely put forward acceptance level, it is necessary to

take the minimum required level as the acceptance level and calculate design level

according to it. The recommended values of the minimum required levels of 900M and

1800M SSmin_req and design level SSdesign are respectively as follows.

2.7.1 900M

Area Type Coverage

Probability

BPL(dB) CPL(dB) SSmin_req

(dBm)

LNFmarg

(dB)

SSdesign

(dBm)

Dense Urban

Sigma=10dB

75% 20 -73 1 -72

85% 20 -73 5 -68

90% 20 -73 7.7 -65.3

95% 20 -73 11.7 -61.3

99% 20 -73 19 -54

Medium

Urban

Sigma=8dB

75% 15 -78 0 -78

85% 15 -78 3.3 -74.7

90% 15 -78 5.5 -72.5

95% 15 -78 8.7 -69.3

99% 15 -78 14.7 -63.3



61616161

Suburban

Sigma=6dB

75% 13 -80 0 -80

85% 13 -80 1.6 -78.4

90% 13 -80 3.4 -76.6

95% 13 -80 5.9 -74.1

99% 13 -80 10.5 -69.5

Rural

Sigma=6dB

75% 10 -83 0 -83

85% 10 -83 1.6 -81.4

90% 10 -83 3.4 -79.6

95% 10 -83 5.9 -77.1

99% 10 -83 10.5 -72.5

Road

Sigma=6dB

75% 8 -85 0 -85

85% 8 -85 1.6 -83.4

90% 8 -85 3.4 -81.6

95% 8 -85 5.9 -79.1

99% 8 -85 10.5 -74.5

Note: Indoor level is considered for all DU/MU/SU/RU. In-car level is considered for all Roads.

2.7.1.1 1800M

Area Type Coverage

Probability

BPL(dB) CPL(dB) SSmin_req

(dBm)

LNFmarg

(dB)

SSdesign

(dBm)

Dense Urban

Sigma=10dB

75% 25 -68 1 -67

85% 25 -68 5 -63

90% 25 -68 7.7 -60.3

95% 25 -68 11.7 -56.3

99% 25 -68 19 -49

Medium

Urban

Sigma=8dB

75% 20 -73 0 -73

85% 20 -73 3.3 -69.7

90% 20 -73 5.5 -67.5

95% 20 -73 8.7 -64.3

99% 20 -73 14.7 -58.3

Suburban

Sigma=6dB

75% 18 -75 0 -75

85% 18 -75 1.6 -73.4

90% 18 -75 3.4 -71.6

95% 18 -75 5.9 -69.1

99% 18 -75 10.5 -64.5

Rural

Sigma=6dB

75% 15 -78 0 -78

85% 15 -78 1.6 -76.4

90% 15 -78 3.4 -74.6

95% 15 -78 5.9 -72.1


62626262

99% 15 -78 10.5 -67.5

Road

Sigma=6dB

75% 8 -85 0 -85

85% 8 -85 1.6 -83.4

90% 8 -85 3.4 -81.6

95% 8 -85 5.9 -79.1

99% 8 -85 10.5 -74.5

Note: Indoor level is considered for all DU/MU/SU/RU. In-car level is considered for all Roads.

63636363

3 Link Budget

3.1 Link Budget Process

When we get to know the meanings of various parameters in link budget process, then

we need to conduct uplink/downlink power balance budget. The main aim of this

process is to budget whether uplink/downlink is balanced. If uplink is limited, it is

necessary to consider suitably reducing BTS transmission power, or adopt uplink

coverage enhancement technique. If the downlink is limited, it is necessary to consider

increasing BTS transmission power, or adopt other downlink coverage enhancement

techniques.

3.1.1 Downlink Budget

Parameter Sign Unit

Carrier frequency

transmission power

A dBm

Combiner loss B dB

BTS set-top output power C=A-B dBm

Feeder connector loss D dB

BTS antenna gain E dBi

MS antenna gain F dBi

SSdesign G dBm

MS receiver sensitivity H dBm

Various margins I=G-H dB

Downlink enhancement

technique

J dB

Downlink maximum

allowed path loss

K=C-D+E+F-G+J dB

Where, various margins include shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, interference

margin, body loss, building penetration loss and car loss.

3.1.2 Uplink Budget

Parameter Sign Unit

MS transmission power A dBm

MS antenna gain B dBi


64646464

BTS antenna gain C dBi

Diversity gain D dB

Feeder connector loss E dB

BTS receiver sensitivity F dBm

Contribution of TMA to

sensitivity

G dB

Various margins H=SSdesign-MSsens dB

Uplink enhancement

technique

I dB

Uplink maximum allowed

path loss

J=A+B+C+D-E-F+G-H+I dB

Where, various margins include shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, interference

margin, body loss, building penetration loss and car loss, and hey keep consistent with

calculated downlink margins.

3.1.3 Equivalent Maximum Allowed Path Loss

Compare the maximum allowed path losses of the uplink and downlink, and select the

smaller one as the equivalent maximum path loss of the whole link. Generally speaking,

the link is thought to be basically balanced when the difference between the uplink and

the downlink.

3.2 Link Budget Tool V3.3 (Promoted for Use)

Description is to be provided after LinkBudget.exe tool is officially released.

3.3 Link Budget Tool V3.2.X (Not Promoted from Now on)

In V3.2.X version of Excel-version link budget tool mainly conducts link budget for

voice service and does not involve data service. The excel version tool is not so

convenient and standardized, it is difficult to maintain it, so when the exe version link

budget tool is launched, the previous excel tool ceases to be used.

“GSMLinkBudgetTool.exe”, the link budget tool in EXE version, considers

GPRS/EDGE, has more friendly interface and is more convenient for use, so planning

engineers are required to use tool. To control its copyright, it is necessary to apply for

the license.



65656565

3.3.1 Tool Structure

The whole tool programmed on the basis of VBA macro and function.

It includes 13 Sheets. Where, input condition is reflected in Input, and output is

reflected in Link Budget (Complete) Table and Link Budget (Simple) Table. The

functions of various tables are respectively described below.

3.3.1.1 Version

This table provides the officially released version information, including releasing time,

maker, reviewer and changed items.

Pay attention to the latest version.

This sheet is generally visible.

3.3.1.2 Specification

This table provides, in eye-catching fonts, the key points that call for attention

precautions before using this tool. Use it strictly according to specification description,

otherwise link budget result can be made incorrect.


3.3.1.3 Input

The setting of all link budget parameters is conducted in Input table. Where, some

parameters are links in other tables, which are values by default. If it is necessary to

make temporary change, it is advisable to make change in Input table. When the tool is

opened next time, the tool restores default values. If it is necessary to make permanent

change, or to save various settings in the tool as the template of this project for later

query, it is necessary to make change in the corresponding sheet.


Places where default values are changed:

1. TX Power

Change it in 52~53 lines in “TX RX PART voice”.

2. Technology gain in New Tech

Change it in Tech in V3 table in 26~30 lines in “TX RX PART voice”.

3. Combiner Total Loss


66666666

Change it in 63~67 lines in “V2 configuration”.

4. BTS RX Sensitivity

Change it in 14~24 lines in “TX RX PART voice”.

5. Ant Height

Change it in 2~4 lines in “Feeder ANT Part”.

6. Ant Gain


7. MS Height


8. MS gain


9. Ant Diversity Gain


10. Sigma

Change it in the third line in “Margins Part1”.

11. Path Loss Exponent

Change it in the fourth line in “Margins Part1”.

12. Rayleigh Fading Margin

Change it in the sixth line in “Margins Part 1”.

13. Interference Margin

Change it in the ninth line in “Margins Part 1”.

14. Body Loss

Change it in the 12th

line in “Margins Part 1”.

15. Propagation Model

Change it in 21~27 lines in (COST model) in “Propagation Model” and 44~79

lines (Standard model).



67676767

3.3.1.4 Link Budget (Complete)

Complete version of link budget result. It mainly reflects the process of calculating

SSmin_req.

This version is relatively suitable for directive bidding, namely, it is used when the

customer has not definitely provided acceptance level.


3.3.1.5 Link Budget (Simple)

Simplified version of link budget result does not reflect the process of calculating

SSmin_req.

This version is relatively suitable for use when the customer has definitely put forward

the acceptance level.


3.3.1.6 Propagation Model

Setting default parameters in propagation model

Fill in k1~k7 values according o the corrected result of the propagation model. Or

select in “Common Propagation Models and Parameters Setting” the model parameters

relatively suitable for local environment.

This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: tool > macro > Visual Basic editor,

select in the engineering resource manager the sheet to be queried, and

select-1-xlSheetVisible in Visible option of the attribute window. Select

0-xlSheetHidden if you want to hide it.

3.3.1.7 Prop Model Trans

The method of transformation between COST-HATA model parameters and Standard

model parameters provides an example. If there is transformation demand, it is

necessary to conduct transformation according to this method.

This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: Tool > macro > Visual Basic editor,





68686868

3.3.1.8 TX RX PART (Voice)

Places where the default parameters of BTS output power of voice service, BTS

receiver sensitivity (static), and new technology gain are set.

This sheet is generally hidden. Opening method: Tool > macro > Visual Basic editor,




3.3.1.9 V2 Configuration

Combiner loss of various V2 equipment in various configurations actually includes the

intermediate calculation process of combiner loss of all equipment of V2 and V3.





3.3.1.10 V3 Configuration

Regarding combiner loss of various V3 equipment in various configurations, in fact the

process of V3 calculation is reflected in the in the “intermediate process” in Table “V2

Configuration”.





3.3.1.11 Feeder ANT Part

Places where some parameters are set, such as BTS antenna gain, default BTS antenna

height, MS height, MS antenna gain, 2 way diversity gain, various jumpers, feeder

cable and connector loss, TMA parameter and BTS noise coefficient







69696969

3.3.1.12 Margins Part 1

The settings of the following: various Margins, including calculating shadow fading

margin Sigma, path loss coefficient, fast fading margin, interference margin, body loss

and building penetration loss.





3.3.1.13 Margin Value

Calculation of shadow fading margin and the intermediate process of the conversion

between area coverage probability and edge coverage probability




0-xlSheetHidden if you wan to hide it.

3.3.2 Precautions

1. Before use, in “Tool--> Load Macro” firstly tick “Analyze Database” and

“Analyze Database—VBA Function”, otherwise the slow fading margin

calculation tool cannot be used and “#name” error occurs.

2. Every time we change frequency band, we need to re-select Propagation Model,

otherwise propagation model parameters cannot be automatically updated! It is

chiefly due to the fact that initialization is not considered in programming and it

is planned to be updated in subsequent version. The current processing method

is: If we select 900M for the first time and we want to change it into 1800M

template, change frequency band at the left upper corner in Table Input first,

parameters in Propagation Model column do not automatically change with the

above change, it is necessary to manually re-select it. If it was previously

Standard model by default, then select Cost mode, and re-select Standard model.

At this time, read 1800M parameters into the corresponding cell.

3. To select different BTS Type every time, it is necessary to re-select the

corresponding TX Power, otherwise in calculating set-top power, data of the

previous time is used.


70707070

4. When BTS Type (especially when M8206 is switched with other equipment

types) is changed every time, it is necessary to pay attention to ECU and Non

ECU options in Combiner Type. It is chiefly due to the fact that initialization is

not considered in programming and it is planned to be updated in subsequent

version.

For specific M8206 configuration, see forms in V3 Configuration or the content of

Subchapter 2.1 Main Equipment in this article.

For example,

When we select from 8018 to 8206, we firstly select 30w in TX Power. At this time,

options such as ECU Non ECU do not appear in Combiner Type. It is necessary to

select DPCT in New Tech, and at this time, select ECUDPCT in Combiner Type. If at

this time, 8206 does not use DPCT, then re-cancel DPCT option, and select Non ECU

or ECU in Combiner Type. It is necessary to pay attention to 8206 configuration

description.

If you select to return from 8206 to other equipment, select 8018 in BTS Type. For the

case in which the number of carrier frequencies selected in Configuration (TRX/CELL)

is bigger than 4, you can select a combination in Combiner Type at your discretion.

Then select the quantity of real carrier frequencies in Configuration (TRX/CELL)

according to real scenarios. At this time, options in the drop-down menu under

Combiner Type are updated. At this time, make sure to re-select output power in TX

Power.

1. When the customer definitely put forward requirements for Acceptance Level,

execute according to the customer requirements. At this time, it is

recommended to use Link Budget (simple) template for link budget result

output. When the customer has not definitely put forward the requirement,

Acceptance Level should be equal to Minimum Required Level. At this time, it

is recommended to use Link Budget (complete) template for link budget result

output.

2. Calculate Min. required level and design level in the tool according to formula.

Do not change it.

71717171

4 Common Propagation Model & Its Parameter Values

4.1 Okumura-Hata Model

4.1.1 Applicable Scope

4.1.2 Propagation Loss Formula

γ))(lglg55.69.44()(lg82.13lg16.2655.69 dhhahfL bmbb−+−−+=城

Formula description:

The unit of d is km and the unit of f is MHz. 城bLis the median of the basic propagation loss in city urban area.

bh, mh

--the effective height of the base station, mobile station antenna, and its unit is

m.

Calculate the effective height of the base station antenna: Suppose the height from the

base station antenna to the ground is sh, the altitude from the base station ground is gh

,

the height from the mobile station antenna from the ground is mh, and the altitude of

the ground where the mobile station is located is mgh. Then the effective height of the

base station antenna bh= sh

+ gh- mgh

, and the effective height of the mobile station

antenna is mh.

(Note: There are many methods for calculating the effective height of the base station

antenna, such averaging the altitudes of the grounds within 5~10 km around the base

station, and the fitting line of altitudes of the grounds within the base station 5~10 km

around the base station. Different calculation method is related to propagation models

Frequency: 150M～1500M

Hb: 30~200m

Hm: 1~10m

Communication distance:1～35km.


72727272

used, and it is also related to calculation precision requirement.)

Correction factors for mobile station antenna height:

Remote propagation correction factor:

>×+×++

≤= −− 20)

20)(lg1007.11087.114.0(1

2018.034 d

dhf

d

b

γ

4.1.3 Various Correction Factors

(1) Kstreet——street connection factor

General materials only provide the loss correction curve that is parallel to or

perpendicular to the propagation direction. To facilitate calculation, the fitting formula

for any angle is provided below.

Suppose the inclosed angle between the propagation direction and the street is θ, then:

<+−−

≤−−+−−=

1)cos6.7sin9.5(

1cos)lg6

106.7(sin)lg

6

119.5(

d

dddK street

θθ

θθ

In fact street effect generally disappears beyond the scope of 8~10 km, so it is only

considered within 10km.

(2) Kmr——suburban area correction factor

)4.5))28/(lg(2( 2 +−= fK mr

(3) Qo——correction factor for vast area

)94.40lg33.18][lg78.4( 2 +−−= ffQo

(4) Qr——Correction factor for quasi-vast area



73737373

5.50 += QQr

(5) uR——Correction factor for rural area

17.23lg17.9)(lg39.2)28

(lg 22 −+−−= fff

Ru

(6) Kh——Correction factor for hill area

≤≥∆+∆+∆+−−

>≥∆−−∆+∆+−−

<∆

=

1,15)2.7)lg96.6024.07.5(

1,15)2.7lg5.9()lg96.6024.07.5(

150

1

11

hhhh

hhhhh

h

K h

h⊿ ——It is topographic relief height, as shown in the figure below. Calculate from the

mobile station, extend 10 km to the direction of the base station (calculate according to

real distance when it is not up to 10 km), calculate within this range the difference

between 10% of the topographic relief height and 90% of topographic relief height

(suitable for multiple topographic relieves, and the number of topographic relieves >3). ⊿h 10%90%

1h= mgh

- h/8⊿ - minh. minh

is the minimum landform height of the calculation section

h⊿ .

(7) Ksp——Correction factor for general slope landform


74747474

The ground second reflection many occur to slope landform. When the level distance

d2 > d1, in the figure above, the second ground reflection may occur to both positive

slope and negative slope.

The approximate correction factor for slope area is:

mmmsp ddK θθθ 44.0002.0008.02

+−=

The unit of mθ is milli-radian and the unit of d is km.

mθ is the average tilt angle of the heights of relieves within 1 km before and after the

mobile station on the connection line section between the mobile station and the base

station (use least square method)

(8) Kim—— Correction factor for isolated mountain peak.

Here knife-edge diffraction loss is used for calculation. The calculation is more precise

thought it requires larger quantity of calculations, as shown in the figure below:

hph1

r1

r2

Firstly seek the 4 parameters of a single knife-edge, namely, 1r , 2r , ph, and operation

wavelength λ .

Use these 4 parameters to calculate new parameter v :



75757575

)11

(2

21 rrhv p +=

λ

Calculate diffraction loss:

−<=

−>−++−+=

7.00

7.0)1.01)1.0(lg(209.6 2

v

vvvK im

(9) Ks——Correction factor for sea (lake) hybrid path

When propagation path meet water area, the scenarios are considered in two cases, as

shown in the figures below:

The correction factor is defined to be:

+−−

−+−−=

)6.948.0(:)(

)81.068.0/0.7(:)(

2

2

qqdb

dqqqaK ts

Where, q = ds / d (%). sd is the length of all the water body on the section.

The method to select formula (a) or (b):

If on the section between the base station and the mobile station, there is water body

within 200 km near the base station, then:

2/))()(( bKaKK s +=

Otherwise )(bKK s =

(10) S(α )——Correction factor for building density

≤−

≤<++−−

≤<−−

=

120

51)20lg19.0)(lg6.15(

1005)lg2530(

)( 2

a

aaa

aa

as

a——buidling density, % expresses.

The combined use of various amending factors


76767676

Overall path loss:

++

+++=

r

mr

u

sp

im

h

s

streetb

Q

Q

K

R

KK

K

K

aSKLL

0

0

0

)(

4.2 Cost231model



γ))(lglg55.69.44()(lg82.13lg9.333.46 dhhahfL bmbb−+−−+=城

The unit of d is km and the unit of f is MHz. 城bL is the basic propagation loss median of urban area.

Hb, hm-- base station, effective height of mobile station antenna, with m being unit

Calculation of the effective height of the base station antenna: Suppose the height from

the base station antenna to the ground is sh, the altitude of the base station ground is

gh, the height from the mobile station antenna to the ground is mh

, the altitude of the

ground where the mobile station is located is mgh. Then the effective height of the base

station antenna hb = sh+ gh

- mgh, and the effective height of the mobile station

antenna is mh.

Height correction factor for mobile station antenna:

Frequency: 1.5G～2G

Hb:30~200m

Hm:1~10m



77777777

Correction factor for remote propagation:

>×+×++

≤= −− 20)

20)(lg1007.11087.114.0(1

2018.034 d

dhf

d

b

γ

4.2.3 Various Correction Factors

They are the same as Okumura-Hata model.

4.3 Common Expression of Okumura-Hata and COST231 Model



Lb=A1+A2Lgf+A3LgHb+(B1+B2LgHb)Lgd-a(hm)

band 850 900 1800 1900

A1 69.55 69.55 46.3 46.3

A2 26.16 26.16 33.9 33.9

A3 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82 -13.82

B1 44.9 44.9 44.9 44.9

B2 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55 -6.55

a(hm) 0.013647703 0.0158818 0.0429745 0.0450878

4.3.3 Common Correction Factors

DU/MU/SU/RU/Road/Open Correction Factors Calculated according to Theoretical

Values.

Frequency: 0.5G～2G

Hb:30~200m

Hm:1~10m


78787878

OFFSET 850 900 1800 1900 Note (Theoretical Value)

DU 0 0 0 0

MU -2 -2 -2 -2

SU -9.7942 -9.943 -11.939 -12.109 Kmr=-(2*(log(f/28))^2+5.4)

RU -19.014 -19.21 -21.915 -22.152 Ru=-(lg(f/28))^2-2.39*(lgf)^2+9.17lgf-23.17

Road -22.763 -23.01 -26.424 -26.727 Qr=Q0+5.5

Open -28.263 -28.51 -31.924 -32.227 Q0=-(4.78*(lgf)^2-18.33*lgf+40.94)

Through experience judgment, the theoretical calculation values of the above

correction factors are a bit exaggerated than the real case. In fact, it is necessary to

adjust the values of the above various parameters according to model correction result.

Sometimes customers provide their recommended correction values, at this time, it is

necessary to determine the values according to specific conditions.

The following table shows the general recommendations.

OFFSET 850 900 1800 1900

DU 0 0 0 0

MU -2 -2 -2 -2

SU -6 -6 -8 -8

RU -15 -15 -17 -17

Road -17 -17 -20 -20

Open -20 -20 -22 -22

4.4 Standard Universal Model (AIRCOM Expression Formula)


Frequency: 0.5G~2G

Hb: 30~200m

Hm: 1~10m


Lb=k1+k2*lgd+k3*Hms+k4*lgHms+k5lgHeff+k6*lgHeff*Lgd+k7*diffn+ C_loss

Where:

d Distance from the base station to the mobile station (km).

Hms Height of the mobile station above ground (m). This figure may be



79797979

specified either globally or for individual clutter categories.

Heff Effective base station antenna height (m).

Diffn Diffraction loss calculated using either Epstein, Peterson, Deygout or

Bullington Equivalent knife edge methods.

K1,k2 Intercept and Slope. These factors correspond to a constant offset (in

dBm) and a multiplying factor for the log of the distance between the

base station and mobile.

K3 Mobile Antenna Height Factor. Correction factor used to take into

account the effective mobile antenna height.

K4 Okumura-Hata multiplying factor for Hms.

K5 Effective Antenna Height Gain. This is the multiplying factor for the log

of the effective mobile antenna height.

K6 Log(Heff)Log(d). This is the Okumura-Hata type multiplying factor for

log(Heff)log(d).

K7 Diffraction. This is a multiplying factor for diffraction calculations. A

choice of diffraction methods is available.

C_loss Clutter specifications such as heights and separation are also taken into

account in the calculation process.

4.4.3 Propagation Model Parameter Value

Listed below are the corrected propagation models in several places. When local

propagation models are not corrected, see propagation models with similar landforms

and ground objects.

1800M

(1) Indonesia Heji Project-Makassar and Banjiamasin

The collected Makassar propagation model is as follows

MU K1 155.85 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Dense Urban 2.28

K3 -2.55 Dense urban high -0.84


80808080

K5 -13.82 Industrial/commercial -2.468

K6 -6.55

K7 0.8

SU K1 152.3 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Dense urban -0.2775

K3 -2.55 Mean urban -1.394

K5 -13.82 Sparse forest -0.245

K6 -6.55

K7 0.8

RU K1 145.21 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Open land -4.354

K3 -2.55 Residential 0.583

K5 -13.82 River -0.767

K6 -6.55 Sparse forest 1.545

K7 0.8

The collected Banjiamasin propagation model is as follows (landform is quasi-flat):

MU K1 155.91 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Dense urban 0.5166

K3 -2.55 Industrial/commercial -3.62

K4 0 Mean urban -0.031

K5 -13.82

K6 -6.55

K7 1.63

SU K1 150.93 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Agriculture -2.764

K3 -2.55 Open land 3.03


K5 -13.82 Residential 0.156


K7 0.8 River -0.56



81818181

RU K1 147.69 Ground object compensation value

K2 44.9 Agriculture 1.579

K3 -2.55 Open land 6.337


K5 -13.82 Residential -3.4


K7 0.8

Pakistan Project-Lahore

DU (old city) K1 160.15

K2 41.28

K3 -2.89

K4 0

K5 -12.7

K6 -2.94

K7 -0.374

DU (new city) K1 158.78327

K2 42.435563

K3 -2.89

K4 0

K5 -12.871

K6 -6.195408

K7 -0.75697

DU(old city) DU(new city)

Clutter Height Sep'n Through

(dB/km)

offset

(dB)

Through

(dB/km)

offset

(dB)

agriculture/plantation 0 0 -3.07 0.00 4.97 -2.67

airport 0 0 0.00 0.00 -6.00 0.00

coast/sea 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

dense_urban 20 2 13.02 0.11 1.08 0.46

forest 5 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

high_residential 10 1 -8.47 -0.03 -3.47 -0.50

industrial_areas 7 1 -13.44 -5.85 6.64 2.86

low_residential 8 1 0.00 1.34 0.00 4.81

open_areas 0 0 6.97 3.34 10.63 -2.07


82828282

open_in_urban 0 0 -6.60 -1.62 -3.92 -0.11

park 0 0 2.32 0.53 1.30 1.11

semi_open_areas 0 0 3.31 -0.98 7.42 -0.17

urban 10 1 3.63 0.47 0.20 0.20

water 0 0 0.00 0.00 -4.33 0.00

900M

Vietnam Heji Project

Model Type K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7

Plain urban area 152.39 43.83 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.05

Plain suburban

area

149.33 39.25 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.05

Plain rural area 140.87 38.68 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.04

Hill urban area 140.88 42.00 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.10

Hill suburban area 139.73 41.25 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.09

Hill rural area 137.36 39.50 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.04

Mountain urban

area

144.93 41.50 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.06

Mountain

suburban area

141.35 39.25 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.14

Mountain rural

area

138.93 38.75 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.02

Highway 139.11 38.24 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.00

Seaside city 141.82 40.25 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.04

River-and-lake

city

143.66 40.00 -2.55 0.00 -13.82 -6.55 0.02

Pakistan Project-Lahore

DU (old

city)

K1 149.66275

K2 45.038991

K3 -2.58

K4 0

K5 -14.99366

K6 -5.287317

K7 0.609819

DU (new

city)

K1 147.664

K2 42.870705



83838383

K3 -2.58

K4 0

K5 -14.027928

K6 -4.507256

K7 1.511571

MU K1 147.39482

K2 42.744224

K3 -2.58

K4 0

K5 -14.585

K6 -6.561

K7 0.583088

Clutter Height Sep'n Through

(dB/km)

offset

(dB)

Through

(dB/km)

offset

(dB)

Through

(dB/km)

offset

(dB)

agriculture 0.00 0.00 -13.06 0.00 -0.43 -4.06 -3.40 -3.64

airport 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.03 0.00

coast/sea 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

dense_urban 20.00 2.00 10.55 0.28 4.71 1.20 6.25 0.89

forest 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

high_residential 10.00 1.00 12.16 -1.02 4.13 -0.09 -0.99 0.68

industrial_areas 7.00 1.00 -11.91 -11.07 7.87 5.12 7.57 -0.83

low_residential 8.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

open_areas 0.00 0.00 -9.45 -0.18 -4.25 0.72 0.06 -5.18

open_in_urban 0.00 0.00 -15.99 -3.54 -19.10 -0.57 -12.61 -1.49

park 0.00 0.00 -17.54 2.10 -15.30 0.02 -0.19 -0.83

semi_open_areas 0.00 0.00 -15.33 0.92 3.94 0.70 -5.31 0.37

urban 10.00 1.00 10.97 0.55 6.93 0.15 6.00 0.25

water 0.00 0.00 4.41 0.00 1.81 0.00 0.84 -3.10

85858585

5 Precautions for Coverage Simulation

The propagation model can only describe the change of the local signal median, which

is expressed in the “slope-intercept” mode. The Best Server in AIRCOM characterizes

the coverage of signal median. In static simulation, it is impossible to express coverage

probability. So the level coverage expressed by Best Server can be seen as the coverage

of signal median when edge coverage probability is 50%.

5.1 Consider Coverage Probability

In the process of the preliminary design, it is usually necessary to consider certain

coverage probability. In this case, how to reflect it in the simulation?

(1) Set the level threshold of Coverage Threshold to be acceptance level.

Measure: When we set PA value (PA value is understood to be set-top transmission

power), we consider shadow fading margin on this basis.

Example: Through the aforesaid presentation, acceptance level can be seen as signal

median level. On this basis, it is necessary to consider certain coverage probability,

such as 95% area coverage probability, so in calculating design level, it is necessary to

consider shadow fading margin (such as 8.7dB) on the basis of acceptance level. When

acceptance level is -70dBm, design level is -61.3dBm.

To reflect coverage probability in coverage simulation, in setting PA, deduct 8.7dB

shadow fading margin on the basis of set-top output power. At this time, on the

coverage simulation map, within the area covered by level value -70dBm, the area

coverage probability is 95%.

If shadow fading margin is not deducted, at this time, within the area covered by level

value -70dBm, the area coverage probability is about 75% (edge coverage probability

is 50%, sigma = 8, n = 3.5).

Set the level threshold of Coverage Threshold to be design level.

Measure: In setting PA value, set according to real set-top output power, it is no longer

necessary to consider shadow fading margin.

Example: It is the same as the above one. If we set Coverage Threshold to be design


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level-61.3dBm, within the area covered by -61.3dBm level, the area coverage

probability is 75%. It is equivalent to the fact that in these areas, it is possible to reach

-70dBm coverage with area coverage probability being 95%.

Generally speaking, in order to intuitively express acceptance level, it is recommended

to adopt mode 1.

5.2 Do Not Consider Coverage Probability

In simulation, if it is unnecessary to consider coverage probability, in setting PA value,

it is advisable to set it according to real set-top output power without having to

consider any margins.

Generally speaking, the case in which it is unnecessary to consider coverage

probability mainly appears in model correction, the comparison between real drive test

and simulation. That is to say, in correcting model, it is unnecessary to deduct shadow

fading margin. In using the drive test data of the existing network to detect simulation

result, it is also unnecessary to consider margin.

87878787

6 Recommendations on Project Operation

6.1 Adopt V3.2.1 Method for New Project

For new project or old project that has little relation with previous one, it is

recommended to implement the project according to new link budget method, see Tool

version V3.2.1 and late versions. It is necessary to introduce design level, acceptance

level and minimum required level.

6.2 Adopt V3.1.2 Method for Old Continuous Project

For continuous project which needs to keep consistent with previously submitted result,

it is still necessary to execute the project according to previous method, see Tool

V3.1.2 version.

6.3 Maximum Difference between Two Versions

1. V3.2.1 and later versions have put forward such concepts as design level,

acceptance level and minimum required level, and in downlink budget, on the

basis of acceptance level, it is still necessary to consider shadow fading margin,

fast fading margin, interference margin and body loss. V3.1.2 version and

previous versions have not put forward the above three level concepts, and in

downlink budget, on the basis of acceptance level, it is only necessary to

consider shadow fading margin, and fading margin, interference margin, body

loss and building loss are no longer considered.

2. Propagation model parameters used in V3.2.1 and later versions and those used

in V3.1.2 and previous versions are different.

3. When we use V3.2.1 and later versions, in setting PA value, we execute the

operation according to what is described in Chapter 5. When we use V3.1.2 and

previous versions, in setting PA value, it is necessary to deduct 4 margins

(shadow fading margin, fast fading margin, body loss and interference margin)

on the basis of set-top power. That is, as compared with later versions, on the

basis that both need to consider coverage probability, previous version has to

consider an additional 9dB margin (3dB fast fading margin +3dB body loss +


88888888

3dB interference margin).

4. Seen from the coverage simulation comparison, the coverage after version

upgrade is better than the coverage before version upgrade.

02 go_np2004_e02_0 gsm coverage planning-102.pdf

Documents

visual basic editor

agriculture open land

engineering resource manager

ray track model

gsm coverage planning

front panel diagram

base band boards

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