01and the sports industry an introduction to sport · 2019. 6. 20. · component 1 learning aim a...

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An Introduction to Sport and the Sports Industry01

COMPONENT

Introduction In this component you will learn about how participation in sport has a range of di� erent bene� ts for di� erent types of participants. You will also explore the many various ranges of sports available for team sports, individual sports, disability sports and outdoor activities. You will also be introduced to anatomy and physiology when you investigate how a person’s body responds to participation in sport so that you may gain a better understanding of how sports sessions are structured to take the body’s response into account. The last part of this component then explores the di� erent sports providers, which includes the public, private and voluntary sectors. The advantages and disadvantages of each sector will be examined together with career options available in each sector.

LEARNING AIMSIn this component you will:

A Investigate the bene� ts of participation in di� erent types of sport

B Investigate how the body systems respond to participation in sport

C Explore the provision of sport and careers in the sports sector.

COMPONENT 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SPORT AND THE SPORTS INDUSTRYALEARNING AIM

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Types of sportsIn this section, you will learn about the di� erent types of sport available and the category they � t in.

Team sportsThere are a great range of team sports, some of which are played mainly by one gender in schools. However, most sports can be played by both males and females. In competitions, most team sports will involve males competing against males, and females competing against females.A team sport is where two or more players work together against two or more people on an opposing team.

Rugby

Cricket

Hockey

Team sports

Football

Basketball

Rounders

Volleyball

Netball

Figure 1.1: Examples of di� erent team sports

Carry out research to fi nd out what other types of team sports are available which are not included in the diagram.

ACTIV IT Y

Individual sportsAn individual sport is where one person competes against another person in sports such as tennis, athletics, judo and golf. They are competing alone, with no team members. An individual sport could also be one person being judged on their performance, with their scores compared to other competitors to determine the places achieved in the event, such as in gymnastics.

G E T T I N G S T A R T E D

Make a list of all the types of sports that you have taken part in. Think about sports you played when you were younger and sports you play now, or activities that you have done through outdoor pursuit courses.

Swimming

Badminton

Boxing

Individual sports

Tennis

Golf

Long jump

Cycling

Gymnastics

Figure 1.2: Examples of individual sports. Are there others you could add to this list?

Carry out research to fi nd out what other types of individual sports are available which are not included in the diagram.

ACTIV IT Y

When an individual sport becomes a team sportIndividual sports can be classed as team sports when there are two or more people working together to score points. For example, diving can be classed as an individual sport if the person is diving alone; however, in synchronised diving there are two people diving at the same time and the scores given are based on both of the individuals’ performance, so this would be considered a team sport.

1 Describe what is meant by a team sport.

2 Describe what is meant by an individual sport.

3 Make a list of all the sports you take part in and give them a team or individual sport category.

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This section helps you to think about the di� erent types of outdoor activities that are available for people to take part in.

Rock climbing is an example of an outdoor activity

Types of outdoor activitiesThere are many di� erent types of outdoor activities, and more and more people enjoying taking part in these activities.They can broadly be broken down into di� erent categories, which include:1 countryside-based2 water-based3 mountain-based4 snow-based5 urban-based.

Countryside-based outdoor activitiesCountryside-based outdoor activities take place on land in a rural area where there is access to � elds and o� en hills or mountains. Activities that take place in this setting include orienteering, mountain biking, hill walking, high ropes courses, horse riding and trail running.


Make a list of any outdoor activities that you have taken part in or watched. Think of sports you played when you were younger, as well as sports you play now.

Water-based outdoor activitiesThese activities require water. It can be open water such as lakes, rivers or the sea, or man-made water parks such as Lee Valley in Hertfordshire. Examples of the types of activities that this category include are open water swimming, canoeing, kayaking, paddle boarding, rowing, sur� ng, sailing, and windsur� ng.

Select one type of water sport and research what equipment a person would need in order to take part in that activity, including any personal protective clothing or equipment a person may need.

ACTIV IT Y

Mountain-based outdoor activitiesAccess to mountains or high hills is required for mountain-based activities.Activities that take place on mountains include climbing, bouldering, abseiling, caving and fell running.

Mountains in the UK are classed as a landform with a minimum height of 610 metres.

KEY TERMS

Snow-based outdoor activitiesAs the name suggests, for these outdoor activities there has to be snow available in order to take part in the activity. People can go to countries that have snowfall or arti� cial snow slopes in their own country to practise the activity. Examples of snow-based activities include skiing, snowboarding and ski mountaineering.

Urban-based outdoor activitiesUrban-based outdoor activities take place in built-up environments and usually use man-made facilities for them to take place such as outdoor pursuit centres. Examples of types of urban-based outdoor activities include BMX biking, assault course, parkour, skateboarding, in-line skating, indoor climbing walls and boot camp � tness classes

Carry out research to fi nd out what types of outdoor activities are available in your local area. Try to fi nd out where you would need to go to take part in an outdoor activity from each category listed in this section.

ACTIV IT Y

Explain why it is possible for any person, no matter where they live, to access and take part in outdoor activities.

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Outdoor activities


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Disability sportsA� er the huge success of the GB Paralympics team in London in 2012, and then again in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, provision and access to disability sports has increased dramatically.

Types of disability sportsIt is important that every person can enjoy the bene� ts of taking part in sport and physical activity. For people with disabilities, it may not be possible for them to take part in sports that able-bodied people take part in. As such, adapted sports and sports for speci� c disabilities have been developed to ensure sporting participation can be inclusive.Disability sports are also called parasports. They are sports designed for participants with physical or intellectual disabilities to take part in.

Adapted sports An adapted sport is based upon a sport that already exists, but has some speci� c changes that makes it suitable for people with disabilities. Adapted sports usually follow the same principles of the able-bodied sport that they have been adapted from, but may have some rule changes or methods of travel that di� er from the main sport.Some sports have been designed speci� cally for people with a disability such as boccia, which is for people with physical disabilities.Di� erent classi� cations of disability are in place to enable people with disabilities to compete on even terms.

Sitting downvolleyball

Wheel chairtennis

Adapted sports

Wheelchairfencing

Goallball

Wheel chairbasketball

Boccia

Figure 1.3: A selection of disability sports

Carry out research to fi nd out what other types of sports are available for people with disabilities.

ACTIV IT Y


Make a list of any disability sports that you have taken part in or watched.

Case studyBoccia is a game that is believed to have been played back in the ancient games of the Roman Empire. It has been played through the ages, and Sir Francis Drake apparently would not sail out to fi ght against the Spanish Armada in the 16th century until he had fi nished the boccia game he was playing!

Because playing boccia requires the person to be seated, it means it is suitable for people with disabilities who are not able to stand. The game uses six red, six blue and one white ball. Each individual or team will use one set of red or blue coloured balls. The aim of the game is for the individual or team to get their set of coloured balls closest to the white ball. The sport was initially played by people with cerebral palsy; however, it is now played by any person with a disability that a� ects their motor function.

Boccia was fi rst played in the 1984 Paralympics Games in Los Angeles. The governing body is called the Boccia International Sports Federation, and it is played in over 50 countries around the world.

Find out how many countries and how many people competed in boccia in the most recent Paralympic Games. You should also fi nd out which countries the medal placed athletes came from.

ACTIV IT Y

Select a disability sport. Find out how it is played in relation to the number of players, the aim of the game, how points are scored and how it has been adapted from the able-bodied game, if relevant.

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Types of sports participantsLots of di� erent people take part in sport, and they can be classed into di� erent types of sports participants in relation to a variety of factors, including age and ability, which will o� en influence the types of sports and physical activities that they choose to take part in.

Di� erent agesParticipants of di� erent ages will o� en have di� erent requirements for the sport or physical activity that they choose to take part in.The main di� erent age groups for sports participants are:● primary school aged children – children aged 4–11 years old● teenagers – young people aged 13–18 years old● adults – people aged 18–65 years old● older adults – people aged 65 years old and above.

Di� erent abilitiesHow much a participant has taken part in a particular sport will also a� ect how well they are able to play. Usually, the more o� en a person has taken part in a sport, the better they are at performing the various sporting techniques required to be e� ective in that sport.Ability levels are classed roughly into three categories: beginner, intermediate and advanced.

BeginnerThis is where a participant has never played the sport before or is very new to it. They will need a great deal of support and coaching to help them to learn how to perform the various techniques required for that sport, as well as to understand the rules of the game.

Primary school aged children will usually fall into the beginner ability category


Make a list of the di� erent types of participants that take part in sport and physical activity and what sorts of sports they may like to take part in.

People of all ages take up new sports all the time; however, they may have transferable skills that they have developed from taking part in other sports. For example, an adult that has played tennis and takes up badminton will already have good hand eye coordination, which will help them to hit the shuttlecock with the racquet.

Complete the table below to show how some sports o� er transferable skills that can be used to participate in other sports.

Sport Skill Transferable to another sport

Tennis Hand eye coordination using the racquet to hit the tennis ball

Badminton – hand eye coordination using the racquet to hit the shuttlecock

Table 1.1: Transferable skills in sports

ACTIV IT Y

IntermediateThis is where the participant has played the sport regularly and has a good level of skills. They will need support to improve their techniques and should have a good understanding of the rules of the sport. Participants from teenagers to older adults will o� en be in this ability level.

AdvancedAn advanced participant will have a great deal of experience of playing the sport and have a very high ability to perform the various sporting techniques required for that sport and know the rules of the sport very well. The main areas that they would bene� t from through coaching are to do with � ne details, such as working on their technique and improving the choice of tactics and strategy for their selected sport.It takes some time to achieve the advanced level so usually participants in their late teens to early adulthood would fall into this ability level.

For a sport that you take part in, explain which types of participants would usually take part in that sport and if the sport would not be suitable for some participants with reasons for your response.

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Participants with disabilitiesThere are many di� erent types of disabilities and it is important that you are aware of the di� erences, as each will have an impact on the types of sports a participant is able to take part in.

Types of disability

Disability broadly falls into three categories: visual, hearing and physical.People may be born with any of these disabilities or the disability may occur later in life from an accident or illness.1 Visual: a person with a visual disability may have a decreased ability to see which

is not corrected by wearing glasses. A person with a visual disability may be able to make out some objects or may be totally blind.

2 Hearing: a person with a hearing disability is not able to hear sound, even with the use of a hearing aid which ampli� es sound.

3 Physical: physical disabilities come in many di� erent categories dependent upon which area of the body is a� ected. Table 1.2 provides some types of physical disability that you should be aware of.

Physical injury type Description

Spinal cord injury An injury to the spinal cord will result in the loss of function of specifi c parts of the body, depending upon the location of the spinal cord injury. People with this physical disability will require crutches or a wheelchair.

Paraplegia A person with paraplegia has a loss of function to their legs and lower part of their body.

Tetraplegia A person with tetraplegia has total or partial impairment of function of their legs and arms.

Loss or deformity of limbs A person with this type of physical disability may have an artifi cial limb.

Cerebral palsy This condition is as a result of damage to the brain, which decreases motor function. A person with this condition will usually have movement and coordination problems.

Table 1.2: Types of physical disabilities


Draw a mind map of the di� erent types of disability a person may have and describe how it may impact on the types of sports that they can take part in.

Marc McCarroll has a spinal cord injury and plays wheelchair tennis for Great Britain

Complete the table below with the types of sports that would be appropriate for people with di� erent types of disabilities.

Type of disability Suitable sport

Visual impairment

Hearing impairment

Paraplegic

Loss of a limb

Cerebral palsy

Table 1.3: Types of disabilities and the sports that are suitable for each

ACTIV IT Y

Carry out research to fi nd out about the di� erent classifi cations of disability that people can compete in for a disability sport of your choice.

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Participants with individual needs – types of appropriate sports for primary school aged children

Each participant age group will generally have di� erent types of sports that would be more appropriate for them to take part in based on a number of factors, including ability levels. The sport played may also use adapted equipment that helps to ensure the safety and enjoyment of the participants taking part in that sport.

Types of sports that are appropriate for primary school aged childrenYoung children are supposed to be active for 60 minutes a day, so it is important that children enjoy taking part in sport so that they can easily meet this minimum time requirement.Most children respond well to sports that are fun and, depending upon their age, will determine how much of the sport should have a ‘make believe element’ and how much should replicate ‘grown-up sport’.Most children will be beginners and will still need to master many of the basic skills in a sport. These skills include catching, throwing, running, jumping and kicking. As they get older, they are then able to combine these skills, so by the age of 11 most children will have all the skills they need to play a game of netball or football.At this age, males and females will usually participate and compete against each other rather than playing single-sex sports.

For a group of children aged 4–7 and 8–11, make two di� erent lists of sports that you think would be appropriate for each age group, giving reasons why you think they would be appropriate.

ACTIV IT Y

Modifi ed equipmentModi� cations of equipment will o� en be required for primary school aged children to help to ensure their health and safely as well as ensure they are able to handle the equipment.For example, in cricket, a so� ball would be used rather than a hard ball. A so� ball will not hurt a child if they do not catch it properly or if they get hit by the ball. Children would also � nd a smaller cricket bat and stumps easier to handle rather than adult size equivalents.


List the types of sport that are appropriate for primary school aged children. You could start by thinking about sports that you have played yourself.

A primary school aged child using modifi ed equipment to play cricket

ACTIV IT Y

Explain what sports you could use in a sports activity session for the following scenarios. Where possible, try to provide reasons for your choices.

1 Scenario 1A leisure centre is planning on running a one-hour sports session with a group of 20 children aged 4–5 years old. The children will all be accompanied by a parent or guardian. The sessions will run for a full term, which is 12 weeks long. At the last session of the 12-week period, the leisure centre manager has told you that there is a budget to spend some money on prizes.

2 Scenario 2An outdoor pursuits centre wants to introduce children aged 9–11 to the

sports that they have on o� er. The children will be at the centre for a full day in October and the weather is forecast to be dry but cold. The children are a group of mixed abilities and some of them are not able to swim.

3 Scenario 3A primary school is looking for activity leaders to run sports sessions in their school that introduce the children to team games, so that they can learn how to work together as a group. The children are aged 6–8 years old and are of mixed ability. Two of the children have a disability; one is hearing impaired and one has cerebral palsy and requires support to walk.

For a sport of your choice, explain how you would adapt it for a group of primary school aged children in line with any modifi cations of the equipment you should use and give reasons why.

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Participants with individual needs – types of appropriate sports for teenagersTeenagers will range quite widely in their ability levels. Some teenagers will have played a speci� c sport for some time, and will be playing at a high level. However, there may also be some sports that they have never taken part in.

Types of sports that are appropriate for teenagersMany teenagers will have improved their coordination and ability to perform the basic techniques required to take part in a range of di� erent sports. There will be some teenagers that are very good at a speci� c sport, which is usually one that they have played since primary school. If a person is running a sports activity session, this range in ability can sometimes make it di� cult to run a successful session. In these cases, some sports leaders choose sports that are not as familiar to the whole group (such as volleyball, which is something that not many teenagers will have played at primary school) so all participants are at the beginner ability level.

Trending sportsOther new sports and physical activities, such as footgolf and pickleball, are continually being developed and some teenagers may like to take part in newer sports or physical activities as they may feel these are more appropriate to their age group.

Footgolf is a new, fun sport that appeals to teenagers

Self-consciousness in teenagersTeenagers can also be quite self-conscious when taking part in sport at this age so may try to avoid taking part in some sports that they feel that they are not very good at.


Think about the sports that you take part in with your friends. List any sports that the group are of the same ability level and also sports where ability levels di� er within the group.

Single-sex sports participationAt this age, males and females will usually take part in single-sex sports. As males will o� en be bigger than females in their teens, activities such as contact sports can be dangerous if played in a mixed group. In competitions, because males are usually stronger and have higher levels of aerobic endurance, as well as many of the other components of � tness, it is usually fairer to have males compete against males and females compete against females.

Mixed-sex sports participationWhen teenagers are taking part in non-competitive sport, some sports can be played by both males and females. In these situations, the sport played should not have any contact and di� erences in gender-related � tness should not play a signi� cant role in the potential outcome. Examples of suitable sports would be badminton, volleyball and rounders.

ACTIV IT Y

Explain what sports you could use for a sports activity session for the following scenarios. Where possible, try to provide reasons for your choices.

1 Scenario 1A youth club for girls and boys aged 13–15 is looking for a sports leader to run an activity session for one hour of the youth club meeting period. The youth club is held in a large community centre with some grass fi elds around the outside, and takes place from 7.30 a.m. to 9 p.m. This session is due to run in June.

2 Scenario 2A sports development o� cer is trying to increase participation in sport for teenagers in a local area. They are trying

to fi nd sports for teenagers to take part in during the evenings to help decrease antisocial behaviour that is happening in that area. The sports will need to be very low cost or free, as the teenagers do not have much spare money to pay for their participation.

3 Scenario 3A leisure centre is running a summer sports scheme for teenagers aged 13–16. The sports sessions will last for three hours a day and run fi ve days a week over a two-week period. There is su� cient sta� to have more than one sport taking place at any one time. The leisure centre has a swimming pool and an AstroTurf area with court lines for a variety of sports.

For a male or female teenager, explain a choice of sport that you would recommend to encourage the teenager to take part in sport, giving reasons for your choice.

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Participants with individual needs – types of appropriate sports for adultsVirtually all adults will have had experiences of taking part in sport in their school days. For some, they will have continued to take part in some form of sport or exercise a� er leaving school. However, others may not have taken part in any sport for quite some time. As a result, the range of abilities within an adult participant group will vary hugely.

Types of sports that are appropriate for adultsAll types of sports are appropriate for adults, as this age group will have had the greatest amount of experience of participation in sport and, if they are � t and healthy, will be able to consent to take part in any sport they choose.Factors that may have been an issue for teenagers, such as self-consciousness, may still be a concern for some adults, especially those that have not taken part in sport or physical activity for a long time.Other factors, however, come into play for adult sports participation which are to do with barriers to participation. As an adult, many people will have responsibilities not just to themselves but possibly to a family. They may have children that they need to be around to take care of, or they may have a job that involves working long hours. They also will not have the same access to sport and physical activity as children and teenagers who have to take part in sport in the physical education (PE) part of the national curriculum.Finding people to play sport with or against can also be a challenge for some adults as the circles that they socialise in may not consist of people that enjoy the same sports.

Carry out research in your local area to fi nd out what types of sports are available for adults. You could visit your local leisure centre or community centre. Make a note of all the sports available that adults may like to take part in.

Ask parents, guardians and teachers in your school what sorts of sports they like to take part in, and the reasons for their choices. Share your research with the rest of the class.

Write a letter that could be sent to your local sports development o� cer or local paper that summarises your fi ndings.

ACTIV IT Y


Think about the sports and physical activities that would be suitable for adults to take part in. You should consider aspects such as practical arrangements for organising team sports as well as the ability levels of the participants.

Organised sportsTo help to support adult participation in sports, there are a range of options that adults can look into to try and overcome some of the barriers to participation. For example, sports centres that have squash courts can set up a league in which people are given a set number of players to play against – they are given each players’ details and then arrange a convenient time to play. The results of each match are documented and changes in the league table are adjusted accordingly. This process provides participants with appropriately matched competitors with the freedom to play the sport when it � ts in with their work or family commitments.

ACTIV IT Y

Explain what sports adults from the following scenarios could take part in to meet their needs.

1 Scenario 1A couple have two young children aged one and two years old. Before having children, the couple used to play badminton together but now they need to make sure their children are being looked after as they cannot leave them alone. Explain ways the couple can still participate in playing badminton which take into account their childcare requirements.

2 Scenario 2A company are trying to improve their sta� ’s team moral so they are planning

to organise a day out in which the team will take part in a range of di� erent sports. There are 40 sta� in total aged between 25 and 48 years old with 8 females and 32 males. Explain which types of sport you would recommend are included in the day out and give reasons for your choice.

3 Scenario 3A charity are trying to raise money through a ‘sports activity fun weekend’ for adults in their local area. They are planning to run the sessions over a weekend. Explain what sports you would recommend are included in the ‘sports activity fun weekend’ with reasons for your choices.


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Participants with individual needs – types of appropriate sports for older adultsAn older adult is aged 65 years old or above. The older adult population is growing as people are living longer. Many older adults are much � tter and stronger than previous generations from better nutrition, healthcare and regular participation in sport and physical activity.

Types of sports that are appropriate for older adultsAs people get older, � tness will start to decline. Some older adults may have health concerns which will impact on the types of sports that they can take part in. However, research strongly suggests that participation in appropriate sport and physical activities is bene� cial for an older adult’s health and wellbeing.Many older adults will experience issues with their joints from wear and tear over the years. In these instances, sports and physical activities that involve high-impact activities are not appropriate, as this places extra stress on the joints.Low-impact sports are therefore usually the most appropriate for most older adults.

Aqua aerobics is a low impact sport and is therefore suited to older adults


Consider older adults that you know or have seen in the media – do they have any physical needs that mean certain sports may not be appropriate for them? Make a list of the sports and physical activities that you think would be appropriate for this age group to take part in with reasons for each.

High-impact activities involve both feet leaving the ground, such as running and jumping.Low-impact activities involve one or both feet being in contact with the ground, such as walking.

K E Y T E R M S

Carry out research to fi nd out about other low-impact sports and physical activities that would be appropriate for older adults to take part in.

As people get older they may experience cardiovascular health

concerns such as high blood pressure. In these instances, sports that are of high intensity may raise their blood pressure too high and would therefore not be appropriate. Low-intensity sports would be more appropriate.

ACTIV IT Y

High intensity refers to an activity that raises your heart rate to a high level such as cycling at a very fast rate or up a steep hill.Low intensity refers to an activity that raises your heart rate to a low to moderate level such as walking.

KEY TERMS

ACTIV IT Y

Explain what sports older adults from the following scenarios could take part in to meet their needs.

1 Scenario 1A 72-year-old woman has recently been widowed. She is able to walk a half-mile to the shops each day but doesn’t take part in any other sports or exercise. She is keen to get out and meet new people as she is now feeling lonely at home without her husband. Explain what types of sports or physical activity this 72-year-old woman could take part in to meet her needs.

2 Scenario 2A home that o� ers assisted living for older adults wants to run daily one-hour activity sessions for their clients.

Some of the older adults are able to walk unaided but many need a stick or a frame to get around. There are 25 older adults in the home in total. Explain what types of sports or physical activities the home could o� er to meet the needs of their clients with reasons for your choices.

3 Scenario 3A leisure centre wants to increase the participation of older adults in sport in their local area. The centre has an indoor sports hall and a studio. Explain what types of sports and physical activities the leisure centre could o� er in order to increase participation of older adults in the local area.


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Contraindications for participants with individual needsA contraindication, in relation to participation in sport and physical activity, is something that should not be done as it may be harmful to that person.

Contraindications for types of sport and physical activities for primary school aged childrenYoung children have lots of energy but only in short bursts. Therefore, the types of sports that would be contraindicated for this age group would be anything that requires high levels of endurance, such as playing sports for the full duration of an adult match. For example, football usually lasts 90 minutes for a full game, however, for children a full game should be much shorter than this. Children also do not have well developed methods of thermoregulation so they can overheat very quickly. Therefore, lots of breaks to cool down and rehydrate should be taken when primary school aged children take part in sport and physical activity in a warm environment.

If you were working as a sports leader at a summer camp for children aged between 5–8 years old, describe the types of sports and physical activities that you would plan to include in the camp and reasons for each choice.

ACTIV IT Y

Contraindications for types of sport and physical activities for teenagersTeenagers’ bodies are still growing and this should be taken into account when deciding what sports and physical activities would be appropriate. Sports that require high levels of strength are contraindicated for younger teenagers, as strength training at a young age can damage the growth plates in bones, which can result in bones not growing to their full length.As teenagers grow and develop at di� erent ages, it is important that any contact games such as rugby have teams that are evenly matched in relation to body weight and strength to reduce the risk of injuries during tackles.

Make a list of other sports that may be contraindicated for teenagers due to di� erences in growth rates that could have an impact on the health and safety of participants.

ACTIV IT Y

Contraindications for types of sport and physical activities for adultsThe contraindications for adults taking part in sports and physical activities will very much be dependent upon the health of the individual. It is always good practice to carry out health screening before a person of any age takes part in any sport or physical activity. However, screening is usually used in industry for any person aged 18 or older as younger people will usually have base levels of � tness from taking part in PE at school.


Consider where you have heard the term contraindication and what it relates to. List the contraindications that you are aware of in relation to sport and physical activity for di� erent ages of participant.

Screening questionnaires will determine if there are any types of sport or physical activity that are not appropriate due to factors such as injuries, head conditions or, indeed, pregnancy for adult women. Once any of these conditions have been identi� ed, appropriate sports and physical activities can be recommended. For example, it would be a contraindication for a pregnant woman to take part in high-impact and high-intensity sports activities or exercises if they have not taken part in regular activities sport prior to pregnancy, as this may have a negative e� ect on the health of the woman or the unborn child.

Contraindications for types of sport and physical activities for older adultsOlder adults have a much greater concern for contraindications for speci� c sport or physical activities due to the range of potential health concerns an aging body may be experiencing. As people get older, the bones of the skeleton can become more fragile and more likely to fracture on impact compared to younger people. This means any form of contact sport is generally not recommended for an older adult.High impact and high intensity sports and physical activities may also not be appropriate for an older adult due to joint deterioration or cardiovascular concerns. For some older adults, even standing for long periods of time may be di� cult or cause discomfort. Exercise programmes that can be carried out while sitting down have been devised to help keep older adults active, while not posing a threat to their health and wellbeing.Some types of sports may be low impact and low intensity but can still be contraindicated for older adults. For example, kayaking can be performed so that it is of a low intensity; however, if the boat capsized, an older adult may become frightened and exposed to very cold water, which could raise their heart rate to a high level and put their health at risk.

Make a list of other sports that may be contraindicated for older adults that could have an impact on the health and safety of participants.

ACTIV IT Y

What sports and physical activities are available in your local area for:

1 primary school aged children

2 teenagers

3 adults

4 older adults.

Explain if you think the provision is appropriate or if there are any potential contraindications in the types of sports available.

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Physical benefi ts of taking part in sportResearch continually fi nds evidence to strongly suggest that regular participation in sport and physical activity has signifi cant benefi ts for the physical wellbeing of people of all ages.

Reduced risk oftype 2 diabeties

Maintenanceof a healthybody weight

Physical bene�ts

Reduced risk ofcoronary heartdisease

Improved posture

Increased levelsof �tness

Figure 1.4: Physical benefi ts of taking part in regular sport and physical activity

Increased fi tness levelsParticipants of all ages will bene� t from increased � tness levels through regular participation in sport and physical activity. There many di� erent types of � tness and most sports and physical activities will develop a range of these di� erent types. Increased � tness levels will then allow a person to get better at a particular sport as they can concentrate on learning the techniques rather than feeling uncomfortable as they are struggling to keep on going.Increased � tness levels will help people to go about their everyday life such as walking to the shops and carrying heavy shopping bags. This functional � tness becomes increasingly more important as people get older. Older adults lose strength and flexibility as they get older so taking part in sports or physical activities that help to reduce this decline will help them to remain mobile and independent for longer.

Machines, devices and gadgets are now in place in the modern world so that the amount of physical activity a person has to take part in to complete everyday activities is reduced; for example, washing machines are now used rather than hand washing clothes.

Make a list of all of the machines, devices and gadgets you are aware of that reduce the amount of physical activity a person can take part in on a daily basis.

Give reasons for how each of these machines, devices and gadgets can lead to a reduction in physical activity on a daily basis.

ACTIV IT Y

Improved posturePosture is the way you stand and hold your body. Many people adopt a slouched body posture, where the shoulders are forwards, the stomach is relaxed and the upper back is arched. This is something that mainly a� ects middle-aged adults and older adults rather than primary school aged children and teenagers.


Think about the physical benefi ts of taking part in regular sport, consider aspects such as health conditions as well as body appearance.

Functional fi tness is the level of fi tness that permits a person to go about their daily tasks.

K E Y T E R M S

Bad posture is not good for your appearance and can result in several health complications, including backaches, back pain, migraines and increased risk of slipping a disc in your back. Someone with a good posture will have their back straight, shoulders pulled back and head looking forwards.A good posture can help you to look taller and more con� dent. Sports and physical activities that strengthen the back muscles will help to pull shoulders back and hold the back straight and in correct alignment. Abdominal exercises help to improve posture by helping to support the spine.

Maintenance of a healthy body weightParticipation in sport and physical activity plays a signi� cant role in helping people to lose excess body weight or to maintain their current weight. Taking part in physical activity requires energy. This energy is gained either from food or fat stored in the body.If a person wants to lose weight they must eat fewer calories than they burn. If they eat a restricted diet and exercise, their body will take energy from their fat stores and they will lose body weight.For people wishing to maintain body weight, exercise participation helps to burn o� any excess calories that have been eaten, rather than storing the excess as body fat.

Reduced risk of type 2 diabetesDiabetes is a disease that stops a person from being able to regulate their blood sugar levels because their body is either not producing any or su� cient quantities of a hormone called insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and is released when blood sugar levels rise, which usually happens a� er a person has eaten something sugary or a� er a meal.Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in children and the cause of this disease is still not fully known. In this situation, the pancreas stops producing insulin. Type 2 diabetes, however, is a disease that usually occurs in adults and older adults and is mainly brought on from eating a high sugary diet and not taking part in regular sport and physical activity.For people with mild type 2 diabetes, a change in diet and participation in regular sport and physical activity can prevent the need for medical intervention. For more severe type 2 diabetes, insulin may need to be prescribed but dietary changes and participation in regular sport and physical activity can also have a positive impact on the health of a person with type 2 diabetes.

Reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)Coronary heart disease (CHD) is where the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle itself become clogged up and reduce blood flow to the heart. This can lead to heart conditions such as angina or even a heart attack.CHD is a condition that usually only occurs in middle age or older, so adults and older adults would bene� t most from ensuring they continue to take part in regular aerobic sport and physical activities. Aerobic sport and physical activities include swimming, jogging and cycling for periods of 20 minutes or longer and should be carried out at least three times per week help to improve cardiovascular � tness and reduce the risk of CHD. As the heart is a muscle, it responds to aerobic exercise by getting stronger. Exercise increases the number of blood vessels supplying the heart and muscles with blood, which increases the supply of nutrients and oxygen and helps to reduce blood pressure.

Examples of good and poor posture

Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood fl ow to the heart muscle.Heart attacks happen when blood fl ow to the heart muscle is stopped and the heart muscle begins die.

K E Y T E R M S

Carry out research to fi nd out other ways that participation in regular sport and physical activity can be benefi cial for a person’s physical health.

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Psychological benefi ts of taking part in sportThe term psychological means anything to do with the mind and is related to a person’s mental and emotional state.

Mentalresilience

Reducationof stress

Psychologicalbene�ts

Increasedself-con�dence

Decreased riskof depression

Increased self esteem

Figure 1.5: Psychological benefi ts of taking part in regular sport and physical activity

Increased self-esteemSelf-esteem is best explained as the ability to appreciate your own self-worth and is something that usually takes time to develop. If you have high self-esteem you will have a positive attitude, be con� dent in your abilities and feel in control of your life. High self-esteem helps you to make independent choices and decisions and not be pressurised to make decisions that you are not happy with. This is most important for teenagers who may be encouraged by peer pressure to make poor or dangerous decisions such as underage drinking or drug-taking.

Increased self-confi denceIf you have high levels of self-esteem you are likely to also be self-con� dent. Self-con� dence is the belief that you can manage your life and that you have faith in your own abilities. Taking part in regular sport and physical activity can help to improve a person’s self-con� dence through the feeling gained from being good at a particular sport or by setting and achieving � tness goals, such as running a half-marathon or learning new basketball skills. These activities leave people feeling con� dent in their own abilities.

Bene� ts associated with having self-con� dence include being more productive, more assertive, increased courage, a greater ability to help friends and contribute to society and the ability to learn from mistakes. Increased self-con� dence also helps primary school aged children and teenagers to stand up to bullies and to resist peer pressure encouraging them to make negative lifestyle choices.

Taking part in outdoor sports activities, such as rock climbing or abseiling, can help to build people’s con� dence, especially teenagers, as these types of activities take a person outside of their comfort zone and positively challenge them. These sorts of activities are perceived as dangerous and those taking part in them will usually feel afraid, sometimes to the point where they may almost fear for their life. However, with all the safety precautions in place, these fears are usually unfounded. By completing an activity that is seen as challenging and dangerous, people will feel pleased and proud for overcoming their fear and this can lead to an increase in self-esteem and self-con� dence.


Think about what the term ‘psychological’ means and the positive aspects related to this term, as well as any negative aspects.

Peer pressure means being infl uenced to make decisions and change attitudes, values or behaviours by friends.

K E Y T E R M S

Taking part in rock climbing can help to improve self-confi dence

Think about sports and physical activities that you have taken part in and currently take part in. Explain how each have supported you to build your self-confi dence and self-esteem as well as any that have not had such a positive infl uence on your self-confi dence and self-esteem. Also consider what other sorts of sports you could take part in which would help to improve your self-confi dence and self-esteem further.

ACTIV IT Y

Decreased risk of depressionWhen people take part in physical activity their body releases endorphins into their blood stream. These endorphins help to relieve feelings of pain that may be felt while exercising and have the added bene� t of improving mood – this is sometimes known as ‘the runner’s high’. In cases of mild depression, exercise participation may be prescribed by a GP to boost a patient’s mood.Depression is something that does not usually occur in primary school aged children but can be something that teenagers, adults or older adults may su� er from, so it is important that these participant age groups take part in regular sport and physical activity to try to reduce the risk of depression.

Reduction of stressStress is where a person is feeling excess mental tension and worry or anxiety. Stress increases a person’s heart rate and increases the release of glucose into the bloodstream, all getting the body ready for what is known as the flight or � ght response – meaning if we are faced with a dangerous situation our body is prepared to physically � ght the danger or run away from it. If no physical activity takes place in response to stress and a person consistently feels stressed then there is a negative e� ect on the body such as high blood pressure, heart disease and problems sleeping. Teenagers may su� er from stress from the pressures of schoolwork and exams, while adults and older adults may su� er from stress through pressures from work and family commitments. Therefore, regular participation in sport and physical activity can help to relieve some of the physical e� ects of stress and help to improve a person’s health.

Increased mental resilienceEvery person of any age needs to be able to cope with not achieving set goals or failing to accomplish something in the course of their life. Participation in sport helps to build mental resilience, as competition in sport always produces winners and losers, whether in fun friendly games or high-level competition. The fact that people experience the joys of winning and, more importantly, the disappointment of losing but still carry on and try to win at another point helps people to see that losing is ‘not the end of the world’. Losing a game or activity once does not mean that it will happen again so this gives people the motivation to keep trying both in sports and challenges in everyday life.

Carry out research to fi nd out the estimated percentage of people from the participant age group of either teenagers, adults or older adults that su� er from mental health concerns and evaluate how participation in sport and physical activity could help to improve these conditions.

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Mental resilience is the mental ability to cope with stress and recover from disappointments.

K E Y T E R M S


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Social benefi ts of taking part in sportSocial wellbeing is very important for a person’s physical as well as psychological wellbeing. Regular participation in sport and physical activity has been shown to have a signi� cant positive impact on social wellbeing.

Socialbene�ts Being part of a team

Developing transferable skills

Making new friends

Reduced risk of antisocial behaviour

Figure 1.6: The social benefi ts of taking part in sport

Making new friendsPeople of all ages bene� t from making new friends when taking part in regular sport and physical activity. Most sports are carried out with two or more people; therefore, the whole process of taking part in sport requires meeting and mixing with di� erent people. Adults and older adults may bene� t to a greater degree from this aspect of sports participation. As a person gets older, their friendship groups may decline as work and family commitments take over. Older adults may no longer be working so may � nd they rarely meet up with other people, therefore this aspect of participation in sport and physical activity can be extremely valuable for this age group.

Older adults benefi t from making new friends when taking part in walking football


Think about what the term ‘social’ means and how it is related to participation in sport and physical activity.

Social wellbeing refers to the feeling that you have good relationships with other people.

K E Y T E R M S

Being part of a teamTaking part in team sports means that each person works together to achieve a common goal. This can help people to feel included and feel they are a valuable member of the group. Each person has to play a part in a team and people are required to work together. This develops teamwork skills and shows people that they need to work together in order to be successful. When the team wins, all participants can enjoy the bene� ts of shared success and feel a sense of teamwork.

Developing transferable skillsSkills that have been developed in sport can be used in everyday life such as at school, work or with family and friends. From taking part in team sports, people will develop their ability to work as a member of a team in school- or work-related projects. They will also develop leadership skills through sport, helping to support and direct other members of the team, which, again, is invaluable in school and work.Communication skills are very important in all aspects of life, including personal and school or professional situations. Participation in sport helps to develop these skills as people learn how to use verbal and non-verbal language to communicate the right messages to other people.Organisational skills can also be developed from participation in sport. Getting personal kit ready to take part in sport to booking and setting up the playing area are all organisational skills which can be transferred to other aspects of life.

Make a list of other transferable skills that can be developed from participation in sport. For example, what sorts of skills can be developed by each participant when playing as part of a team? For individual sports, what sorts

of skills can be developed? Describe how each of these other transferable skills can be developed through sport and how they can be benefi cial for people in both their personal and work or school life.

ACTIV IT Y

Reduced antisocial behaviourParticipation in sport and physical activity helps to reduce antisocial behaviour in a number of ways.● Antisocial behaviour can be caused by boredom. Being involved in a regular

sport and physical activity or becoming a member of a sports team gives people something purposeful to do and can

● to build routine.● In most sports there will be lots of opportunities to train and compete. This can

help to get young people o� the streets and make them less likely to turn to antisocial behaviour such as petty crime or drug-taking.

● As participation in sport and active leisure helps to increase con� dence and self-esteem, people are less likely to take part in bullying.

Many leisure providers have a number of ways to try to encourage people to take part in sport and improve social wellbeing. How are local leisure providers helping to improve participation in sport and physical activity for all age groups?

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How you will be assessedNow that you have studied the topics in Learning aim A, you will need to show that you understand the di� erent types of sport and sports participants, as well as the bene� ts of participation for each. Your research will need to focus on three di� erent types of participant chosen by you or a person described in a case study. You will need to carry out research to be able to � nd out about di� erent sports and which ones would be suitable for each participant.

Strengthen■ Identify the di� erent types of sports participants. ■ Outline physical, psychological and social benefi ts of taking part in sport.■ Give an example of a physical, psychological or social benefi t of participation

in sport for each type of participant.

Challenge■ Why are some types of sport more suited to specifi c types of participant? ■ Give justifi ed reasons why participation in sport is psychologically benefi cial

for specifi c types of participant

CHECKPOINT

ALEARNING AIMASSESSMENT ACTIV IT Y

Create a questionnaire to use on family members or friends to fi nd out about their participation in sport.

Using the questionnaire, ask what types of sport your family members and friends enjoy taking part in. Ask them why they enjoy each type of sport they have specifi ed, and which sports they don’t take part in. Ask them for reasons why they don’t participate in those particular sports.

Try to fi nd out if each person you talk to has any health reasons or benefi ts they believe they will receive from taking part in sport.

Also, ask each person how they feel after taking part in sport and how it makes them feel.

Lastly, try to fi nd out if each person has a social reason for taking part in sport.

Give an account of each person’s sporting likes and dislikes, using the points below.■ Give reasons for each persons sporting likes and dislikes.■ Explain any physical, psychosocial or social benefi ts each participant gains

from taking part in their chosen sports.■ Compare each of the factors to identify the level of impact each has on the

person’s growth and development at each life stage.

In your response, you should include at least three di� erent types of sports participants from the following categories: primary school aged children; teenagers; adults; older adults; and people with a disability.

Learning aim A: assessment practice

Check through your response and see if you can visit leisure providers to fi nd out if there are any specifi c sports activities they o� er for di� erent types of participants which are popular with that age range.

TAKE IT FURTHER

It is not always possible to have access to three di� erent types of participants, so you may need to do research online or ask friends if they have family that you may be able to talk to, such as a younger sibling or an older adult.

T I P S

01and the sports industry an introduction to sport · 2019. 6. 20. · component 1 learning aim a...

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