01a- fundamentals - self study - gen rations
TRANSCRIPT
Computer
• Computer “ comes from the word Compute which means to calculate
• Calculating Device which can be perform arithmetic operation with speed
• Fast Calculating Machine
• Non-mathematical & Non- numerical
• Computer can store, process& retrieve data when desired
• “Data Processor”
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Diligence :- tiredness
• Versatility :- Multitasking, (e.g. result, CV, Software Development)
• Power of remembering
• No I.Q
• NO Feeling
THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
• Computers as we know are very relatively new devices.
• This presentation shows the progression from primitive mechanical calculators to modern PCs.
• The history of computers is commonly divided into generations.
GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
• The first computing devices were invented during this period.
• The German inventor Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) built the first working calculator in 1623 (on fire).
• 1642 the french scientist Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662) built a
mechanical calculator which only
can add or subtract.
GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
• Pascal’s Calculator
GENERATION 0 : MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
• PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES – Jacquard’s loom
• 1801 The Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard
(1752-1834) invented a programmable loom, in
which removable punch cards were used to
represent patterns.
Jacquard loom
It was not until the beginning of the 19th century (1800’s) that the ideas automatic computing machines began to evolve. The first was developed by a French textile manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard. He invented a punch card system for programming the designs on a carpet making loom. First he used single cards to control the pattern of the threads. On later machines the cards were joined together to form repeating patterns. This idea of punch cards was adopted for use with musical instruments, such as the barrel organ. Here a sequence of valves were opened and closed controlling air flow into various organ pipes. Tunes could be programmed and loaded into the machine.
History of Computers - Long, Long Ago
• beads on rods to count and calculate
• still widely used in Asia!
History of Computers - Way Back When
• Slide Rule 1630
• based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
• used until 1970s
History of Computers - 19th Century
• first stored program - metal cards
• first computer manufacturing
• still in use today!
Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
• Difference Engine c.1822 – huge calculator, never finished
• Analytical Engine 1833– could store numbers– calculating “mill” used punched
metal cards for instructions– powered by steam!– accurate to six decimal places
BABBAGE difference engine
In the 1820’s Charles Babbage designed a mechanical machine called the Difference engine. The purpose of this machine was to calculate and print out tables for the Admiralty. (ie, tides, tables and planetary positions for navigation). The machine consisted of cog wheels that could be set in keyed positions, these turned as the computations were performed. Due to the limitations of mechanical engineering in this period, and lack of money, the machine was never completed.
BABBAGE’S analytical engine
Babbage laid down the foundations for moderncomputing. He stated that an automatic computingmachine must have:-
1) A store for the numbers, we now call this memory.2) A device for performing arithmetic operations, he
called this a mill, we now call this the arithmetic unit or central processor unit (CPU).
3) A device for causing the operations of the machine, for example transferring numbers from one place to another. This is now referred to as the control unit.
4) An input and output device. Such as card reader or printer. Today this would also include screen, mouse and keyboard.
A mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem. It used punch-cards similar to those used by the Jacquard loom and can perform simple conditional operations.
THE MARK –I COMPUTER(1937-44)
Howord A. Aikan of Harvard University & I.B.M. designed first fully automatic calculating Machine
Size of computer is 50 feet long 8 feet high
23 decimal digits can be used in the machineTHE ATANSOFF –BERRY COMPUTER
(1939-42)
Dr. John Atanasoff was developed Electronic Machine for mathematical equations
Atansoff –Berry Computer or ABC
45 vacuum tubes for internal logic & capacitors for storage
THE MARK –I COMPUTER(1937-44)
THE ATANSOFF –BERRY COMPUTER
HARVARD MARK I and II
In 1945, LTJG Grace Murray was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator. While testing Mark II due to a malfunction, a moth was found trapped between the points of a Relay. The operators removed and affixed the moth to the computer log, with the entry: "First actual case of bug being found." They put out the word that they had "debugged" the machine, thus introducing the term "debugging a computer program."
The modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944. The Harvard Mark I and II was the invention of Howard Aiken. The machines were constructed out of switches, relays and rotating shafts.
THE ENIAC(1943-46)THE ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATED AND CALCULATOR
In U.S.A. at Moor School of Engineering of University of Pennsylvania team of Prf. J. Presper & John Machly constructed an electronic computer
Result of military need
20 x 40 sq. ft. room & 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
Limited amount information ,
Difficult to detect the errors & change the programme
THE EDVAC(1946-52)THE ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
Stored Program
Developed by Dr. John Von Neumann
Binary System
THE ENIAC(1943-46)
THE EDVAC(1946-52)
THE EDSAC (1947-49)THE ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC
CALCULTOR
May 1949(Britisher)
Developed by group of scientists headed by Pof. Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University
Add 1500 mic. Sec. Mult. 4000 mic. sec
MANCHESTER MARK -I(1948)Storage Purpose
Designed Prof. Neumann & Scientists.
of Manchester University Group
32 words 31 digit
THE EDSAC
THE UNIVAC (1951)THE UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
In 1951 ( Digital Computer)
Census Bureau
701 Commercial Computer (IBM )
UNIVAC - 1951
• first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
• Created at the University of Pennsylvania
• ENIAC weighed 30 tons
• contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
• Cost a paltry $487,000
THE UNIVAC
GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
• 1940s Computers designers began to replace electromagnetic relays with Vacuum tubes, small glass tubes from which all or most of the gas has been removed.
• Since vacuum tubes have no moving parts, they enable switching of electrical signals at speeds far exceeding those of relays.
GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
• Computing and World War II – COLOSSUS
• With the ideas of Alan Turing (1912-1954), the British Government built the first electronic computer COLOSUS, to decode encrypted Nazi comunications. Its contained more than 2300 vacuum tubes.
GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
– ENIAC• Since Colossus was classified, the first publicly
known electronic computer was ENIAC (1946),developed at USA to compute ballistics tables for the US army.
• Consisted of 18000 vacuum tubes.• It was less advanced than its predecessors but
could perform more complex calculations than the Mark I could and operated up to 500 times faster.
• Another advantage of Eniac was that it was programmable.
GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
GENERATION 1 : VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
• The von Neumann Architecture– John Von Neumann (1903-1957), was a
scientist involved in the Eniac project.– He design an alternative computer
architecture in which programs could be
stored in memory along with data.– He also introduced the used of binary
representation (base 2 0,1).
COMPUTER GENRATIONS
FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955)Vacuum Tube ,
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC
ADVANTAGES
Electronic Components
Electronic digital Computer
Fastest Calculating Device
DISADVANTAGES
Bulky in Size , Unreliable, Large amount of heat
Air conditioning required
Hardware failures
Maintenance required
Manual assembly ,
Commercial production was difficult & Costly
Second Generation – 1965-1963
• 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
First Transistor
• Uses Silicon
• developed in 1948
• won a Nobel prize
• on-off switch
• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
GENERATION 2 : TRANSISTORS (1954-1963)
• Transistors are pieces of silicon whose conductivity can be turned on and off using an electric current.
• Since transistors were smaller, cheaper and more energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they allowed for the production of more powerful yet inexpensive computers.
• IBM began marketing transistor-based computers to private businesses. They introduced the first high-level programming language (FORTRAN), with a higher level of abstraction and simplifying the task of programming.
• LISP, BASIC, COBOL.
SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964)
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size
Reliable, Less amount of heat
Hardware failures are less
Commercial useDISADVANTAGES
Air conditioning required
Maintenance required
Manual assembly ,
Commercial production was difficult & Costly
Third Generation – 1964-1971
• 1964-1971
• Integrated Circuit
• Operating System
• Getting smaller, cheaper
Integrated Circuits
• Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
Operating System
• Software – Instructions for Computer
• Operating system is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started
• Program is instructions loaded when needed
THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975)
Microelectronic Technology
Integrated Circuits (IC)
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size, reliable, HeatHardware failures are lessLess Maintenance requiredCommercial production
DISADVANTAGES
Air-conditions requirements
IC Chips
GENERATION 3 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1963-1973)
• Large Scale Integration– Moore’s law predicts that the number of transistors that can
fit on a chip will double every 12 to 18 months.– Microprocessor Single chip that contains all of the circuitry
for a computing device, such as a calculator or computer (Intel 4004).
• Computing for businesses– The development of integrated circuits facilitated the
constructions of even faster and cheaper computers more and more people needed to interact with computers making computers accessible to nontechnical users Operating system, keyboards, monitors…
– Pascal teaching programming skills.– C used in development of UNIX and operating system.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(third generation)
Small scale integrated circuits
Mini computers made from logic gates on IC chips
FOURTH GENERATION (1975 ONWORD)
Small Scale Integration
Medium Scale Integration
Large Scale Integration
GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)
• Advances in manufacturing technology led to the very large scale integration (VLSI) of hundreds of thousands and eventually millions of transistors on an IC chip.
• The Personal Computer Revolution– The cost of the computers dropped to the point
where individuals could afford them.
– 1975 Altair 8800 (first pc).
GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)
– 1977 Apple II, personal computer that
included keyboard,colour monitor, sound,
and graphics.
– 1980 IBM introduced the IBM PC.
GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)
– AS more and more people began using computers for business and pleasure, the software industry grew and adapted.
– Bill Gates (1955) and Paul Allen wrote the first commercial software for personal computers and interpreter for the BASIC programming language that ran on the Altair.
GENERATION 4 : VLSI (1973-1985)
– They founded Microsoft in 1975, that one of his initial success was MS-DOS Operating System as well as aplications programs such as word processor.
– In the 1990’s appear Microsoft Windows, the succesor of MS-DOS that had become the dominant operating system for desktop computers.
• Object-Oriented Programming– Object Orientarion is an approach to software
development in which the programmer models software components after real-world objects.
– 1980 Smalltalk and Ada.– 1985 C++.– 1995 JAVA.
GENERATION 5 : PARALLEL PROCESSING AND NETWORKING (1985
- ??)
• Parallel processing refers to the integration of multiple processors in a single computer.
• Until the 1990s, most computers were stand alone devices.
• The first large-scale computer network was ARPAnet or INTERNET, but its use was initially limited to government and academic researchers.
• 1990s Development of the World Wide Web.
• In 2002, it is estimated than more than 160 million computers are connected to the Internet.
The First Microprocessor – 1971
• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
• 108Khz
• Called “Microchip”
Generation
Physical SizeCircuits
Density
Speed /Instruction
Memory Capacity
First Room SizeVacuum Tubes
One Hundreds Thousands
Second
Cupboard /Cabinet Size
Transistor
Hundreds
ThousandsTen Thousands
Third Desk Size I.C.Thousand
MillionsHundred Thousands
FourthDesk Top, Lap Top, Palm Top
V.L.S.IMillions
Ten Millions
Billion