012 power quality and reliability, lawrence

8/8/2019 012 Power Quality and Reliability, Lawrence

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Power Quality and Reliability

Roger G Lawrence, PE CEM

Senior Member IEEE

NCSU Solar Center


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New Perceptions of Risk

Electrical Reliability

Distributed Resources Deregulation or Re-Regulation


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New Proven Tools

DSP Electronics IGBT Bridge

UPS Sag Correctors

Micro Turbines Flywheels

Fuel Cells


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How to Recognize a Power QualityEvent

Unexplained Production Losses Mysterious Events

Finger Pointing

Symptoms


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Solutions

ControlUPS ASD

480

15 kV

69 kV

5 kV

480

60%

200 M Sec.

100%

2 Seconds


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Sources of Power QualityIssues

Electric Utility

End User


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Can Anything be done?Short Term

Investigate

Cost Effective Solutions

CHP

Long Term Power Quality & Reliability

Specifications


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Electronic Systems

Improved Industrial Production

Digital Systems

Information Technology

Heightened Demand for Solutions


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Case History


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Existing Infrastructure

Electrical Distribution System Unchanged

Disruption of End User Systems Additional demands


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Harmonic DistortionStandards

IEEE Std 519

IEEE Std 1346


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Transient Events

Capacitor Switching

Single Phase Sags

Three Phase Sags

Common Mode

Transient Overvoltage


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Power-Factor Correction CapacitorsSwitching Transient

Voltage transients created by energizing

power-factor correction capacitors havebeen a long-standing problem for powerelectronic converters.


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Power-Factor Correction CapacitorsDiagram


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Power-Factor Correction CapacitorsCost Effective Solutions

Insert input line reactors Apply resistor capacitor surge networks

Use CHP to Displace Switched Capacitor


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Three-Phase Voltage Sags

A fundamental response of a traditional

radial distribution system to switchingevents.


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Effects of Sags


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Typical Event


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Interruption Rate, Magnitude, &Duration

1cyc

3cyc

5cyc

10to

20cyc

0.5

to1s

2to5s

10to30s

1to2min

0to10

20to30

40to50

60to70

80to90

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sags in 365 Days

Duration Voltage (%)

RMS Voltage Variation Sag and Interruption Rate


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Three-Phase Voltage SagsStandards

The IEEE Gold Book devotes Chapter 9to sag phenomena and the estimation of

the numbers of sag events


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CharacterizationInterruption and Sag Rate Probabilities as a Function

of Event Voltage Magnitude and Duration

Per

centofNominalVoltage%

Duration (Cycles)

5-10 events persite per year

10-15 events

15-20 events

0-5 events persite per year

0-5 events per

site per year

Improving Sag Performance

Symbol DescriptionGreen CircleLine 1 As WasRed StarLine with solutions applied

Blue RectangleLine 2 As WasYellow TriangleLine 2 with solutions applied


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Low Speed Flywheel

Utility

Supply

Static

Switch

480V ACProtected

Load

Inverter

Low Speed

Flywheel


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Process Flow Diagram

5

ROLL STANDNo. 1

OVEN GASOVEN

ROLL STANDNo. 2

RECYCLEVACUUMBLOWER

CASE STUDY No. 1PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

PLASTIC STRIP PRODUCTIONFOR CARPET BACKING

THICKNESSGAUGE

QUENCH TANK

RAW PLASTICPELLETS

EXTRUDER

TAKE AWAY

STATIONARYSLITTER

GRINDER

WASTEVACUUMBLOWER

64 Winders

ROLL STANDNo. 3

DELUSTER

6x STRECHING SHRINKAGE WINDERS

5

5

75

5

2020 1.5

ea

5

5

MOTOR w/ADJUSTABLESPEED DRIVE

STANDARDMOTOR

EXTRUSION & SLITTING

Hp

Hp

LEGEND

7.5 15


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CleanSource

One moving part(rotor)

Ball bearingseasily replaced

Magnetic bearing

integrated intofield circuit

Simple, Reliable,Simple, Reliable,

and Powerand Power--densedense

Cartridgearmature


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Roll Stand #3


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First Save

SHAW FLYWHEEL INPUT @ C:\DRANVIEW\SHAWIN6.DNV

Waveform event at 01/06/00 21:07:29.88

PrevRMS MinRMS MaxRMS WorstIMP Phase

AV Volts 278.3 86.7 262.8 0.0 0 deg.BV Volts 277.1 251.5 297.2 0.0 0 deg.

CV Volts 278.1 84.4 278.5 0.0 0 deg.

DI Amps 110 9 59 0 0 deg.

CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts

21:07:29.85 21:07:29.90 21:07:29.95 21:07:29.00 21:07:30.05 21:07:30.10 21:07:30.15 21:07:30.20 21:07:30.25

Volts

-750

-500

-250

0

250

500

750


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Natural Gas Turbine Generator


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30 kW Micro Turbine


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Combined Cycle Plant

Siemens


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Results of End User Survey

Left to the Vendor

Lowest Cost A Description of Mechanical Process

Requirements

Single Source Partnership

Not Required, On-site generation

Being Prepared not yet available The most experienced local supplier provides

equipment


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Costs

Difficult to Collect

Per Incident / Time / Unit

Commonly Allocated

Frequently Occurs Identified as

Mechanical problem


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Mitigation Equipment

Low Cost

Medium Cost

High Cost


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Conclusion

Identification

Calculation of the Cost

Simple Solution

Use Energy Effectively

Value for Money

012 power quality and reliability, lawrence

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