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LTE Drivers:

1. Wireline technologies keep improving, a similar evolution is required in the wireless domain to make sure that the applications run smoothly independently of the access network.

2. More capacity demanded

3. Operator cost must be reduced to maintain profitability when flat rate services are offered.

4. Other wireless technologies competing with LTE (i.e. WiMAX promising high data capabilities)

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Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in Downlink:

173 Mbps on the physical layer

FDD with 20MHz bandwidth carrier

2x2 MIMO (2 antennas for TX, 2 Antennas for RX)

64QAM modulation

The bit rate refers to User plane only, meaning that it is already excluded:

Control overhead (7.1%)

Reference symbol overhead (7.7%)

Following settings and requirements apply when obtaining LTE max bit rate in Uplink:

57 Mbps on the Physical layer (just user plane)

Single stream transmission with 64QAM assumed

Reference symbol overhead (14.3%), already excluded

FDD with 20 MHz bandwidth carrier

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Scalability of bandwidth

Urban areas:

Most likely LTE will be deployed.

Stepwise deployment in UMTS 2.1 bands will be possible at a later stage.

Rural areas:

Option 1: Deploy UMTS in 900 MHz band.

Advantage: rollout can start now.

Disadvantage: a block of 5 MHz need to be taken out of the GSM band. Not a lot of operators can afford to take out this much of spectrum due to heavy usage in this band.

Option 2: Introduce LTE in 900 MHz band.

Advantage: reuse of GSM 900 Sites. Step by step introduction of LTE with smaller granularity (1.4 / 3 / 5 /MHz).

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Reference:

- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960

- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335

- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia simulations

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Cost per MByte decreases with introduction of new technologies.

From HSPA to LTE, the cost per MByte will reduce with more than 70%.

The reasons are:

Flat architecture.

All-IP transmission network

Increased spectral efficiency > bits per Hz per cell for LTE (2X2 MIMO) ~ 1.7

Reuse of spectrum > Refarming of existing 900 MHz band in rural areas possible. For urban larger bandwidth expected in 2.6 GHz.

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First LTE Workshop took place in Canada in November 2004, where the LTE work was started as a study in the 3GPP. First set of requirements was presented, together with proposals for technology selection. Both vendors and operators contributed to the workshop.

June 2005: first approved version of LTE Requirements

OFDMA and SCFDMA multiple access selection for Downlink and Uplink respectively was close by the end of 2005

The study item was closed in September 2006, and detailed work item started to make LTE part of the 3GPP Release 8 Specification.

In December 2008, the Rel-8 specification was frozen for new features, meaning only essential clarifications and corrections were permitted.

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March 2009 the ASN.1 code was frozen, starting backwards compatibility; it defines the first version of the protocol that can be used as the baseline to develop the commercial implementation. (The Rel-8 standard was complete enough that hardware designers had been designing chipsets, test equipment, and base stations for some time) Specification deep freeze: any changes in the specs are not allowed. Typically the system is commercial, its key functionalities are running. Potential improvement will come only as part of a new release.

LTE standards development continues with 3GPP Release 9, which was frozen in December 2009. Including among other topics:

LTE MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast System): operation of a broadcast carrier.

Self Optimized Networks (SON)

Network Sharing

Enhanced VoIP support in LTE

Requirements for LTE Multi-band and Multi-Radio base stations

Updates to all 3GPP specifications are made every quarter and can be found at the 3GPP web site.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASN.1

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The PS Core Network is streamlined by separating the control plane and the user plane.

The SGSN becomes a pure control entity.

The user plane bypasses the SGSN directly to the GGSN

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Node B functionalities:

All radio Protocols

Mobility Management

Header Compression

Packet Retransmission

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Status: 3GPP R10 TS36.101, October 2011

Band 6 not applicable

Band 15,16 reserved

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More details on LTE Radio Interface Key Features coming on LTE Air interface basics section in this chapter.

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EUTRAN Key Features

Evolved NodeB

No RNC is provided anymore

The evolved Node Bs take over all radio management functionality.

This will make radio management faster and hopefully the network architecture simpler

IP transport layer

EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

UL/DL resource scheduling

In UMTS physical resources are either shared or dedicated

Evolved Node B handles all physical resource via a scheduler and assigns them dynamically to users and channels

This provides greater flexibility than the older system

QoS awareness

The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service classes

Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN

The system provides the possibility for differentiated services

Self configuration

Currently under investigation

Possibility to let Evolved Node Bs configure themselves

It will not completely substitute the manual configuration and optimization.

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EPC Key Features

IP transport layer

EUTRAN exclusively uses IP as transport layer

QoS awareness

The scheduler must handle and distinguish different quality of service classes

Otherwise real time services would not be possible via EUTRAN

The system provides the possibility for differentiated services

Packet Switched Domain only

No circuit switched domain is provided

If CS applications are required, they must be implemented via IP

Only one mobility management for the UE in LTE.

3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option

The EPC can be based either on 3GPP GTP protocols (similar to PS domain in UMTS/GPRS) or on IETF Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)

Non-3GPP access

The EPC will be prepared also to be used by non-3GPP access networks (e.g. LAN, WLAN, WiMAX, etc.)

This will provide true convergence of different packet radio access system

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789MHz of TD spectrum bandwidth Largely unused spectrum + Lowest spectrum price Incoming new TD-spectrum auction in many countries (Europe, LAC, ...) Bands with large continuous spectrum for true broadband and scope for LTE-A 100MHz TD carriers

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LTE worldwide landscape as of March 24th, 2011. GSA report available at http://www.gsacom.com/

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Comments concerning IPR:

UMTS: high number of essentials and many IPR holders, very aggressive licensing policy (Qualcomm) by holders without product business, no effective IPR regulation (forming licensing pools) in place

LTE /SAE: also many patents and IPR holders, but aggressive ones are not so dominant, most patents hold by infrastructure & terminal vendors, increased IPR awareness /lessons learned from 3G), additional IPR regulations planed via NGNMN (early declaration of IPR licensing fees, forming licensing pools possible)

WIMAX: nearly same number of patents and patent holders as for LTE, but many of them will not provide Wimax products, expectation of aggressive licensing (Qualcomm, Wi-Lan), licensing pool initiated by INTEL up till now not successful, slightly lower number of essential patents expected than for LTE

Economy of scale:

UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore new terminals will contain UMTS/HSPDA too leverage of GSM footprint, same is for Basestations (site and component sharing) /and Core network entities

Wimax: mainly driven from Notebook market (INTEL Chipsets will include WIMAX),i.e. datacards. dedicated handsets expected to follow, but extend unclear (probably technically more difficult due to shorter battery lifetimes)

LTE: GSM and UMTS network footprint can be leveraged. High terminal volumes can be expected (GSM/UMTS/LTE multimode terminals from beginning), also platform sharing in Basestations.

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Spectrum availability and cost impact:

UMTS/HSPA: paired spectrum assign in 2GHz band in many regions, in Europe partly high costs due to auctions, continuous 5MHz bandwith required

Wimax: currently suited for TDD spectrum, in 3,5 Ghz band and in some regions probably also in 2,5 Ghz band as well as in unlicensed bands, more cost intensive due to 3,5 Ghz band

LTE: planned for 2,6 Ghz band (W-Cdma extension bands) and refarming of GSM frequency bands (scalable bandwitdth)

Terminal variety:

UMTS/HSPA: designed for evolution of GSM networks, therefore also broad availability of GSM/UMTS multimode terminals

Wimax: currently starting with datacards of Notebooks only, but terminals planned, unsure how many terminals vendors will provide Wimax terminal, especially which multimode capabilities exist

LTE: as evolution of GSM and UMTS network a wide variety of terminals can be expected, probably most of them supporting GSM/UMTS as well

Voice performance:

UMTS/HSPA: Circuit switched was as well as Voice over HSPA in future

Wimax: No circuit switched voice, VOIP only, pure QoS management

LTE: VoIP only, but lowest latency in Air-I/F and network due to flat architecture and QoS mechanism, at the beginning also directing of voice traffic to GSM/UMTS overlay network possible

Broadband data performance:

UMTS/HSPA: up to 14 Mbit/s DL, 5,6 UL

Wimax: high data performance upt to 50 Mbits/s

LTE: highest data performance up to 160 Mbit/s (DL) and 50 Mbit/s UL, high spectral efficiency

Lean Architecture:

UMTS/HSPA: 4 Node architecture (Node-B, RNC; SGSN, GGSN)

Wimax: 3 Node architecture (AP, ASN-GW, CSN-GW)

LTE: Ultra flat architecture 2 Nodes only (eNodeB, SAE-GW)

Compatibility with existing systems:

UMTS/HSPA: internat. roaming, HO to GSM systems

Wimax: currently no IW to other systems, difficult to implement

LTE: Full IW with GSM /UMTS networks will be defined and implemented, also IW to other systems like WIMAX /CDMA2000 planned