01 tchoundjeuzac indigenousfruittreedomestication-fara-aasw-accra july 2013
DESCRIPTION
How participatory domestication of high value indigenous fruit trees is brings nutrition, income to smallholder farmers and conserves forests and biodiversity. Presentation at Africa Agriculture Science Week, Accra, 15 July 2013TRANSCRIPT
Tchoundjeu*Z,**Asaah,*E.;*Tsobeng*A*.;*Degrande,*A.*and*A7a,*J.*6th$Africa$Agriculture$Science$Week,$$
15$–$20$July$2013,$Accra$<$Ghana$
$
High;value*indigenous*fruit*trees*contribu7on*to*nutri7on:*Experience*from*West*and*central*Africa.*
ARTICULATIONS*1. WHY INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES WERE SO
FAR NEGLECTED? 2. CONCEPT OF TREE DOMESTICATION 3. KEY INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES FROM WCA
REGION 4. NUTRIONAL POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS
FRUIT TREES 5. POTENTIAL ROLE OF IF IN POVERTY
ALLEVIATION, CC SUMMARY
21 countries 330 million people 1200 million ha
KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF WCA REGION • Smallholder farmers of this region relay on rain-fed
production systems and natural/traditional methods of soil fertility maintenance.
• Farmers have limited access to markets. • Huge potential to intensify and diversify productivity with
agroforestry as a primary delivery mechanism of multifunctional agriculture for food and export markets
• Hosting the Congo basin forest so hot spot for
biodiversity, repository of important high-value indigenous fruit trees and medicinal plants
Distribution of Area under Cultivation By Zone
5-year Average (2003-2007)
5*
Constant Fluctuation in cocoa 1960-2000
What$is$domesBcaBon?$
Resource identification
and characterization
Capture, selection and management
of genetic resources
Regeneration and management in
sustainable landuse systems
Ethnobotanic studies and socio-
economic evaluation.
Market research
Farmer preferences.
Market development
Assessment of adoption and
socio-economic impact.
Market expansion
Species selection
Germplasm collection and conservation
Genetic selection and
breeeding
Development of techniques to capture
genetic variation
Efficient resource capture.
Assessment of environmental
impact
SOCIAL SCIENCES
BIOPHYSICAL SCIENCES
ParBcipatory$Tree$DomesBcaBon$(PTD)$
Put$simply$PTD$refers$to:$• $the$means$communiBes$select,$propagate$and$manage$high<
value$indigenous$fruit$trees$and$medicinal$plants$and$integrate$them$in$the$various$farming$systems,$
$• Species$with$no$market$informaBon$systems$$• species$which$are$mainly$selected$encompassing$indigenous$
knowledge$and$geneBc$selecBon$based$on$scienBfic$principles$$• $a$strong$partnership$with$scienBsts,$civic$authoriBes$and$private$
companies.$$• $PTD$is$a$farmer$driven$and$market$lead$process.$It$focuses$on$
species$farmers$consume$best$with$high$potenBals$for$local,$regional$and$internaBonal$markets$
$
How to multiply the selected species: rooting cuttings
GRAFTING TECHNIQUES • No*new*secrets*but*skills*normally*reside*with*sta7on*or*research*staff*– Farmers,*extension*services*need*the*techniques**
How to multiply the selected species: air layering
Creation of a cultivar
Earlier fruiting, smaller trees and uniform quality
Dacryodes edulis
KEY SPECIES UNDER DOMESTICATION
Gnetum africanum
SPECIES UNDER DOMESTICATION
Irvingia gabonensis
Ricinodendron heudelotii Kola nitida
Garcinia cola (Bitter kola)
Monodora myristica Afrotyrax lepidophyllus
Zanthoxylum macrophylla
Prunus. africana P. Johimbe cutting
E. chloranta for hepatitis A, B, D, E
Allanblackia*floribunda*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
lauric
myristic
palmitic
stearic
oleic
C18:2
A llanblackiaPalm8oilPalm8kernelRape8oil
Noel*cul7var**(out*of*season*variety,*yield*US$20*per*tree*per*year)*
…*developing*elite*varie7es*
A young Allanblakia fruiting six years after planting
NUTRIONAL POTENTIAL
Dacryodes*edulis***• D.$edulis$is$culBvated$for$its$fruit$<$rich$in$lipids,$
essenBal$oils,$vitamins$and$minerals.$$$
• Can$be$eaten$raw,$cooked,$roasted$and/or$grilled.$
• Fruits$are$highly$commercialized$with$transacBons$known$to$occur$both$at$naBonal$and$internaBonal$levels.$$
• Fruits$generate$about$1$million$US$$annually$in$Cameroon.$$
• InternaBonally,$the$fruits$are$exported$to$Europe$(Belgium,$France,$UK)$and$America$from$Cameroon,$$R.$Congo$and$D.R.$Congo.$
Snack$of$roasted$safou$$and$plantain$sold$in$
Cameroon.$
Fresh$safou$fruits$on$sale$in$Cameroon$
Irvingia(gabonensis*&*Irvingia(wombolu((• Bush$mango$is$culBvated$for$its$fruit$$<$rich$in$
vitamin$C$and$the$kernel$rich$in$$lipids,$essenBal$oils,$and$minerals.$$$
• Fruits$are$consumed$/$sold,$however,$the$$kernel,$fetches$prices$several$folds$that$of$fruits.$$
• Fruits$are$highly$commercialized$with$transacBons$known$to$occur$both$at$naBonal$and$internaBonal$levels.$$
• In$a$recent$review$on$non<Bmber$forest$products$in$Cameroon,$Ingram$and$Schure$(2010),$reported$that$US$$8,$089,580$is$generated$annually,$from$the$sale$of$Irvingia$spp.$
• InternaBonally,$the$kernels$are$exported$within$West$and$Central$Africa$and$to$Europe$and$America.$
Kernels$of$bush$mango$
Snack$of$bush$mango$fruit$
Distribu7on*of*the*species*
D.(edulis*distribu7on:*natural$and$planted$populaBons$in$Africa$
I.(gabonensis(&(I.(wombolu(distribu7on:*natural$$and$planted$populaBons$in$Africa$
Source: &Omogbai and Ojeaburu 2010; $Ajayi and Adesanwo, 2009$
Proximate composition of D. edulis
* Mean %*
Pulp* Seed*Moisture* 18.6* 20.6*
Ash* 3* 2.6*Protein* 1.93* 1.4*Fat* 11.94* 10.44*Fibre* 47.5* 48.5*Carbohydrate* 17.03* 16.46*
Source: Ajayi and Oderinde, 2002 $
Proximate*composi7on*of$I.#gabonensis$(%$dry$weight)$and$I.##wombolu$(%$fresh$weight)$kernels$
Nutri7onal*value*bush*mango*Mineral composition of I.#gabonensis#(ppm$
dry$weight)#and$I.#wombolu$kernels)
* Mean %*
I. gabonensis*
Mg* 429.0 ± 0.3*
Fe* 13.2 ± 0.1*
Zn* 5.7 ± 0.2*
Mn* 3.8 ± 0.2*
Ca* 201.3 ± 0.3*
Na* 395.1 ± 0.5*
K* 587.0 ± 0.4 2*
P* 16.4 ± 0.2*
* Mean %*I. abonensis#* I. wombolu&*
Moisture* 4.0 ± 0.1* 11.9*Ash* 7.8 ± 0.3* 2.46*Protein* 6.5± 0.2* 7.42*Fat* 58.5 ± 0.4* 51.32*Fiber* 6.6 ± 0.2* 0.86*Carbohydrate* 16.6 ± 0.3* 26.02*
Source: #Oboh and Ekperigin, 2004$Source: #Oboh and Ekperigin, 2004; &Ejiofor (1987, cited in Ejiofor 1994)$
Control*pollina7on*of*D.(edulis(trees*in*Cameroon*
*Remarks:$• Controlled$pollinaBon$
increases$fruit$set$and$frucBficaBon.$
$• Phenotypic$variaBon$is$
prominent$between$
provenances$compare$to$within$provenances.$
Farm*management:*D.*edulis*
! Suitable$to$grow$in$Coffee,$Cocoa$plantaBons$as$shade$crop,$on$farm$boundaries$and$within$crops$! No$significant$negaBve$interacBons$noted$in$a$trial$on$establishment$methods$! Establish$under$parBal$shade$iniBally$at$100$trees/ha$density$
Food*crop*associa7on* Home*garden*
Farm*management:*Irvingia*spp*
! Suitable$to$grow$in$Coffee,$Cocoa$plantaBons$as$shade$crop,$on$farm$boundaries$and$within$crops$! No$significant$negaBve$interacBons$noted$in$a$trial$on$establishment$methods$! Establish$under$parBal$shade$iniBally$at$100$trees/ha$density$
Food*crop*associa7on*Home*garden*
Mapping*the*carbon*stocks*in*trees*of*seed*and*vegeta7ve*(cu^ng*and*marcot)*origins**
#Biomass,#carbon#and#CO2e#sequestrated##aboveground#in#10#years#old#D.#edulis#trees#of#seed#and#vegeta@ve#origins#(mean#±#s.e.d#Mg#ha#E1)###
• D. edulis trees of vegetative origin produced significantly (P≤0.05) more biomass and carbon aboveground than trees of seed origin.
.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Aboveground biomass Aboveground carbon CO2e sequestrated aboveground
Abo
vegr
ound
bio
mas
s an
d ca
rbon
yi
eld
in M
g/ha
Cuttings marcots Seed
MOVING FROM PILOT NURSERIES TO RURAL RESOURCE CENTRES
RURAL RESOURCE CENTERS Innova7ve*approach*helping*farmers*to*be*exposed*to*updated*technologies*in*domes7ca7on*and*agroforestry.*Demonstra7on*plots*helping*farmers*to*acquire*skills*in*producing*NTFPs*and*marke7ng*knowledge*
.*
KEY SERVICES OF RRCs • Strengthening farmers skills
in nursery techniques, group dynamic and marketing.
• Demonstration and
information on the agrofrestry techniques
• Access to information on marketing
• Link the different actors of NTFPs with the private sectors
• Forum of exchange for different actors of NTFPs
Multiplication effect
TDRC*
TDRC*
TDRC*
TDRC*
Relay*Organisa7on**
A*Relay*
Organisa7on*B*
TDRC*
Relay*Organisa7on
C*
Relay*Organisa7on*
D*
Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery*1*Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**
Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**
Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**Nursery**
Nursery**
Nursery**Nursery**
Income generation
Income*generated*from*plant*sales*at*RRCs*centers*aaer*2,*5*and*10*years.*
Number of farmer’s that collaborated with ICRAF in Cameroon from 1999 - 2012
Rejuvenating old cocoa plantations
The right tree for the right place 1. Trees for Products
2. Trees for Services
fruit firewood medicine income sawnwood fodder
soil fertility
carbon sequestration
soil erosion
watershed protection
shade biodiversity
Frui7ng*calendar*of*some*indigenous*fruit*trees*in*West*&*Central*Africa**
Tree species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Irvingia wombolu
Cola spp.
Dacryodes edulis
Garcina kola
Irvingia gabonensis
Ricinodendron heudelotii
Safou*variants*
Early$maturity:$ $April$<$May$
Normal:$ $ $June$<$September$
Late$maturity:$$ $October$<$March$
Acknowledgements
International Fund for
Agricultural
Development
*
Partner and beneficicaries
Thank*you*for*your*kind*aben7on**
West and Central Africa Regional O!ce P. O. Box 16317 Yaounde, Cameroon Tel: (+237) 22 21 50 84 Fax: 22 21 50 89 E-mail: [email protected] $$$