01 mn1790 introduction
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction: ContentsIntroduction: Contents
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning
• Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
• Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
• Site Survey & Site Investigation
• Antenna Types
• Antenna Parameters
• Antenna Patterns
• Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
• (Effective) Antenna Height
• Antenna Diversity
• Antenna Cables
• Antenna cables and Intermodulation
• Antenna Near Products
• Exercises
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning
Implementation of additional hardware to improve QOS
Extension of coverage area
Implementation of new technologies (e.g. HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE)
Network extension
Fine tuning of the existing network without addition of new hardware
Reduction of interference on Air interface
Network optimization
Connecting the links between the different network elementsNetwork integration
Download and activation of network element specific software and databasesCommissioning of the network elements
BTS, BSC, TRAU, MSCInstallation of the network elements
Number and location of BTSs, BSCs, and MSCs
Number and type of links between the network elements
Type of BTSs and antennas (sectorised, omni-directional)
Number of TRXs per cell
Frequencies of serving and neighbor cells
BSICs
LACs
(GSM) Network planning (design)
RemarksSteps
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Cellular network
• partial overlap of cells
• only a few frequencies per cell
• frequency re-use distance
1
1
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
67
7
3
3
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Cellular Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Cellular Concept
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: TDMA Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: TDMA Concept
TDMA frame: 4.615 ms
Time
Time Slot0.577 ms
TDMA frame No. 0180 TDMA frame No. 0181
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 70 0
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radionetwork Planning: FDMA Concept
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radionetwork Planning: FDMA Concept
UPLINK
25 MHz
75 MHz
890 MHz
1710 MHz
915 MHz
1785 MHz
DOWNLINK
935 MHz
1805 MHz
960 MHz
1880 MHz
25 MHz
75 MHz
GSM900
GSM1800
1 2
200 kHz
124
374
guard band
1 2124
374
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Cell Types
360°
omni directional cell
180°
180° sector cell
120°
120° sector cell
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerningRadio Network Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerningRadio Network Planning: Cell Types
8 km
35 km
100 km
GSM 900 Extended Cell
Standard Cell: GSM 900
Standard Cell: GSM 1800
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerningRadio Network Planning: Cell Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerningRadio Network Planning: Cell Types
Concentric cell
Inner area: TRX with low power for capacity
Complete area: TRX with high
power for coverage
Hierarchical cells
Different layers of cells fordifferent coverage areas
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Logical Channels
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Logical Channels
logical channels
control channels traffic channels
BCH CCCH DCCH
FCCH
BCCHSCH
AGCHPCH FACCH
SACCHSDCCH
TCH/F
RACHTCH/H
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BCCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BCCH Multiframe
F S F S F S F S F S IB C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S F S F S F S F S IB C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRD3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRD3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
F - FCCH - Frequency Correction Ch.
S - SCH - Synchronization ChannelB - BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
C - CCCH - Common Control Channel
D - SDCCH - Stand alone Dedicated Control Ch.
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Ch.R - RACH - Random Access Channel
I - idle
uplink
downlink
51 TDMA multiframe
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
B0..B7 SDCCH subslots
A0..A7 SACCH subslots
51 TDMA multiframe
downlink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0 A1 A2 A3
A4 A5 A6 A7
uplink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0
A1 A2 A3
A5 A6 A7
A4
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: TCH Multiframe
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: TCH Multiframe
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -
T t T t T t T t T t T t A t T t T t T t T t T t T a
26 TDMA frame = 120 ms
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/F)
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/H)
T - TCH - Traffic Channel
t - TCH - Traffic Channel
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
a - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
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dummy burst
training sequence26
encrypted bits57
S1
TB3
encrypted bits57
S
1
TB3
fixed bit pattern
142
TB
3
TB
3
GP8.25
GP8.25
normal burst
frequency correction burst
fixed bits → always 0TB
3
TB
3GP
8.25
synchronization burst
training sequence64
information39
TB3
information
39
TB3
GP8.25
access burst
training sequence41
TB8
information36
TB3
GP68.25
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Burst Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Burst Types
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: RXQUAL
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: RXQUAL
Assumed value 18.1%12.8 % < BERRXQUAL = 7
Assumed value 9.05%6.4 % < BER < 12.8 %RXQUAL = 6
Assumed value 4.53%
3.2 %
< BER < 6.4%
RXQUAL = 5
Assumed value 2.26%1.6 % < BER < 3.2 %RXQUAL = 4
Assumed value 1.13%0.8 % < BER < 1.6 %RXQUAL = 3
Assumed value 0.57%0.4 % < BER < 0.8 %RXQUAL = 2
Assumed value 0.28%0.2 % < BER < 0.4 %RXQUAL = 1
Assumed value 0.14%BER < 0.2 %RXQUAL = 0
RXQUAL (Received signal quality, see GSM 05.08)
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: RXLEV
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: RXLEV
RXLEV (Received signal level, see GSM 05.08)
greater than – 48 dBmRXLEV = 63
– 49 dBm to – 48 dBmRXLEV = 62
......
– 109 dBm to – 108 dBmRXLEV = 2
– 110 dBm to – 109 dBmRXLEV = 1
Less than – 110 dBmRXLEV = 0
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: SQI
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: SQI
SQI (Speech quality index, Ericsson defined (and patented) parameter, see Pat. No. WO-9853630)
Value ranges:
-20 dBQ to 30 dBQ for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech coders
-20 dBQ to 21 dBQ for Full Rate (FR) speech coders
badSQI ≤ 0
good1 ≤ SQI ≤ 19
Very good for FR / EFR20 ≤ SQI ≤ 21 / 30
Perceived speech qualitySQI values
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BSIC / LAI
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BSIC / LAI
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code, see GSM 03.03 and GSM 05.08)
BSIC = NCC – BCCNCC = Network colour code (range: 0 – 7)
BCC = Base station colour code (range: 0 – 7)
LAI (Location are Identification, see GSM 03.03)
LAI = MCC – MNC – LAC
MCC = Mobile country code
MNC = Mobile network codeLAC = Location area code (range: 0-65535)
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: ARFCN
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: ARFCN
RFC (Radio frequency carrier , see GSM 05.01 and GSM 05.05)
The carrier frequency is related to the absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) as given inthe following table:
1805-1880 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 95512 ≤ n ≤ 885
1710 – 1785 MHz
F(UL) = 1710.2 + 0.2 x(n-512)
DCS 1800 band
925 - 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 450 ≤ n ≤ 124975 ≤ n ≤ 1023
880 – 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x nF(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024)
Extended GSM
900 band(E-GSM band)
935 – 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 451 ≤ n ≤ 124
890 – 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n
Primary GSM
900 band
(P-GSM band)
DL-frequencies ARFCN valuerange
UL-frequenciesFrequency band
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438 = n = 511Fl(n) = 747.2 +
0.2*(n-438)
30777 - 792747 - 762GSM 750
921 - 925
488.8 – 496
460.4 – 467.6
869 – 894
1930-1990
1 805 - 1 880
925 – 935
935 - 960
Downlink freq.(MHz)
45
10
10
45
80
95
45
45
Duplex dis-tance (MHz)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 479 +
0.2*(n-306)
Fl(n) = 450.6 +
0.2*(n-259)
Fl(n) = 824.2 +
0.2*(n-128)
FI(n) = 1850.2 +
0.2*(n-512)
1710.2 +
0.2*(n-512)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 890 +
0.2*n
259 = n = 293450.4 – 457.6GSM 450
955 = n = 973876 - 880Railway GSM
306 = n = 340478.8 – 486GSM 480
128 = n = 251824 – 849GSM 850
512 = n = 8101850-1910GSM 1900
512 = n = 8851 710 - 1785GSM 1800
975 = n = 1023880 – 890GSM 900
Extended band
1 = n = 124890 – 915GSM 900
Primary band
Numbering of ARFC (Uplink freq.)Uplink freq.(MHz)
Frequency band
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Frequency Bands
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Frequency Bands
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GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BA
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BA
Neighbour cell list (BA, BCCH Allocation, see GSM 04.08 and GSM 05.08)
The BA is a list of ARFCN which are used in the neighbour cells.GSM distinguishes the BA (BCCH) and the BA (SACCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS in idle mode (for cell reselection) are given by the BA
(BCCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS while being in connected mode (TCH or SDCCH) are givenby the BA (SACCH).
The parameter BA-IND discriminates between measurement results related to different BA (BA(BCCH) and BA (SACCH)).
The parameter BA-USED shows the value of the BA-IND used for BCCH allocation.
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BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61
BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241
Special types BS82 E-Micro-BTS
BS242 Pico-BTS
Naming convention:
last digit: 0 = indoor 1 = outdoor
2 = special purpose
first digit(s) number of TRX supported
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
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BS-60 BS-61
BS-20 BS-21 BS-22
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSone
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSone
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BS241BS240BS40 BS41
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSplus
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSplus
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BS240 XL
More carriers per rack than ‚normal‘ BS240
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSplus
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BTSplus
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BS82E-Micro-BTS
4 carriers per cabinet in Dual carrier unitsBuilt-in antenna or external antenna
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Special BTS Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Special BTS Types
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Server rack
BS242 Pico-BTS
Up to 24 carrier agents at remote locations
Carrier Agent
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Special BTS Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Special BTS Types
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BS240 XS
Up to 6 carriers with small rack
and BTSplus Hardware
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BS240 XS
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BS240 XS
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Base
stationcontroller
BSC
Transcoding
and Rate
AdaptationUnit
TRAU
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BSC and TRAU
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: BSC and TRAU
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3500
3200
1536
> 240
72
32
200
250
500
BR6.0
4000
3200
2880
> 240
120
36
200
400
900
BR7.0
200020001000Switch.
Cap. (Erl)
320032001000Process.Cap. (Erl)
128n. a.n. a.GPRS TS
48-112112112LAPD
464636PCMx
202012TRAU
10010060BTSE
150150120Cells
250250120TRX
BR5.5BR5.0BR4.0Capacity
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Capacity Numbers
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning RadioNetwork Planning: Capacity Numbers
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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
General planning objectives:
To realize service(s) with
• maximum coverage
• maximum capacity
• maximum Quality of Service (QoS)
• minimal interference
at minimum costs
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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Principle planning steps
1) Basic planning data acquisition (data about: expected traffic load and planned service area)
nominal cell plan
2) Terrain data acquisition & installation of a digital terrain database (including topographical and
morphological data) into a planning tool
3) Coarse coverage prediction and initial site determination for a first site selection process using
the digital terrain data and standard propagation models
4) Site survey and site selection
5) Survey measurements (to fine tune the propagation models)
6) Detailed network design (to determine “final” network structure: Number and configuration ofBTS, BSC, TRAU; needed antennas and transmission lines; frequency plan; future evolution
strategy)
7) Transmission planning
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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Nominal Plan
Detailed Plan
Modification &
Optimization
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Site Survey & Site InvestigationSite Survey & Site Investigation
Site survey and site investigation:
• Selection of the sites to be used from alternative locations (if available)
• Contract for site leasing exists?
• Adaption of the cell plan to the real locations that are used (nominal positions must be replaced
by the real ones)
• Antenna installation possible?
• Antenna separation possible?
• Predicted antenna height realistic?
• First Fresnel Zone free of obstacles (for the nearest 50 to 100 meters)?
• Enough place for the radio (BTS and microwave) equipment, the battery backups, ...?
• Find out from where the primary power can be taken
• Find antenna cable path and measure required cable length
• Find out how the transport network can be brought into the site
• Sketch the earthing and lightning protection system
•...
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Antenna PatternsAntenna Patterns
Antenna pattern:
The (real) distribution of the radiated power as function of the direction is usually displayed inhorizontal and/or vertical antenna radiation patterns. For these diagrams, usually polar coordinates graduated in decibels (dB) are used. Since an antenna is a passive component, due
to the conservation of energy an increase of the radiated power in one direction will reduce theradiated power in an other direction. For sector antennas, the main lobe in the front direction
should be maximised whereas the back lobe should be minimised.
The sector width (e.g. 120° sector) should not be confused with the half power beam width. For example, often 60° – 65° half power beam width antennas are used to realise 120° sectors.
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Antenna PatternsAntenna Patterns
Antenna patterns display the distribution of radiated energy in the horizontal and vertical direction:
horizontal pattern vertical patternelectrical
down-tilted
antenna
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Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
• Frequency range
• Polarization• Gain
• Half-power beam width
• Electrical tilt
• Front to back ratio
• Impedance
• VSWR and return loss
• Maximum power per input
• Input connectors
• Connector position
• Dimensions (height, width, depth)
• Weight
• Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
• Maximum wind velocity
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Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Example values for a sector antenna:
200 km/hMaximum wind velocity
460 N, 300 N, 1020 N at 150 km/hWind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
12 kgWeight
2574 / 258 / 103 mmDimensions (height, width, depth)
RearsideConnector position
7/16“ femaleInput connectors
500 W (at 50oC ambient temperature)Maximum power per input
< 1.3VSWR and return loss
50 OhmImpedance
> 23 dBFront to back ratio
6o electrical downtiltElectrical tilt
H-plane: 90o / E-plane: 6.5oHalf-power beam width
17dBiGain
VerticalPolarization
870 - 960 MHzFrequency range
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Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Half power beam width:
The opening angle between the points where the radiated power is 50 % (3 dB) lower than the
power transmitted in the main direction is called the half power beam width.
Antenna gain:
The gain of an antenna is given either in dBi (with respect to an ideal, isotropic antenna) or in dBd
(with respect to a dipole antenna):
Gain (dBi) = Gain (dBd) + 2.15 dB
Antenna tilt:
Two different tilt types can be distinguished: electrical tilt and mechanical tilt.
Mechanical tilt is achieved by corresponding mounting of the antennas using special mountingdevices.
Electrical tilt is a built-in function of an antenna. Either an antenna has or does not has thisfunction. Usually an electrical down-tilted antenna has just one (fixed) electrical (down)-tilt but
there also exist antennas where the electrical (down)-tilt is settable.
In addition to an electrical tilt also a mechanical tilt can be applied. The effective tilt is the sum of
both tilts.
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Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):
The VSWR-ratio is a measure for the reflected output power. If the impedance of the antenna
does not match to the impedance of the feeder, the output power is reflected to the transmitter. As
a consequence the transmitter performance and the radiated power will be reduced. The closer
the VSWR-ratio is to 1, the lower the reflected output power.
Polarisation:
The polarisation plane is given by the electrical field vector. Usually antennas are vertically or
cross polarised.
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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Mechanical downtilt:
Advantages:Downtilt adjustable, simple method (requires only some mounting hardware: „downtilt kit“)
Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle varies for different azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width increases with downtilt angle
Gain reduction depending on azimuth direction
Electrical downtilt:
Advantages:
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle is fixed
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Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Adjustable electrical downtilt:
Advantages:Downtilt adjustable
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
Optimum downtilt angle:
• Must be calculated
• Depends on the surrounding
• Field strength reduction in the horizontal direction is maximum if minimum between main
and first upper side lobe is pointing towards horizon
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(Effective) Antenna Height(Effective) Antenna Height
Several methods to calculate effective antenna height:
• Absolute calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above ground
Heff = HBS
•Relative calculation method:
Heff = HBS + HTHatBS – HTHatMS if HTHatBS > HTHatMS
Heff = HBS if HTHatBS ≤ HTHatMS
HBS = Base station antenna height above ground at base station site
HTHatBS = Terrain height above sea level at base station site
HTHatMS = Terrain height above sea level at mobile station site
• Averaged calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above the averaged terrain height of the
prediction area
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Antenna CablesAntenna Cables
The radio planner has to know the exact loss of the system:
Jumper cable / Feeder cable / Connectorswhich must be specified in the link budget.
Cables are characterized by:
• Cross-section and length
• Loss in [dB/m]
• Impedance
• Frequency range
• Reflection factor
• 3rd order inter-modulation product
• Minimum bending radius (for repeated bending)
Hints concerning the selection of antenna cables:
The power dissipation increases exponentially with the cable length. Thick cables have lowerlosses, but larger bending radii and they are more expensive.
Avoid unnecessary long cables!
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Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
What is intermodulation (IM)?
• Occurrence of frequencies different from the transmitted frequencies in the spectrum
Example: Two frequencies are used: f 1 = 942.6 MHz, f 2 = 945.6 MHz
Additionally frequency f IM = 936.6 MHz is measured
• Responsible for Intermodulation are non-linearities in the transmission path
Example: non-linear amplifier
dirty surfaces
oxidized contactstreated surfaces, e.g. antennas on printed circuit boards
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Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Order of an Intermodulation Product (IMP)
•IM-Frequencies are related to the transmitted frequencies by sums and differences:
f IM = | n * f 1 ± m * f 2 |
Order O of IM-Product is
O = n + m
Examples:
far away from f 1 or f 242 * f 1 ± 2 * f 2
close to f 1 and f 253 * f 1 - 2 * f 2
close to f 1 and f 232 * f 1 - 1 * f 2
far away from f 1 or f 221 * f 1 - 1 * f 2
remarkorder n,m
Odd orders of IMP are close to the original frequencies!
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Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 1 (Extended GSM, f 1 = 942.6 MHz, f 2 = 945.6 MHz):
948.61 * f 1 - 2 * f 2
951.62 * f 1 - 3 * f 2
954.63 * f 1 - 4 * f 2
957.64 * f 1 - 5 * f 2
930.65 * f 1 - 4 * f 2
4 * f 1 - 3 * f 2
3 * f 1 - 2 * f 2
2 * f 1 - 1 * f 2
n,m
933.6
936.6
939.6
f IM [MHz]
Frequency
960 MHz925 MHz
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Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 2 (Extended GSM, f 1 = 933 MHz, f 2 = 955.6 MHz):
978.21 * f 1 - 2 * f 2
4 * f 1 - 3 * f 2
3 * f 1 - 2 * f 2
2 * f 1 - 1 * f 2
n,m
865.2
887.8
910.4
f IM [MHz]
915 MHz880 MHz Freq.960 MHz925 MHz
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Antenna Near Products: OverviewAntenna Near Products: Overview
Antenna near products: Antenna combiners
Receiver modules Additional equipment
Equipment depends on base station type:
BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241, BS240XL
Specific solutions:BS82
BS242
BS240XS
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Antenna Near Products: CombinersAntenna Near Products: Combiners
Tasks of combiners:
reducing amount of antenna for transmitting
combining concepts: combining on airhybrid couplers
filter combiners
duplex function for using the antenna in RX path
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Antenna Near Products: DUCOMAntenna Near Products: DUCOM
DUCOM (DUKIT) 2:1
DUKIT 2*1:1
DUCOM 4:1
RX-FIL
TX-FILIsolator
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FILIsolator
VSWR
TESTOUT0
RX0
TX 0
RX1
TX1
T E S TOUT 1
ANT0
ANT1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
TESTOUT0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TESTOUT1
ANT 0
ANT1
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
3 dBHybrid
3 dB
Hybrid
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
RX-FIL
TX-FIL Isolator
VSWR
Isolator
VSWR
TESTOUT0
RX0
TX0
RX 1
TX 1
TESTOUT1
ANT0
ANT1
RX-FIL
RX-FILRXdiv0 ANTdiv0
RXdiv1 ANTdiv1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
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Antenna Near Products: FICOMAntenna Near Products: FICOM
ANT OUT
FICOM Base 2:1
TX 2 TX 3TX 0 TX 1
VSWR
TX4
FICOM Expansion 2:1 FICOM Expansion 1:1
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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1
1.82.0HYCOM 1:1
3.93.7HYCOM 2:1
7.66.5HYCOM 4:1
2.82.8DUKIT
2.52.5DUCOM 2:1
4.93.3FICOM 6:14.23.0FICOM 4:1
3.52.4FICOM 2:1
5.75.7DUCOM 4:1
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)Loss for GSM (dB)Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS one:
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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2
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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2
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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2
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Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1
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Antenna Near Products: FICOMAntenna Near Products: FICOM
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Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplusAntenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus
5.35.3DUAMCO 2:1
8.58.5DUAMCO 4:1
2.52.5DUAMCO 2:2
5.84.2FICOM 8:1
4.63.7FICOM 6:1
4.23.2FICOM 4:1
3.72.7FICOM 2:1
8.98.9DUAMCO 8:2
5.75.7DUAMCO 4:2
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)Loss for GSM (dB)Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS plus and BS82:
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Antenna Near Products: RX SensitivityAntenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity
BTSone: -109 dBm at rack input
BTSplus: - 116 dBm with TMA
BS82: = -110 dBm
BS242:-88 dBm (GSM900), -95 dBm (GSM1800/GSM1900)
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Antenna Near Products: Receiver ModulesAntenna Near Products: Receiver Modules
Tasks of receiver modules:
amplifying received signals
different concepts: receiver module in BTS rack
Tower mounted amplifiers
splitting of received signal for TRX equipment
comparison of different signals (RX diversity)
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Antenna
Rx Tx
LNA
TMA
Rx Tx
Triplexer Encoder
DUAMCO/DIAMCO
Antenna Near Products: TMAAntenna Near Products: TMA
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19.5 (without TMA)19.5 (without TMA)DIAMCO
19.5 (without TMA)19.5 (without TMA)DUAMCO
25.525.0TMA
RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB)RX Gain for GSM (dB)Equipment type
Gain and loss of various BTS plus equipment:
0.60.4TMA
TX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)TX Loss for GSM (dB)Equipment type
Antenna Near Products: ValuesAntenna Near Products: Values
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Antenna Near Products: Additional EquipmentAntenna Near Products: Additional Equipment
Additional equipment: DULAMO
D4EMHPDUDUBIAS
DIPLEXER
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Antenna Near Products: DULAMOAntenna Near Products: DULAMO
DULAMO for BTSone:
• Allows to use TMA with BTSone
• Works with HYCOM, DUCOM and FICOM
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Antenna Near Products: D4EMAntenna Near Products: D4EM
D4EM for BTSone:
•Allows to use 2 DUCOM 2:1 for one cell
with 4 TRX
•Reduced combiner loss
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Antenna Near Products: DUBIASAntenna Near Products: DUBIAS
FICOM
HPDU
DUBIAS
TMA
TX/RX antenna
DIAMCO
TMA
CU1 CU8 RX1 RX8
BIAS-TEE for HPDU: DUBIAS
Allows use of HPDU with TMA
DUBIAS technical data
<= 0.2 dB<= 0.2 dBTXLoss (dB)
<= 0.7 dB<= 0.7 dBRXLoss (dB)
DCS/PCSGSM
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Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXERAntenna Near Products: DIPLEXER
DIPLEXER
Allows use of one feeder cable or even
one antenna for GSM900
and GSM 1800/1900
AntennaCombiner
900
DIPLEXER
AntennaCombiner
1800
DIPLEXER
TX/RX ant. TX/RX ant.
1700 - 2000 MHz800 - 1000 MHz
800 - 1000 MHz 1700 - 2000 MHz
Dimensions:
274mm * 126mm * 51mm
Insertion loss:
0,15 dB (800 - 1000 MHz)0,25 dB (1700 - 2000 MHz)
Base Station
Feeder cable
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Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 – Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution without DUAMCO
Output Power: 14 W
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Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 – Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution with DUAMCO
Output Power: 8 W
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Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS240XS – antenna near equipment
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ExercisesExercises
1) What are the units for:
- the power?
- the level?
- the loss?
- the gain?
2) Write down the formula which expresses the level as function of the power.
3) Write down the formula which expresses the power as function of the level.
4) Consider a device with 10 mW output power and 1 W input power.What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
5) Consider a device with 100 W output power and 1 W input power.
What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
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ExercisesExercises
6) Fill in the following table:
“Factor of: ““+/- 10 dB”
60 dBm
50 dBm
40 dBm
30 dBm
20 dBm
10 dBm
0 dBm
-10 dBm
...
-90 dBm
-100 dBm
-110 dBm
P [W]L