01 lecture ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1
Biology, the Study of Life
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Organisms Are Characterized by Diversity and Unity
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1.1 Life is diverseFigure 1.1 Many diverse forms of life are found on planet Earth
Despite this diversity, biologists are able to group organisms based on shared similarities.
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1.2 Life has many levels of organization
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Three most relevant levels of organization are:
Cell
Multicellular Organism
Biosphere
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Cells
The basic unit of structure and function of all organisms
Made of Atoms: the basic building blocks of all matter Molecules: atoms bonded together
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The Multicellular Organism
Most of the living things we see Made of
Cells: basic unit of structure and function of all organisms
Tissue: a group of cells working together Organs: various tissues working together Organ Systems: various organs working
together
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The Biosphere
Most complex level of organization Made of
Populations: all members of one species in one area
Communities: the populations of various organisms in an area
Ecosystem: the communities interacting with their physical environment
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Emergent Properties
Emergent Properties: traits due to the interactions between the parts that make up the whole
Each level of organization is more complex and has more properties than the previous level
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1.3 Organisms share the same characteristics of life
Seven Characteristics of All Life Order Response to Stimuli Regulation of Internal Environment Acquisition of Materials and Energy Reproduction and Development Genetic Inheritance Evolutionary Adaptations
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Order
Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are highly ordered in an organism
Allows organism to function as a complete system
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Figure 1.3A The eye of an insect illustrates the orderliness of living structures
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Response to Stimuli
Organisms interact with their environment Example: Plants grow toward light
Behavior – response to stimulus Behaviors to search and compete for energy,
nutrients, shelter, and mates
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Figure 1.3B Plants respond to light
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Regulation of Internal Environment
Homeostasis: the ability of organisms to maintain a state of biological balance Ex: temperature, moisture, and acidity (pH)
Organisms have intricate and unconscious feedback and control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis Also might use a nervous system to create a behavior
to maintain homeostasis Ex: Getting a bite to eat
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Figure 1.3C Iguanas basking in the sun
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Acquisition of Materials and Energy
Organisms need nutrients and energy to live Food provides nutrients, the building blocks of cells,
and energy, the capacity to do work Metabolism: all chemical reactions that occur in
a cell Photosynthesis: process that transforms solar
energy into chemical energy that can be used by organisms
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Figure 1.3D Living things acquire materials and energy and they reproduce
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Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life All life can reproduce – make another organism
like itself Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms split in
two Most multicellular organisms reproduce through the
union of sperm and egg
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Genetic Inheritance
The instructions for an organism’s metabolism and organization are encoded in its genes
Gene: a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that carries the information for how an organism is to be ordered
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Evolutionary Adaptations
Adaptations: modifications that make organisms suited to their way of life They are the product of evolution
Evolution: process by which a species changes through time Species: a group of similarly constructed individuals
capable of successful interbreeding
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The Theory of Evolution
Explains the diversity and unity of all life Natural Selection: mechanism of evolution
developed by Charles Darwin A new variation allows certain members of a species
to produce more offspring than others With successive generations, more individuals will
have that new variation
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Classification Helps Us Understand Diversity
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1.4 Taxonomists group organisms according to
evolutionary relationships Taxonomy: The discipline of identifying and
classifying organisms according to their evolutionary history and relationships
Levels of classification (specific to general) Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum,
Kingdom, and Domain
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Table 1.4 Levels of Classification
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Domain
The largest classification category Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes and lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukarya are eukaryotes and have membrane-bound nucleus
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Figure 1.4A Domain Archaea
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Figure 1.4B Domain Bacteria
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Kingdoms
Domain Eukarya has four kingdoms Protista: The protists - unicellular and multicellular
organisms either photosynthetic or not Fungi: The fungi - multicellular, heterotrophic mostly
decomposers Plantae: The plants - multicellular photosynthetic
organisms Animalia: The animals - multicellular, heterotrophic
and mostly mobile
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Figure 1.4C The four kingdoms in domain Eukarya
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Scientific Names
Binomial Nomenclature uses two words (the genus name and specific epithet) to name organisms Ex: Phoradendron tomentosum
Scientists avoid common names and use Latin to avoid confusion
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The Biosphere Is Organized
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1.5 The biosphere is divided into ecosystems
Figure 1.5 Grassland, a major ecosystem 1 - 33
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Organization in the Biosphere
The organization of life extends into the biosphere the zone of air, land, and water where organisms live Populations: all members of one species in one area Communities: the populations of various organisms
in an area Ecosystem: the communities interacting with their
physical environment
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1.6 Most of the biosphere’s ecosystems are now threatened
Humans tend to modify existing ecosystems
The most biologically diverse ecosystems are severely threatened Rain forests Coral reefs
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Scientists Observe, Hypothesize, and Test
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1.7 The natural world is studied by using scientific methods
Biology is the scientific study of life The scientific process often uses the
scientific method, which has four steps Observation Hypothesis Testing Conclusion
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The Scientific Method
Observation: what scientists can sense in the world around them
Hypothesis: an explanation for a natural event that can be tested
Testing: using either observation or experimentation to disprove a hypothesis
Conclusion: the results are analyzed and the hypothesis is supported or rejected
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Figure 1.7 Flow diagram for the scientific method
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Scientific Theory
Different from ‘theory’ used in common speech, a scientific theory is not a speculative idea
Scientific theories are supported by a broad range of observations, experiments and data
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Biological Theories
Theory Concept
Cell All organisms are composed of cells and new cells only come from preexisting cells
Gene Organisms contain coded information that dictates their form, function, and behavior
Evolution All living things have a common ancestor, but each is adapted to a particular way of life
Homeostasis The internal environment of an organism stays relatively constant – with a range protective of life
Ecosystem Organisms are members of populations that interact with each other and with the physical environment within a particular locale
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1.8 Control groups allow for comparison of results
When performing an experiment, the environmental conditions must be kept constant, except for the experimental variable, which deliberately changes Test groups are exposed to the
experimental variable Control groups are not
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Figure 1.8A Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation study 1 - 43
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Ecological Importance of Pigeon Pea Study
Legumes, namely pigeon peas, improve soil to produce a yield far better than using nitrogen fertilizer over the long haul Root nodules on the pigeon peas supply nitrogen
compounds When the roots decay, the extra nutrients are
released into the soil
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APPLYING THE CONCEPTS—HOW BIOLOGY IMPACTS OUR LIVES
1.9 DNA barcoding of life may become a reality
The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) proposes that an organism’s DNA could be the basis for identifying any species Could help people identify pests and find
antivenoms
Figure 1.9 This ant is the jumper ant, Myrmecia pilosula, and is not a fire ant 1 - 45
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Connecting the Concepts: Chapter 1
The goal is to understand the scientific process and learn the basic concepts of general biology
The ultimate goal of science is to understand the natural world in terms of theories The theory of evolution is the unifying concept of
biology because it pertains to all aspects of living things
The cell theory states that all forms of life are cellular in nature
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