01-intoduction to brain

8/13/2019 01-Intoduction to Brain

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INTRODUCTION TO BRAIN

Prof. Ashraf Husain


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NERVOUS SYSTEM

SOMATIC AUTONOMIC


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SOMATIC

BRAIN CRANIAL NERVES

SPINAL CORD

AND

PERIPHERAL NERV


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AUTONOMIC

SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETI


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MENINGES

1. DURA MATEROuter covering

2. ARACHNOID MATERMiddle covering

3. PIA MATERInner most covering


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SKULL

EPIDURAL SPACE

DURA MATER

SUBDURAL SPACE

ARACHNOID MATER CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

PIA MATER

BRAIN MATER

OUTSIDE

INSIDE


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BRAIN

FORE BRAINe.g. CEREBRAL

HEMISPHERES

MID - BRAINHIND BRAIN

PONSMEDULLA OBLONGATA

CEREBELLUM


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BRAIN STEM

MID BRAIN

PONS

MEDULLA OBLONGATA


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DEVELOPMENTAL DEVISION OF

BRAIN

TELENCEPHELONCEREBRAL

HEMISPHERES, AND BASAL GANGLIA

DIENCEPHELONTHALAMUS,

HYPOTHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS,

SUBTHALAMUS

MESENCEPHALONMID BRAIN


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N T F ti


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Nerves Type Function

I

Olfactorysensory olfaction (smell)

II

Opticsensory

vision

(Contain 38% of all the axons connecting to the brain.)

IIIOculomotor

motor* eyelid and eyeball muscles

IV

Trochlearmotor* eyeball muscles

V

Trigeminalmixed

Sensory: facial and mouth sensation

Motor: chewing

VIAbducens motor* eyeball movement

VII

Facialmixed

Sensory: taste

Motor: facial muscles and

salivary glands

VIII

Auditorysensory hearing and balance

IXGlossopharyngeal

mixed Sensory: tasteMotor: swallowing

X

Vagusmixed

main nerve of the

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

XI

Accessorymotor swallowing; moving head and shoulder

XIIHypoglossal motor* tongue muscles
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Olfaction.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vision.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hearing.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hearing.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taste.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vision.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Olfaction.html


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GLOSSARY

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) : A selectively

permeable barrier between the circulating

blood & the brain believe to be formed by

astrocytes.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) : The clear

watery fluid formed inside the ventricle &

circulate in subarachanoid space of thebrain & spinal cord.


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Hydrocephalus : abnormal amount of CSF

within the ventricles of the brain.

Neurotransmitter : A chemical substance

released from nerve endings to transmit

impulses across synapses.


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Internal Capsule

White matter pathway, flanked by

nuclear masses, consisting of both

afferent and efferent fibers projecting

between the cerebral cortex and thebrainstem. It consists of three distinct

parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb,

and genu.

B l G li


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Basal Ganglia

Large subcortical nuclear masses (gray

mater) derived from the telencephalon

and located in the basal regions of the

cerebral hemispheres.

Which regulates the movements.

R ti l F ti


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Reticular Formation

A region extending from the PONS &

MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the

MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a

diversity of neurons of various sizesand shapes, arranged in different

aggregations and enmeshed in a

complicated fiber network.

Th l


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Thalamus

Paired bodies containing mostly gray

substance and forming part of the

lateral wall of the third ventricle of the

brain. The thalamus represents themajor portion of the diencephalon and

is commonly divided into cellular

aggregates known as nuclear groups.

E ith l


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Epithalamus

It includes pineal body, which is hanging

from the roof of the third ventricle,

responsible for controlling the circadian

rhythm and forms hormone melatonin.


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Hypothalamus

Its a collection of nuclei present in the

floor & lateral wall of third ventricle. Is

responsible for regulation of internal

environment.


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Brocas area

Motor area of speech.

Present in frontal lobe (inferior frontal

gyrus in its posterior part)

Wernickes Area

Sensory component of speech essential

for comprehension.

Present in the superior temporal gyrus.

A d l


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Amygdala

Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei

anterior to the inferior horn of the

lateral ventricle of the brain, within the

temporal lobe. The amygdala is part ofthe limbic system.

Is a sensor for fear & rage

Hi


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Hippocampus

A curved elevation of gray matter extending

the entire length of the floor of the temporal

horn of the lateral ventricle.

The hippocampus, subiculum, andDENTATE GYRUS constitute the

hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors

include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the

hippocampal formation. Its function is memory storage.


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01-intoduction to brain

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